suaded some of his companions to join him in a projected voyage to seek their fortunes, setting off with them in a boat from the harbour of Nice with that laudable purpose in view. They were brought back, of course, their departure having been observed with the utmost astonishment from his window by a reverend Abbé; but they had got opposite Monaco before they were overtaken. This was the first occasion, not a very successful one, in which he figured as a leader; but then he was only twelve years old.

The wish of Dominique and Rosa Garibaldi that their son should enter one of the learned professions was not likely to be fulfilled in the case of so active and enterprising a lad, and they wisely abandoned the idea of seeing him invested with academic honours, and gave way to his evident passion for the sea. Accordingly he made his first trip in the brigantine Costanza, bound for Odessa. He returned home more in love with the sea than ever; and Dominique, like a wise man, took the youngster on board his own vessel, determined that if he would needs be a sailor, he should at least be a good and efficient

one.

A thorough initiation he certainly had, in storm and calm, through years of voyaging on the Mediterranean; and in a few years became captain of a coasting trader, the Notre Dame de Grace. But while thus pursuing his vocation on the deep, his mind was not entirely engrossed by his maritime duties. A sailor's life affords many opportunities for thought, and leisure for the entertainment of dreams, when the wind is fair and the weather bright, and the ship is slipping easily through the water. Though no scholar, Joseph Garibaldi had read much of the former glory of his country, and had been deeply impressed by a visit to the eternal city, Rome; and the dream that already filled his youth, and made his heart beat quicker when he looked forward to its realization, was nothing less than the conquest of independence for his countrymen, and the setting up of a firm, united, and free kingdom of Italy. The idea at first appeared chimerical enough; for the despotic Governments were acting in strict and close concert, and all had the same interest of the most vital kind in preventing the unification of Italy, or the establishment of a government in which the people's voice should be heard. But events were occurring that irresistibly pointed towards a great change soon to take place; and those who were looking forward to the advent of a brighter day for Italy, took heart of grace in view of the events of 1830.

HOPES EXCITED BY THE EVENTS OF 1830.

In that year, the restored kingdom of the Bourbons, set up at the cost of oceans of blod and millions of treasure, was swept away in the tempest of the three days' revolution of July. The infatuated Charles X., true to the traditions of his family, had persistently endeavoured during his six years' rule to put back the clock of the world, so far as finance was concerned, to the period before 1789, and paid the penalty cf his obstinacy and blindness in an exile so well deserved as to arouse little more than contemptuous pity; Louis Philippe, as already said, ascended the throne, chiefly through the good offices of the old general, Lafayette and ta banker Latitte, with ardent promises of constitutionalism, and of scrupulous regard for La Charte" and the liberties of the people. Nag more, little Belgium had followed suit. Brussels curiously illustrating the saying, "What gra effects from trivial causes spring," had risen I insurrection, after a representation of “Maan iello" at the theatre; and the country actually succeeded in shaking off the yoke of that olan union with Holland into the "Kingdom of th Netherlands," imposed by the Treaty of Vienna, and gaining an independent position as a c stitutional monarchy, under Leopold of SazCoburg, the widower of the Princess Charlotte of Wales. And what had been done in the wo might surely, when the time came, be achiend by unhappy and enslaved Italy.

"I positively declare," Garibaldi writes in account of his life, "that Christopher Colamla was not more happy when, lost in the middle the Atlantic, and threatened by his companioza of whom he had asked three days more, he h towards the end of the third day, the ery s 'Land! 'than I was on hearing the word Pat pronounced, and seeing in the horizon the beac:: kindled by the French Revolution of 1830 knew then," he adds, "that there were me working for Italy's deliverance."

