on 5 Dec. 1892. Retiring into private life, he sought in vain restoration to health by foreign travel. On 24 May 1892 he was nominated K.C.M.G. He died at Montreal on 30 Oct. 1893. In 1849 he married Mary, daughter of the Very Rev. T. Bethune of Montreal.

[Dent's Canadian Port. Gall. iii. 229; Dent's Last Forty Years, ii. 423-30, 479, 526-8, 534; Report of Royal Commission, Canada, 17 Oct. 1873; Can. Sess. Papers (1879), Letellier Case; Morgan's Dom. Ann. Reg. (1879); Todd's Parl. Govt. in Col. pp. 601-20, 665; Coté's Pol. Ap. pointments, pp. 25, 68, 171; Gemmill's Parl. Companion (1892); Toronto Globe, 31 Oct. and 2 Nov. 1893.]

T. B. B.

À BECKETT, GILBERT ARTHUR (1837-1891), writer for 'Punch ' and for the stage, eldest son of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett [q. v.], by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of Joseph Glossop, clerk of the cheque to the hon. corps of gentlemen-at-arms, was born at Portland House, Hammersmith, on 7 April 1837. He entered Westminster school on 6 June 1849, became a queen's scholar in 1851, and was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1855, matriculating on 7 June, and graduating B.A. in 1860. In the meantime, on 15 Oct. 1857, he had entered at Lincoln's Inn, but he was never called to the bar. In June 1862 he became a clerk in the office of the examiners of criminal law accounts, but in the course of a few years, as his literary work developed, he gave up this appointment. For a time he contributed to the 'Glowworm' and other journalistic ventures. He also sent occasional contributions to 'Punch,' but at this time was not admitted to the salaried staff. He turned his attention to writing for the stage, and among his plays, original or adapted, are 'Diamonds and Hearts,' a comedy (Haymarket, 4 March 1867); Glitter, a comedy in two acts' (St. James's, 26 Dec. 1868); 'Red Hands, a drama, in a prologue and three acts' (St. James's, 30 Jan. 1869); 'Face to Face, a drama in two acts' (Prince of Wales's, Liverpool, 29 March 1869), and In the Clouds, an extravaganza' (Alexandra, 3 Dec. 1873). Among the numerous libretti that he wrote the most notable were those to Dr. Stanford's operas 'Savonarola' and The Canterbury Pilgrims,' both produced during 1884, the former at Hamburg and the latter at Drury Lane. He also wrote several graceful ballads, to which he furnished both words and music.

In the meantime, in 1879, Gilbert à Beckett had been asked by Tom Taylor, the editor of 'Punch,' to follow the example of his younger brother Arthur, and become a

regular member of the staff of 'Punch.' Three years later he was 'appointed to the Table.' The Punch' dinners were his greatest pleasure, and he attended them with regularity, although the paralysis of the legs, the result of falling down the stairway of Gower Street station, rendered his locomotion, and especially the mounting of Mr. Punch's staircase, a matter of painful exertion' (SPIELMANN, Hist. of Punch, 1895, p. 383). To 'Punch' he contributed both prose and verse; he wrote, in greater part, the admirable parody of a boy's sensational shocker (March 1882), and he developed Jerrold's idea of humorous bogus advertisements under the heading 'How we advertise now.' The idea of one of Sir John Tenniel's best cartoons for Punch,' entitled 'Dropping the Pilot,' illustrative of Bismarck's resignation in 1889, was due to Gilbert à Beckett.

