the restoration of the Saxon line, in Edward the Confessor, that Prince was crowned at Winchester. William the First, who succeeded in about 1066, made Winchester a principal royal residence; he built a castle and held some important trials there; but London had now risen to great importance, and was fast becoming the metropolitan city. In 1079, Bishop Walkelin, a cousin of William, began rebuilding the cathedral which had been almost demolished in the turbulent times of the Danes; and he obtained leave to cut timber for the purpose in Hempage wood, about three miles northward of the city. He completed a handsome building in the year 1093. William Rufus lived here; and, on his death, his brother Henry also, when not in Normandy, made Winchester a principal residence; and, in the year 1125, all the coiners of the kingdom being suspected of debasing the coin that they issued, were summoned to appear at the Exchequer at Winchester, to answer the charge. See Dr. Lingard's History of England, vol. I., page 520. In 1141, Henry being dead, and his brother Stephen having usurped the throne, Henry's daughter, Matilda (who, having married the Emperor of Germany, was already an Empress), came over to claim the crown of England; and, having been first received in, and then driven out of London, she besieged Winchester, and, in the conflict between her troops and those of Stephen, the city was partly demolished. It is said (see Lingard, vol. II., p. 24), that no less than forty churches were burned down, besides two monasteries, that of St. Mary and that of St. Grimbald; and other writers affirm, that the whole suburbs of Hyde, and all the north part of the city, were completely burned or pulled down. The town has been a small place ever since. King John lived much at Winchester; granted the city its charter of incorporation, and had a son, Henry, surnamed of Winchester, born here. This son, who succeeded his father in 1216, lived in and held parliaments in Winchester; and in the reign of his son Edward I., the famous Statutes of Winchester were passed. From this time, however, it was more a place to visit than to reside in, till Charles II., having a wish to restore it, and having bought the remains of the castle, began to erect the spacious palace, which

is now the soldiers barrack, and which his death caused to remain unfinished. Before the "Reformation" there were in Winchester nine religious houses, of which the following is a brief account. A Benedictine Priory, founded by King Lucius, frequently destroyed and rebuilt, but at length granted to the now Dean and Chapter, by Henry VIII. Value, at that time, 1,50 l. 17s. 2d.; value now, 30,1571. 3s. 4d. A Nunnery, founded in the east part of the city, by King Alfred. Valued at 179l. 7s. 2d. yearly; now worth 3,5871. 3s. 4d. yearly; granted, by Hen. VIII., to John Bellew and John Broxholme. A Monastery, founded by King Alfred, to St. Grimbald; valued at 8651. 1s. 6d. yearly, yearly value now 17,3011. Os. i0d.; granted, by Henry VIII., to Richard Bethel. St. Elizabeth's College, founded by John de Pontois, Bishop; valued at 112l. 17s. 4d. yearly, now worth 17,301l. Os. 10d. yearly; granted, by Henry VIII., to Lord Wriothesley. Wykeham College, founded by William of Wykeham; valued at 6391. 8s. 7d., now worth yearly 12,788. Saint Cross Hospital, founded by Henry le Blois, Bishop of Winchester, in 1132, for a number of poor men and women; value yearly 1841. 4s. 2d., yearly value now 3,6841. 3s. 4d. An Hospital for the poor folk stood outside the King's-gate, maintained by the Monks of Saint Swithen. An Augustine Friary stood a little without the South-gate, and its site was granted away by Henry VIII. A Grey Friary, founded by Henry III., stood close by the East-gate, on the inside; granted away by Henry VIII." The cathedral, which now stands, and a good description of which is given in Dr. Milner's excellent and learned "History of Winchester," was, as I have said above, begun by Bishop Walkelin. In the time of Edward III., the then Bishop Edyngton prepared for a thorough repairing of the cathedral; but he did not live to do much more than prepare for it, leaving it to his able and excellent successor, William of Wykeham, to enlarge upon and complete the work. Dr. LoWTH, in his life of WYKEHAM, p. 209, mentions the projected repairs of Edyngton, and says, " however, Wykeham, upon due consideration and survey, found it either so decayed and infirm, or else so mean in its appearance, and so much below the dignity of one of the first episcopal sees of the kingdom, that he determined to take