CHARLES ALBERT AND CHARLES FELIX OF PIEDMONT; NAPLES AND HER KINGS

For the time, however, things looked ba enough. The only part of Italy where a reas is able hope of constitutional government had ar was Piedmont, where in 1821, Charles Albr Prince of Carignano, acting temporarily as rea until the arrival of Charles Felix, who hai ber appointed king, had granted a constituting t the Kingdom of Sardinia; but Charles Feliz,

arch of the "divine right" school, had inand the intervention of the Holy Alliance, and tcely utterly abolished the Constitution, but al merciless punishment on those who had most active in procuring it. The edict pubsted by this King is interesting as a specimen of the tone taken by the kings towards their subjects n the days of the reaction between 1815 and 1848. Ivatains the following passage :-"As it is the ty of every faithful subject to submit willingly the order of things which he finds established God and by the exercise of the sovereign ftcrity, we declare that, holding our power the Almighty alone, it is for us to choose the 3 which we consider to be the most suitable promote the public weal, and that we shall con⚫ently no longer regard any man as a faithful ⚫eet who dares to murmur against the measures

h we shall think it necessary to take. We are, therefore, as a rule of conduct for every that we will only recognize those as faithful ⚫rts who make immediate submission to our arity, making a return to our States subordi. a to this submission." The completeness of > "submission," demanding the "unmurmur." slavish obedience to a single, irresponsible set forth as the duty of a faithful subject, is st characteristic.

But in 1831, the King, Charles Felix, died, and Prince of Carignano, who had granted the titution, succeeded him, with the title of Albert L, King of Sardinia. From that sy any eyes were turned towards the Piedtese Kingdom as the quarter whence derance might be expected to come. As yet, ver, no very definite signs of that deliver

uld be discerned, even afar off. In Naples, * King, Ferdinand I., who sat on the Neapoatrone for nearly sixty years, excepting the med his exile in the Napoleonic period, died

75th year, and was succeeded by the weak a: conciliating Francis L., who in turn was ..wed in 1830 by his son, a monarch destined whieve a sinister reputation among his contranes, and to leave behind him a name al with the execrations of an outraged people, famous tyrant Ferdinand II.

UT SOCIETIES; THE CARBONARI, ETC.; MAZZINI AND "YOUNG ITALY."

The Carbonari and other secret societies in -7. such as "The Consistorial Society," and the ⚫atholic, Apostolic and Roman Congregation," And to accomplish the task they had set them*ves; perhaps from the repugnance that will

always withhold many from co-operating with associations working in the dark, and setting ordinary laws at defiance; though they undoubtedly contributed to nourish and maintain the flame of patriotism during the gloomiest portion of a dark period of tyranny and repression. It is fortunate for the reputation of Garibaldi that he was not associated with any of them; and, indeed, their activity had ceased before he was of an age to play a part in the great events of his time; for he was just the ardent, simple-hearted kind of man who might have been induced to join one of these associations upon an impulse, when smarting under the sense of tyranny and wrong; and those who joined one of the ill-omened brotherhoods, belonged to it, as it were, with body and soul; and was bound by the most tremendous of oaths to fulfil the behests of the leaders; the penalty for disobedience or treachery being death. A far healthier movement had succeeded, and was now taking the position from which the Carbonari had fallen. The party, known as "Young Italy," advocated, with tongue and pen, in spite of a rigid censorship, and an elaborate system of police repression and denunciation by spies, the principles of democratic liberty.

At the head of this movement stood Joseph Mazzini, the son of an eminent physician of Genoa, a man of liberal education and untiring energy, and thoroughly devoted to the idea of the liberation of Italy. The place of his birth was, indeed, associated from old times with the idea of republican independence and strength. The Piedmontese had long been accustomed to a despotic yoke, and were not likely to offer much opposition to the "divine right" pretensions of Charles Felix; but Genoa had been recently added to the Kingdom of Sardinia; and the descendants of the old Genoese, remembering the glories of their republic in the old days of the Doria, were the very people among whom an effort for the regeneration of Italy was likely to find favour and to flourish. Accordingly, Joseph Mazzini, as editor of newspapers advocating liberal ideas, which were as an abomination in the eyes of the absolute government, and as the chief, moreover, of the "Young Italy" party, soon became a marked man,-a man to be spied upon and arrested and imprisoned, and, when nothing directly punishable could be proved against him, to be banished from his country; all which was done to him, with the effect of making him a ten times more dangerous enemy to those who attempted to crush him than if he had remained in Italy under "surveillance." For the dream of

his life was the liberation of Italy by the union of all the scattered States-Rome, Naples, Tuscany, Lombardy, Venetia, Piedmont, and the smaller duchies-into one. And when he was thus driven beyond the Italian frontiers, he came in contact with a multitude of men from various parts of his native land, and succeeded in inspiring many among them with his own views; so that the "Young Italy" party increased in importance under the guidance of this indefatigable apostle. Among those on whom he exercised a paramount influence was Giuseppe Garibaldi.