Apart from his work on 'Punch,' he wrote songs and music for the German Reeds' entertainment, while in 1873 and 1874 he was collaborator in two dramatic productions which evoked a considerable amount of public attention. On 3 March, 1873 was given at the Court Theatre The Happy Land: a Burlesque Version of W.S. Gilbert's "The Wicked World,"' by F. L... Tomline (i.e. W. S. Gilbert) and Gilbert à Beckett. In this amusing piece of banter, three statesmen (Gladstone, Lowe, and Ayr ton) were represented as visiting Fairyland in order to impart to the inhabitants the secrets of popular government. The actors representing Mr. G.,'' Mr. L.,' and ' Mr. A.; were dressed so as to resemble the ministers satirised, and the representation elicited a question in the House of Commons and an official visit of the lord chamberlain to the theatre, with the result that the actors had to change their 'make-up.' In the following year A Beckett furnished the 'legend' to Herman Merivale's tragedy The White Pilgrim,' first given at the Court in February 1874. At the close of his life he furnished the 'lyrics' and most of the book for.. the operetta La Cigale,' which at the time of his death was nearing its four hundredth performance at the Lyric Theatre. In 1889. he suffered a great shock from the death by drowning of his only son, and he died in London on 15 Oct. 1891, and was buried in Mortlake cemetery. 'Punch' devoted some appreciative stanzas to his memory, bearing the epigraph Wearing the white flower of a blameless life' (24 Oct. 1891). His portrait, appeared in the well-known drawing of 'The Mahogany Tree' (Punch, Jubilee Number,, 18 July 1887), and likenesses were also given in the Illustrated London News' and in

second demand, that the assembly should dispose of all revenues independently of the executive, was to be accepted with a proviso which had reference to the civil list. But the ministerial plans were foiled by the king, who, before Gosford left England, said to him with passionate emphasis: 'Mind what you are about in Canada. By God, I will never consent to alienate the crown lands or make the council elective.'

Despite this warning Gosford set himself, on arriving in Quebec, the hopeless task of conciliating those whom he deemed the Canadian people. They suspected and declined his overtures. His attentions to Papineau and his friends excited much comment and not a little ridicule among the French Canadians. From the English community he held aloof, identifying them, in pursuance of the Irish analogy, with a small officeholding clique whose headquarters were at Quebec. The legislature met on 27 Oct. 1835, when the governor dwelt at length on the commission of inquiry, its scope, and the redress of grievances, but he met with a serious rebuff. The assembly declined to recognise the commission, and assuming a defiant attitude refused to grant the supplies which the governor demanded. With expressions of regret he prorogued the legislature. In transmitting to the king a petition from the assembly for redress of grievances he asked for additional powers.

Meantime mass-meetings after the Irish pattern were organised by the patriots' on a large scale; Gosford's conciliation was denounced as machiavellian, and he was burnt in effigy. Riots took place in Montreal, which called for the intervention of the troops. But when the leading business men in the city petitioned the governor for leave to organise a rifle corps to preserve order, they received from Gosford a caustic reprimand.

The next session opened on 22 Sept. 1836. Gosford submitted new instructions from home in full, because garbled copies, he said, had got abroad. The new instructions differed from the old ones in that they set no limit to the commissioners' inquiries. The king had meanwhile warned the ministry at home that he would permit 'no modification of the constitution. Relegating constitutional issues to the commissioners' report, Gosford now pressed the assembly to vote supply. But, after some abortive proceedings, the assembly, to quote Bibaud's summary, donne un conseil législatif électif comme son ultimatum, une condition sine qua non, &c., en d'autres termes, se suicide.' Prorogation followed on 4 Oct.

About this time the commissioners finished their report. All its declarations were opposed to the agitators' claims. In accordance with one of them the House of Commons at Westminster passed resolutions on 6 March 1837 appropriating the Lower Canada revenues to the payment of existing arrears (142,0007.) Thereupon Papineau took a bolder stand and organised rebellion. Gosford, beyond issuing proclamations of warning to the misguided and inconsiderate,' took no steps to secure the public peace. But happily the Irish catholics declared against both Gosford and Papineau, who alike looked to them for aid; they made common cause with the English, not with the official clique but with the constitutionalists of Montreal, Quebec, and the eastern townships, thus uniting the Englishspeaking population.

Reluctant to put the Westminster resolutions into force at the opening of the new reign of Queen Victoria, the English ministry and Gosford made one more effort to gain the assembly. It met on 25 Aug. 1837, the members appearing in homespun (étoffe du païs) as a protest against the importation of goods from abroad. They refused supply, repeated their ultimatum, and protested alike against the Canadian commissioners' recommendations and the resolutions of the English House of Commons. The legislature was dissolved, never to meet again. By 2 Sept. Gosford had become convinced that Papineau's object was 'separation from the mother country,' and suggested the expediency of suspending the constitution. Still trusting to the moral force of his proclamations, he took no active steps to dissipate the gathering storm, and, at the very moment when the Roman catholic bishop launched his mandement against civil war, and the French Canadian magistrates warned the people against the misrepresentations of the agitators, declined once more all voluntary assistance. At length, when in September 1837 the province was on the verge of anarchy, he intimated to the home government that they might feel disposed to entrust the execution of its plans to hands not pledged as mine to a mild and conciliatory policy. The actual conduct of affairs passed into the hands of Sir John Colborne [q.v.], the lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, who ultimately restored order. Gosford's resignation was accepted on 14 Nov., and he returned to England.