down the whole from the tower westward, and to rebuild it both in a stronger and more magnificent manner. This work he undertook in the year 1394." So that it was a rebuilding, and not a repairing, as his predecessor intended. In the same work Dr. LowTн, p. 210, says, that the conditions stipulated between Wykeham and the Prior and convent, who acquit the bishop of all obligation to it, and acknowledge it as proceeding from his mere liberality and zeal for the honour of God: they agree to find the whole scaffolding necessary for the work; they give the bishop leave to dig and carry away chalk and sand from any of their lands, as he shall think most convenient; and they allow the materials of the old building to be applied to the use of the new." Common justice to the memory of this excellent man bids us dwell upon this fact, that the whole of his great undertaking was performed at his own expense, with the exception of the scaffolding, the clay and chalk, and the old materials, which the Prior and convent found him, or allowed him to help himself to. Winchester is now a clean, well-built country town, celebrated for its dulness, excepting at the fair and assize times. Its trade is nothing, saving what a central capital of a county must naturally have; and it has no manufactures. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, six aldermen, a townclerk, two coroners, two constables, and a council of twenty-four inhabitants. The corporation, in its present form, was established by Queen Elizabeth. It returns two members to parliament, and the right of election is in the corporation. It has a market on Wed. and Sat., and the fairs are held on the first Mon. in Lent, for bacon, cheese, leather, and horses; Oct. 24, leather, horses, bullocks, and sheep. It contains the parishes of St. Bartholomew, St. Lawrence, St.-Mary-Kalander, St. Maurice, St.-Peter-Colebrook, St. Tho.mas,

St. Bartholomew, Hyde-Street, St. John, St. Michael, St. Peter-Cheesebill, Little-St.-Swithin and St. Faith, with the Hospital of St. Croix. The population is 7,739.

WINCHFIELD, 2 miles N.E. from Odiham. Popula. 226.

WINKTON, in Christchurch parish, and

popula. included therein. 24 miles distant N.N.E.

WINNALL, 1 mile S. from Winchester. Popula. 128.

WINSLADE with KEMPSHOT, 24 miles S. from Basingstoke. Popula. 158. WONSTON, 8 miles N.E. from Stockbridge. Popula. 668. WOODGASTONE, in Monk-Sherborne parish, and popula. included therein. 1 mile distant W. WOODGREEN, in Ringwood parish, and popula. included therein. WOODCUTT, 6 miles S.W. from Kingsclere. Popula. 92.

WOODHAY (East), 74 miles N.W. from Kingsclere. Popula. 1,206.

WOODMANCOTT, 7 miles S.W. from Basingstoke. Popula. 75.

WOOLSTONE, in Hound parish, and popula. included therein. 2 miles distant N.W.

WOOLVERTON, 1 mile S.E. from Kingsclere. Popula. 213.

WOOTTON, 4 miles N.E. from Newport. Popula. 56.

WOOTTON (St. Lawrence), 2 miles N.W. from Basingstoke. Popula. 664. WORLDHAM (East), or WARLEHAM, 2 miles S.E. from Alton. Popula. 156. WORLDHAM (West), or WARLEHAM. 2 miles S.E. from Alton. Popula. 100.

WORTING, 2 miles W. from Basingstoke. Popula. 136. WYMERING, 34 miles E. from Fareham. Popula. 625.

YARMOUTH, 100 miles S.W. from London. Popula. 564. Market, Fri.; fair, July 25, toys. A corporate town, having a mayor and twelve burgesses. Sends two members to parliament.

YATELY, 7 miles N.E. from Odiham. Popula. 1,801.

YAVERLAND, 2 miles E. from Brading. Popula. 92.

142

AN INLAND COUNTY, bounded by Shrop

shire on the North; on the East and North-East by Worcestershire; on the South-East by Gloucestershire; by Monmouthshire on the South-West; by Brecknockshire on the West, and by Radnorshire on the North-West. It is about 38 miles long, and about 35 broad. It has 11 hundreds; namely, Broxash, Ewyas-Lacy, Greytree, Grimsworth, Huntington, Radlow, Stretford, Weltree, Wigmore, Wolphy, Wormelow. The principal RIVERS are, the Wye, the Munnow, the Lug, the Leddon, the Team, the Arrows, and the Frome. The Market-Towns are Bromyard, Hereford, Kington, Ledbury, Ludlow, Leominster, and Ross. The county returns 2 members to parliament, and the boroughs of Leominster and Weobley each send 2. Ross, Ledbury, and Bromyard, anciently also sent representatives to parliament, but they voluntarily surrendered the privilege on account of the expense it put the electors to. Herefordshire is in the PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY, partly in the DIOCESE OF HEREFORD, and a small part in the DIOCESE OF WORCESTER; and it is in the OXFORD CIRCUIT. It contains 860 square miles, or 550,400 acres; and 219 parishes. It had 17 monastic establishments, and 31 public charities; of the parishes which this county contains, 4 have no churches at all; there are 25 which have each less than a hundred inhabitants; 46 have no par sonage-houses; and there are 37 the parsonage-houses of which the incumbents, in a return made to parliament in 1818, represent as being unfit to live in. The PoOR-RATES were, in 1818, 107,6891. 12s. 11d., the number of PAUPERS 10,414; the rental of the county, according to a return made to parliament in 1818, was 604,614/. 9s. 11d. ; the population, according to a return made to parliament in 1821, was 103,243; the number of inhabited houses in 1821, was 20,061; the number of uninhabited houses at the same period was 804; the poor-rates bear the proportion of one-fifth of the rental; the number of paupers compared with the number of