GARIBALDI AND MAZZINI; HALF-HEARTEDNESS OF CHARLES ALBERT; A DESPERATE PLOT.

In 1833, Garibaldi, as commander of a trading vessel, came to Marseilles, where Mazzini was living under the protection of the then newlyestablished quasi-constitutional government of Louis Philippe; for it was "early days" with the Orleanist dynasty then, and the selfish self-aggrandizing policy of the potentate, afterwards bitterly caricatured as "Robert Macaire," had not yet developed itself. Garibaldi was at once deeply impressed with the views of Mazzini, and became one of his partisans, describing him as a determined thinker whom nothing could ever turn from his purpose, and whom nothing, not even ingratitude, could discourage in the work he had once undertaken. When this interview took place, Charles Albert had been more than a year on the throne of Piedmont; and as the "Young Italy party was ready to strike a blow for the independence of Italy, which its leaders thought, and as it turned out correctly, could only be achieved by the union of all the " Young Italy "men under one commander, a prominent member of the fraternity made an urgent appeal to the new King to come forward and direct the movement, and thus to give freedom and happiness to the country. "Place yourself at the head of the nation," said this appeal; "write upon your banner 'UNION, LIBERTY, INDEPENDENCE;' declare yourself to be both the avenger and the interpreter of popular rights; call yourself the 'Regenerator of Italy; deliver her from the barbarians who oppress her; build up a glorious future for her; give your name to the present age, and establish an era which shall date from the commencement of your reign!"

But Charles Albert was not a man of decision; nor did he know or appreciate at its true value the strength that lies in a nation moved through its heart of hearts by a general and mighty impulse. He was afraid of the huge military power

of Austria; he hesitated, evaded, and lingered: letting I dare not,' wait upon I would' like the poor cat i' the adage."-and finally left the work of Italian liberty to be accomplished by others; his own blow for fame being at inst struck when the favourable conjunction was long past that would have rendered it cffect. and his career closing at last in heart-breaking failure, when the sun went down upon the lost battle of Novara.

At length, the courtiers, working upon th fears of the King, and anxious above all t to prevent him from casting in his lot with the popular party, persuaded him that a co spiracy was on foot against his authority an his life. They gained their end. An ext ordinary commission was established at Turn the capital of the Piedmontese King lon civilians, tried by court-martial, were condemn to death, and executed under circumstances a exceptional cruelty. A poor sergeant was shi for the crime of reading an extract from Mat zini's Journal La Giovane Italia to the mea his company; a lieutenant for having ext books in his possession, and so on; the testir of the lowest police spies being consider los clusive in these cases of life and death. à Chambéry and Alexandria, as well as at Ger these judicial murders were perpetrated in «anumbers as to excite universal horror. also was commanded by the French Goveraze = to quit Marseilles. Thereupon a rising wi projected in Genoa; and Garibaldi undet the task of winning the Navy for the po cause; entering for the purpose as a first-a sailor on board the Sardinian man-ofEurydice. It was expected that the G would declare in a body for the republic, s that the flame, once lit up, would spread throa Italy.

Maz

FAILURE AND FLIGHT: GARIBALDI AND MAZZINI EXILED.