Gosford received the thanks of the ministry for his services (23 Jan. 1838), together with the honour of knight grand cross on the civil side (19 July). To the end he

remained convinced of the soundness of his Irish analogy and the general utility of his policy. On this ground he opposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada, and criticised the terms of the bill sharply in all its stages through the House of Lords (1839-40). Thenceforth he devoted his attention to his estates, to the development of the linen industry in Ireland, and the promotion there of agriculture generally. He exercised, besides the lord-lieutenancy, the functions of vice-admiral of the coast of the province of Ulster. He died at his residence, Market Hill, on 27 March 1849.

On 20 July 1805 he married Mary (d. 30 June 1841), only daughter of Robert Sparrow of Worlingham Hall in Beccles, Suffolk. By her he had a son, Archibald, third earl of Gosford (1806-1864), and four daughters, of whom Millicent married Henry Bence Jones [q. v.]

[G. E. Cokayne]'s Complete Peerage, iv. 61; Foster's Peerage of the Brit. Emp. p. 305; Haydn's Book of Dignities (see index, 'Gosford'); Lodge's Peer. of Ireland, vi. 81; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 344, x. 99; Gent. Mag. xxxi. 537; Official Return of Members of Parl. 1878, pt. ii. (index, 'Acheson'); Ross's Cornwallis Corresp. iii. 319; Parl. Debates, 1835, xxvii. 1071-1112, 3rd ser. xlix. 882, lv. 246-7; Col. Official List, 1899, p. 10; Lecky's Hist. of Ireland, v. 294; Parl. Papers, 1836 xxxix. 1-172, 1837 xxxiv. 1; Ann. Register, Chron. 1836 pp. 301-15, 1837 p. 299, 1838 p. 317; Brymner's Can. Archives, 1883, pp. 160-4; Globensky's La Rebellion de 1837-8, passim; David's Les Patriotes de 1837-8, passim ; Garneau's Hist. du Can. iii. 311-50; Bibaud's Hist. du Can. ii. 413-8; Greville's Memoirs, iii. 113, 256, 271-2, 276-8; Edinburgh Review, cxxxiii. 319-20; Sanders's Lord Melbourne's Papers, pp. 334-6, 349-50; Leader's Life of Roebuck, p. 66; Walpole's Hist. of England, iv. 110-30; Christie's Hist. of Lower Can. vol. iv. passim; Read's Canadian Rebellion, ch. ix. and x.; Kingsford's Hist. of Can. ix. 586-634, x. 1-104.]

T. B. B.

ACLAND, SIR HENRY WENTWORTH (1815-1900), physician, fourth son of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland [q. v.], was born at Killerton, Exeter, on 23 Aug. 1815. Sir Thomas Dyke Acland [q. v. Suppl.] was his elder brother. Henry was educated first by Mr. Fisher, a private tutor, to whom he owed much, and afterwards at Harrow School, which he entered between August 1828 and April 1829; he was placed in Mr. Phelps's house, where, without achieving any special distinction, he became a monitor, a member of the football eleven, and a racquet player. He left school at Easter 1832, but did not matriculate at Christ Church, Ox

ford, until 23 Oct. 1834, and graduated B.A. in 1840, M.A. 1842, M.B. in 1846, and M.D. in 1848. At Christ Church he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, his junior by four years, while both were undergraduates. Acland was by nature of an artistic, enthusiastic, and romantic temperament, which strongly appealed to Ruskin, and the two men became lifelong friends. In 1838, being in delicate health, Acland spent nearly two years out of England, for the most part cruising in the Mediterranean as a guest on board H.M.S. Pembroke. While there he visited the eastern shores of the Levant to study the site of the ancient city of Pergamos, and to explore the banks of the Simois and Scamander. One of the results of his three visits to the Troad was an account of the plains of Troy, with a panoramic drawing, which was published by James Wyatt at Oxford in 1839. He also made careful drawings of the sites of the seven churches of Asia mentioned by St. Paul.

