Edited by EDWARD ARBER, F.S.A., etc.,

LECTURER IN ENGLISH LITERATURE, ETC.,
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

SOUTHGATE, LONDON, N.

I July, 1868.

No. 7.

(All rights reserved.)

INTRODUCTION,

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

TOXOPHILUS.

1. Complimentary verses by Walter Haddon, BA.

of King's College, Cambridge.

2. Dedication to King Henry VIII.

1

3. To all Gentlemen and Yomen of Englande.

I

2

4. The Table of Contents.

5. THE FIRST BOKE OF THE SCHOLE OF SHOTING 2

6. THE SECONDE BOOKE OF THE SCHOLE OF SHOTYNG. IO

Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Author. Tutor to Princess, afterwards Queen Elizabeth. Secretary of Embassy under Edward VI. Latin Secretary to Queens Mary and Elizabeth. Friend of Queen Elizabeth, &c.

* Probable or approximate dates.

THE chief contemporary authorities for the life of Ascham are his own works, particularly his Letters, and a Latin oration De vita et obitu Rogeri Aschami, written by Rev. Dr. Edward Graunt or Grant, Headmaster of Westminster School, and the most noted Latiniste and Grecian of his time.' This oration is affixed to the first collection of Ascham's Letters: the date of Grant's dedication to which is 16. Feb. 1576.

The figures in brackets, as (40), in the present work, refer to Ascham's letters as arranged in Dr. Giles' edition.

1509. April 22. Henry VH. succeeds to the throne.

1511-12. 3. Hen. VIII. c. 3. required-under penalty on default of 12d per month-all subjects under 60, not lame, decrepid, or maimed, or having any other lawful Impediment; the Clergy Judges &c excepted: to use shooting in the long bow. Parents were to provide every boy from 7 to 17 years, with a bow and two arrows: after 17, he was to find himself a bow and four arrows. Every Bower for every Ewe bow he made was to make 'at the lest ij Bowes of Elme Wiche or other Wode of mean price,' under penalty of Imprisonment for 8 days. Butts were to be provided in every town. Aliens were not to shoot with the long bow without licence.

Childhood.

*1515.

3 Hen. VIII. c. 13. confirms 19. Hen. VII. c 4 'against shooting in
Cross-bowes &c,' which enacted that no one with less than 200 marks
a year should use. This act increased the qualification from 200 to
300 marks.-Statutes of the Realm. iii. 25. 32.

ROGER ASCHAM was born in the year 1515, at Kirby
Wiske, (or Kirby Wicke,) a village near North Allerton
in Yorkshire, of a family above the vulgar. His father,
John Ascham, was house-steward in the family of Lord
Scroop, and is said to have borne an unblemished repu-
tation for honesty and uprightness of life. Margaret,
wife of John Ascham, was allied to many considerable
families, but her maiden name is not known. She had
three sons, Thomas, Antony, and Roger, besides some
daughters; and we learn from a letter (21) written by her
son Roger, in the year 1544, that she and her husband
having lived together forty-seven years, at last died on
the same day and almost at the same hour.

Roger's first years were spent under his father's roof, but he was received at a very youthful age into the family of Sir Antony Wingfield, who furnished money for his education, and placed Roger, together with his own sons, under a tutor, whose name was R. Bond. The boy had by nature a taste for books, and showed his good taste by reading English in preference to Latin, with

L

'My sweete tyme spent at Cambridge.' The Scholemaster, fol. 60, Ed. 1570.

Childhood.

1530.

wonderful eagerness.

-Grant. Condensed transiation by Dr. Giles in Life: see p. 10, No 9.

"This communication of teaching youthe, maketh me to remembre the right worshipfull and my singuler good mayster, Sir Humfrey Wingfelde, to whom nexte God, I ought to refer for his manifolde benefites bestowed on me, the poore talent of learnyng, whiche god hath lent me and for his sake do I owe my seruice to all other of the name and noble house of the Wyngfeldes, bothe in woord and dede. Thys worshypfull man hath euer loued and vsed, to haue many children_brought vp in learnynge in his house amonges whome I my selfe was one. For whom at terme tymes he woulde bryng downe from London bothe bowe and shaftes. And when they shuld playe he woulde go with them him selfe in to the fyelde, and se them shoote, and he that shot fayrest, shulde haue the best bowe and shaftes, and he that shot ilfauouredlye, shulde be mocked of his felowes, til he shot better."-p. 140.

In or about the year 1530, Mr. Bord... resigned the charge of young Roger, who was now about fifteen years old, and, by the advice and pecuniary aid of his kind patron Sir Antony, he was enabled to enter St. John's College, Cambridge, at that time the most famous æt. 15 seminary of learning in all England. His tutor was Hugh Fitzherbert, fellow of St. John's, whose intimate friend, George Pember, took the most lively interest in the young student. George Day, afterwards Bishop_of Chichester, Sir John Cheke, Sir Thomas Smith, Dr. Redman, one of the compilers of the Book of Common Prayer, Nicholas Ridley the Martyr, T. Watson Bishop of Lincoln, Pilkington Bishop of Durham, Walter Haddon, John Christopherson, Thomas Wilson, John Seton, and many others, were the distinguished contemporaries of Ascham at Cambridge.-Grant and Giles, idem.