But the design failed utterly. There w traitors in the camp, and the Pied Government received timely notice of the p tended rising. A very short combat decidei affair against the patriots. Mazzini, who a returned to Genoa, was compelled to mair b way with all speed to Switzerland; and Gat baldi also understood that for him likewise th was no other alternative but the danges a the firing party, unless he bade farewell to Ita for a time, and consented to eat the b "bread of banishment." It was to Se

America that he bent his course; after a short day at Marseilles, which port, to him a harbour of refuge, he managed to reach after various zarrow escapes; for the Piedmontese authorities were then in their pursuit of him, and would have given but a short shrift and a volley of lets—in the back, according to the ignominicas way of executing political criminals at that time-had he fallen into their hands. Even at Marseilles, secrecy was necessary; for Louis ippe was but a half-hearted constitutionLs even in those early days of his rule, and w.and have given up the fugitive with litthe compunction; accordingly, Garibaldi passed ader the name of Joseph Pane at Marseilles. Mazzini, of whose safety in Switzerland he heard wore he quitted Europe, passed the ensuing £ arteen years in exile, first in Paris and then in London; and many will remember the intense popularity incurred by Sir James Graham, who raced some of the letters written by and to the fatigable head of the Young Italy party to be ted during their passage through the Post

It was generally felt that an English ster of State disgraced himself by acting part of a police spy in the interests of potic governments warring against the rights liberties of their subjects; and there is Pan to believe that Sir James, great and werful as he was, heartily wished he had Mazzini and his correspondence alone. anwhile a section of the press, misled by in calumny, and imperfectly informed on the rights of the case, took to denouncing dam in no measured terms, as a man who, ere under the aegis of English protection, drocated assassination, and was an enemy of he rights of property. That Mazzini was in "any points a mistaken man, and that he did Lawe gh the objects he had in view with the at of the means at his command, and thus en advocated harebrained enterprises, in ich failure was the only probable result, is

an; but he never advocated murder or pride, but simply upheld the right of the ⚫e, if all redress were denied them, to * from their rulers by force the justice

d to remonstrance, as the English in the te of their history have done over and over

TIX SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLIC; GARIBALDI

COMMANDER BY SEA AND LAND. Meanwhile Garibaldi, destined to meet his ad under very different circumstances, was

In

speeding across the Atlantic to Rio Janeiro, on board the Nautonier, Captain Beauregard, of Nantes; for he felt that for some time at least nothing was to be done in the cause of freedom, and that the people of the Italian peninsula would strike no new blow until renewed wrongs should have aroused them to vengeance. Rio Janeiro he met with various Italians of his own way of thinking; and amongst them Rossetti, who afterwards became his lifelong and trusty friend. He found events taking place that soon gave full employment to his active and enterprising spirit. The province of Rio Grande, moved by various grievances, had renounced its allegiance to the Empire of Brazil, and declared itself a free republic. The Presi dent of the new republic, Zambeccari, who had just escaped from captivity in the fortress of Santa Cruz, finding the two friends ready to fight in the cause of freedom and a republic against an empire, eagerly availed himself of their services, and granted them a letter of marque to cruize against Brazil; and in a small fishing vessel, which he named the Mazzini, with Rossetti for his lieutenant, and sixteen men for a crew, he entered on a new phase of his career, as a combatant in the struggle of the South American States. During this period he played many parts; at one time in command of vessels, and triumphantly maintaining the flag of Rio Grande against her far stronger opponent; at another, a prisoner in the hands of his enemies, and ruthlessly tortured by a ruffianly commander; now brought into contact with the grim, truculent tyrant Rosas; now complimented for his courage and prowess by the Government he loyally served. At one time he commanded an "Italian legion" in the service of the Republic, fighting like a hero, and afterwards refusing, in a dignified letter, a grant of land offered to him and the officers of the legion by the gratitude of General Rivera; declaring that, in espousing the cause of the Republic, they never expected to receive any other reward but the honour of sharing the danger incurred by the children of the country which has afforded them hospitality. "They will continue, as long as the exigencies of the siege require it," he writes, "to share the toils and perils of the noble Montevideans, but they desire no other price and no other recompense for their labours.” “Consequently," he concludes, "I return you the deed of gift." This letter is a sufficient refutation of the calumnies that represented Garibaldi as a mercenary partisan leader, engaging in a strife in

which he had no concern for the sake of profit and plunder.