In 1840 Acland was elected fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, and in the same year, following the wish of his father, he commenced the study of medicine, entering himself, by the advice of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie [q. v.], at St. George's Hospital, London. During 1842 he worked hard at microscopy with John Thomas Quekett [q. v.], and attended the lectures of (Sir) Richard Owen [q. v.] upon comparative anatomy. In 1843 he migrated to Edinburgh, where he lived with William Pulteney Alison (1790-1859), the university professor of medicine. In 1844 he gained the gold medal given in the class of medical jurisprudence for the best essay on Feigned Insanity.' In 1845 he returned to Oxford on being appointed Lee's reader of anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford. That position he held until 1858. It was while Lee's reader that he began, under the inspiration of Alison and Goodsir, to form at Christ Church an anatomical and physiological series on the plan of the Hunterian Museum in London, then under the care and exposition of Richard Owen. In 1846 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London, being elected a fellow of the college in 1850, and delivering the Harveian oration in 1865, the first occasion on which it was given in English. He served the office of 'conciliarius' in the college during the years 1882-3-4. Meanwhile, in 1847, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

Acland's professional position at Oxford · grew rapidly in importance and influence. In 1851 he was appointed physician to the

Outside Oxford Acland's medical attainments also gained marked recognition. When the General Medical Council was established in 1858 Acland was chosen to represent the university. He continued a member of the council for twenty-nine years, during thirteen of which (1874-87) he was president. He was local secretary of the British Association in 1847 when it met for the second time at Oxford, and in 1868 he was president of the British Medical Association. In 1860 he visited America as a member of the suite of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and on his return to England was appointed an honorary physician to his royal highness. He was also physician to H.R.H. Prince Leopold, afterwards the Duke of Albany, while he was an undergraduate at Oxford.

Acland was a man of wide sympathies and great versatility, who, by the accidents of time and position, was able to exercise a unique influence on the teaching of medicine and science at Oxford. Entering the university as a teacher while he was still a young man, he found it almost medieval in the character of its medical studies and methods. He lived to see the faculty of medicine flourishing, in good repute, and equipped with the latest means of scientific investigation. But he was strongly opposed to the idea of making Oxford merely a medical school in the strictly medical sense. He wished to give every medical graduate of Oxford an opportunity of gaining the wide culture for which the university has long been famed. He maintained that it was the function of the university to give a liberal education in arts,' and that all the sciences ancillary to medicine could be well and profitably taught within its walls. He was of opinion, however, that purely professional medical studies could be pursued to greater advantage in the metropolis and other large centres of population than in Oxford Im

During the early years of his tenure of the regius professorship the university was roused from the apathy into which it had fallen as to both the study of modern science and the teaching of medicine, and Acland devoted the best years of his life to establish on a sound basis a great institution which should encourage research and study in every branch of natural science, especially in relation to the practice of medicine. This institution is now known as the Oxford Museum. In his efforts to bring his scheme to fruition he had the sympathy and aid of his friend Ruskin, who assisted him to obtain, and even made some drawings for, the projected building; and Ruskin contributed to a sketch of the museum's objects, which Acland published under the title of 'The Oxford Museum' in 1859. The foundation-stone of the building was laid on 20 June 1855, and it was opened in 1861. It forms a nucleus which, it is hoped, will ultimately be the centre of a cluster of buildings equipped for the study of the whole realm of nature. In 1862, at Acland's suggestion and on the advice of Sidney Herbert and W. E. Gladstone, the Radcliffe trustees allowed the collections of scientific and medical books which formed the Radcliffe library to be moved from the Radcliffe Camera to the new museum, at the same time increasing the annual grant for the purchase of books. The museum was thus put into possession of a first-rate scientific library.

Acland devoted much time and thought to the subject of state medicine, for he saw early its relation to the morality and wellbeing not only of this country but of the whole civilised world. In 1869 he served on a royal commission to investigate the sanitary laws in England and Wales, and he wrote at various times a considerable number of pamphlets to show the effect of