1534. Feb. 18.

æt. 18.

Mar. 23.

1537-40.

He takes his B.A. "Being a boy, new Bacheler of arte, I chanced amonges my companions to speake against the Pope which matter was than in euery mans mouth, bycause Dr. Haines and Dr. Skippe were cum from the Court, to debate the same matter, by preaching and disputation in the vniuersitie. This hapned the same tyme, when I stoode to be felow there my taulke came to Dr. Medcalfes [Master of St. John's Coll.] eare: I was called before him and the Seniores: and after greuous rebuke, and some punishment, open warning was geuen to all the felowes, none to be so hardie to geue me his voice at that election. And yet for all those open threates, the good father himselfe priuilie procured, that I should euen than be chosen felow. But, the election being done, he made countinance of great discontentation thereat. This good mans goodnes, and fatherlie discretion, vsed towardes me that one day, shall neuer out of my remembrance all the dayes of my life. And for the same cause, haue I put it here, in this small record of learning. For next Gods prouidence, surely that day, was by that good fathers meanes, Dies natalis, to me, for the whole foundation of the poore learning I haue, and of all the furderance, that hetherto else where I haue obtayned."-Scho.fol. 55. "Before the king's majesty established his lecture at Cambridge, I was appointed by the votes of all the university, and was paid a handsome salary, to profess the Greek tongue in public; and I have ever since read

Tutor.

'My sweete tyme spent at Cambridge.' The Scholemaster, fol. 60. Ed. 1570.

1537. July 3.

a lecture in St. John's college, of which I am a fellow." (22) To Sir W. Paget in 1544.

[die martis post festum Diui Petri et Pauli (June 29) æt. 21. Grant]. Is installed M.A.

1538. Spring.

Visits his parents in Yorkshire, whom he had not seen æt. 22. for seven years. Autumn.

1540-1542.

1540.

1541.

1541-2.

æt. 24.

æt. 25.

Date of his earliest extant letter.

Is at home in Yorkshire, for nearly two years, with quartan fever. Probably about this time he attended the archery meetings at York and Norwich. pp. 159. 160.

'In the great snowe,' journeying 'in the hye waye betwixt Topcliffe vpon Swale; and Borrowe bridge,' he watches the nature of the wind by the snow-drifts. p. 157.

Upon his repeated application, Edward Lee, Archbp of York, grants him a pension of 40s. (= £40 of presen: money) payable at the feast of Annunciation and on Michaelmas day. see (24). This pension ceased on the death of the Archbishop in 1544.

33 Hen. VIII. c. 9. 'An Acte for Mayntanance of Artyllarie and debarringe of unlauful Games.' confirms 3 Hen. VIII. c. 3. and, inter alia, directs that no Bowyer shall sell a Ewe bow to any between 8 and 14 years, above the price of 12d, but shall have for such, Ewe bows from 6d to 12d: and likewise shall sell bows at reasonable prices to youth from 14 to 21 years. Ewe bows of the taxe called Elke' were not to be sold above 3s 4d, under penalty of 205.-Statutes of the Realm. iii. 837. 1544. Spring. æt. 28. Ascham writes Toxophilus. After Lady Day.

Before July.

July-Sept. 30.

1545.

1546.

æt. 29.

Both his parents die. "How hard is my lot! I first lost my brother, such an one as not only our family, but all England could hardly match, and now to lose both my parents as if I was not already overwhelmed with sorrow!" (21) To Cheke.

"I have also written and dedicated to the king's majesty a book, which is now in the press, On the art of Shooting, and in which I have shown how well it is fitted for Englishmen both at home and abroad, and how certain rules of art may be laid down to ensure its being learnt thoroughly by all our fellow-countrymen. This book, I hope, will be published before the king's departure, and will be no doubtful sign of my love to my country, or mean memorial of my humble learning. (22) 7o Sir W. Paget.

The king out of the kingdom, at the head of 30,000 men at the siege of Boulogne, in France.

Ascham presents Toxophilus to the king, in the gallery at Greenwich. He is granted a pension of £10. pp. 165-166. He is ill again, and unable to reside at Cambridge. Succeeds Cheke as Public Orator of his University, in which capacity he conducts its correspondence. 1547. Jan. 28. Edward VE. comes to the throne.

æt. 30.

Ascham's pension which ceased on the death of Henry VIII., was confirmed and augmented by Edward VI., whom he taught to write. [Ascham's pension is one of the prominent things in his life.]

(1548. Feb. æt. 32. Is Tutor to Princess Elizabeth, at Cheston. Attacked 1549.Sept. ret.33. by her steward, he returns to the university.

1550.

While at home in the country, Ascham is appointed, at the instigation of Cheke, as Secretary to Sir Richard Morison, sent out as Ambassador to Emperor Charles

On his way to town, has his famous interview with Lady Jane Grey at Broadgate. Scholemaster, fol. 12.