There is no doubt that these years of adventure and warfare, during which he was repeatedly shipwrecked and wounded, and underwent almost every conceivable difficulty and danger, were of great use in exercising and developing his powers as a leader of irregular troops. That quickness of resource, that power of achieving great results with means that seemed utterly inadequate, that strange and invaluable faculty of influencing, by a word or a glance, large bodies of men, which he displayed during the gigantic struggles of his later life, were to a large extent acquired by his experiences in America. Throughout the whole period he gained the respect of his followers and opponents by his cheerful daring, simplicity, and honesty. Incorruptible and a despiser of wealth, he was yet ready to labour for his living. On those rare occasions when he had funds at his command, they were always at his friends' service. Never was there a man more simply and thoroughly disinterested. It was during this stirring time that he married the fair Anita, a Brazilian. It was a case of love at first sight, and the marriage proved an entirely happy one. Three children were born to Garibaldi, two sons, Menotti and Ricciotti, who lived to take part with their father in the glorious task of liberating Italy, and a daughter named Teresa.

actions of his predecessors and the tra litions of the Papal see. He allowed a certain amount of freedom to the press, introduced salutary econo mies and reforms in the management of affairs, surrounded himself with popular and respected men, and seemed ready to inaugurate a new and better epoch for enslaved Italy. Thus the name of Pio Nono was uttered with shouts of gratula tion and with eriras from Turin to Palermo; and the bewildered and jealous despots, from Ferdinand of Naples to the weakest dake wh leaned upon Austria for support, shullered to find the name of the Pope associated with popular progress and reform rather than with repression. The wonderful tidings even male their way across the Atlantic, and reached Monte Vilen when Garibaldi, in a characteristic letter, hastened to lay his services, and those of the survivors of the Italian Legion, at the feet of the Pontiff. We who write thus, most ilustrirs and venerable lord," he says, "are those woo, always animated by the same spirit which made us bear up in exile, have taken up arms at Monte Video for a cause which appeared to us just During the five years that its walls have been besieged, each of us has more or les g proofs alike of courage and resignation.... H then, to-day, the strong arms that have been used to war are accepted by His Holiness, it is unnecessary to state that we shall consecrate them more willingly than ever to the service di one who has done so much for his country and the Church." But this letter remained un swered. Pius IX., though an amiable and wulk meaning, was not a firm-heartel, man. He was alarmed at the very enthusiasm his liberalem had called forth, and within a short time pat himself into the hands of a reactionary party, headed by the bad, bold Cardinal Antonelli, wòn by strong and determined pressure upon biz, forced him to retrace his steps, and to become the persistent enemy of the movement he had once encouraged. Receiving no reply to has somewhat sanguine offer, Garibaldi, with his friend Anzani, and the remainder of the Italia Legion, resolved nevertheless to return to Itay. to take part in the struggle which they felt se was about to begin. "There was one obstacle to our intention, however," says Garibaldi nself, in his simple way; we had not one of s the money to pay our passage." However, & subscription list was opened; and though the gloomy prognostications of many, who declared the exiles were returning to meet certain death, deterred many from joining, a body of sixty or seventy at last embarked for Europe, to

And already at this period of his life the stubborn independence and disinterestedness of the man were fully displayed. At the time when he was playing a most important part in the history of the republic for which he fought, he was frequently so poor that the barest necessaries of life were scarcely within his reach.

MASTAI FERRETTI, A LIBERAL POPE; GARI

BALDI'S LETTER TO PIUS IX.

While Garibaldi was fighting for the independence of Monte Video, and afterwards living, as poor and contented as might be, in that far-off city beyond the Western main, important events had been taking place in Europe. The party of Young Italy had been increasing in number and in influence, in spite of all the antagonism of the native governments, the Austrians, and the Jesuits. On the death of Gregory XVI. in 1846, Mastai Ferretti was raised to the pontifical throne with the title of Pius IX.; and, to the surprise and delight of the party of progress in Italy, the new pontiff began to develope liberal tendencies, greatly at variance with the general