houses is 1 to every houses; the poor-rates, in the year 1776, were only 9,921.; the number of persons to every square mile of this county is 120; the number of acres to a person, 5; the number of acres to a house, 27; the male population in 1821, was 51,552; the families employed in agriculture were 13,558 in number; the families employed in trade or handicraft were 5,633 in number; number of other families was 2,726; the agricultural male population, 31,799; able-bodied labourers, 15,899; the number of acres in this county, to every able-bodied labourer, is 34. This beautiful county is not mountainous, though it is far from being level. It is a continued series of knolls and dells, the former being sometimes hills, and the latter frequently valleys; in every part almost enclosed, and producing the best of every crop known to England; excellent and fast-growing timber, fine and abundant erops of corn, immense crops of apples and pears, and never-failing pasture. The produce then will of course be, wood, grain, cider and perry, and sheep and oxen; and it may with truth be said, that, of each and every one, it produces the very best. The soil is various, as in other counties; but its general character is a mixture of marl and clay, containing calcareous earth. Underneath there is a good deal of limestone, of different colour and quality in different districts, but very prevalent in the county. The horned cattle of Hereford have long been the most famous for grazing of any in Eng. land, and out of this county immense numbers are sent annually to be grazed elsewhere, besides the number that are grazed within the county either for its own use or for the Smithfield market. The Ryeland breed of sheep, bred chiefly in the southern part of the county, called the Ryelands, are not in themselves so excellent as they have been made of late years by a judicious crossing of them with the new Leicester breed, which has greatly added to their size and propensity to fatten. Herefordshire has neither mines nor manufactures worth notice.

BROMYARD, 125 miles W. from London. Popula. 2,767. Market, Tues. ; fairs, Thurs. before March 25, horned cattle and horses; May 3, Whit-Mon., Thurs. before St. James, July 25, Thurs. before Oct. 29, horned cattle and sheep. Here was a College, founded prior to the reign of Hen. III.; granted, 14 Eliz. to one Henry James. BUCKENHILL, in Woolhope parish, and popula. included therein. 1 mile distant S.

BUCKNILL.-See Salop.

BULLINGHAM (Upper and Lower), 2 miles S. from Hereford. Popula. 376.

BURGHILL, 4 miles N.W. from Hereford. Popula. 823.

BURRINGTON, 4 miles S.W. from Ludlow. Popula. 194. BUTTERLY.-See Edwin Ralph. BUXTON, in Bucknill parish, Salop, and popula. included therein. 1 mile N.E. from Brampton-Brian. BWLCH, in Cwmyoy parish, Monmouth, and popula. included therein.

BYFORD, 7 miles N.W. from Hereford. Popula. 211.

COLLINGTON, 3 miles N. from Bromyard. Popula. 145.

COLWALL, 5 miles N.E. from Ledbury. Popula. 782.

CONHOPE, in Aymestry parish, and popula. included therein.

COOMBE, in Presteign parish, Radnor, and popula. included therein. 24 miles distant E.S.E.

COWARNE (Little), 2 miles S.W. from Bromyard. Popula. 134.

COWARNE (Much), 4 miles S. from Bromyard. Popula. 585.

COXALL, in Bucknil parish, and po

pula. included therein. 24 miles W. from Leintwardine.

CRADLEY (East and West), 10 miles N.E. from Ledbury. Popula. 1,459. CRASSWALL (Upper and Lower), in

Clodock parish, and popula. included therein. 7 miles distant N.W.

CREDENHILL, 5 miles N.W. from Hereford. Popula. 199.

CROFT, 10 miles W.S.W. from Tenbury. Popula. 119.

CALLOW, 4 miles S. from Hereford. Popula. 139.

CANON-FROOME, 7 miles N.W. from Ledbury. Popula. 105.

CANON-PION, 8 miles N.W. from Hereford. Popula. 634.

266.

DEVEREUX (St.), with DIDLEY, 7} miles S.W. from Hereford. Popula. 208.

DEWCHURCH (Little), 6 miles S. from Hereford. Popula. 330.

bury. Popula. 180.

Popula. 33.

popula. included therein.

CLEHONGER, 3 miles S.W. from Hereford. Popula. 359.

CHOLSTREY, in Leominster parish, and

DILWYN, 6 miles S. W. from Leominster. Popula. 1,026.

DINEDOR, 3 miles S.E. from Hereford. Popula. 301.