AMERICAN LANDSCAPE. he had brass rings or bangles. His shield was of bullock's hide, about five feet long and three and a [View of Cooperstown, Otsego County, N. Y.] half broad; down the middle was fixed a long stick, THE village of Cooperstown, one of the prettiest tufted with hair, by means of holes cut for the pur-places in the western part of the state of New York, pose, and projecting above and below beyond the is situated at the southwestern extremity of the shield about five inches. To this stick were attach- Otsego lake, and is celebrated in the Pioneers as ed his assagayes and spears; the only difference in Templeton. The following particulars in regard to these weapons is that the former is narrow in the it, are from the pen of the distinguished Cooper :blade and small for throwing, the latter broad and long, with a stronger staff for the thrust.

The chief differed from his people only in the mock beard and feather which they were not permitted to wear. In concluding the description of Chinchingany's costume, it is necessary to observe that this is entirely military, and used only when upon warlike expeditions; at other times, the Hollontontes are dressed as the Kaffers, with nothing but a small leathern or skin purse, not two inches in length, used as by the Delagoa tribes, or as their modesty dictates; the appearing without which, among some of the Kaffer tribes, is considered such an outrage upon decency, that the person witnessing it is justified in putting the offender to death. The feeling of shame thus appears to be increased in proportion as its seat is limited. These were fine negroes, tall, robust, and warlike, in their persons, open, frank, and pleasing in their manners, with a certain appearance of independence in their carriage, infinitely above the natives with whom the party had hitherto communicated.

ORIGIN OF CHESS.

CERTAIN Indian tyrant became hateful to his subjects from his cruelty and lawless oppressions, and all advice, when offered, was fatal to the adviser; when Sessa, a sage philosopher, undertook the perilous task of curing the Tyrant of his hateful temper; for this purpose, he invented the game of chess, wherein he shows the impotence of the king, in that game, when unassisted by his subjects. The fame of this invention soon reached the tyrant's ears, as was intended, and he sent for Sessa to teach it to him, who instantly obeyed. In the course of the lesson the despot's eyes were opened, and he congratulated himself on being as he imagined, his own discoverer of what was real wisdom. The game became his favourite pastime : he was attached in friendship to the philosopher, and soon became a mild and good sovereign.

"Previously to the Revolution, the site of the present village was occupied as a station for the Superintendant of Indian affairs, who was the patentee of the land for many miles around it. Nothing like a permanent settlement, however, was made.

"In 1785, the late Judge Cooper first visited the spot, accompanied by a party of savages. He had become interested in the property as the owner of debts secured by the estate. In 1786, having become possessed of the fee of twenty-six thousand acres, including the village plot, he commenced a settlement, which had a rapid growth. In 1792, the county of Otsego was formed from the county of Montgomery, and Cooperstown, then a village of four or five hundred inhabitants, was made the county town. The place has not grown essentially since the year 1800, at which period it was one of the largest villages west of Schenectady, containing about one thousand souls. It has less than twelve hundred at present, though I think the population. including some houses that lie just without the village boundaries, though quite within the village society, is not far from thirteen hundred.

"It has greatly improved since 1800, and materially, within two or three years. Stone and brick are much used in the construction of buildings. Cooperstown contains several good houses, some of which bave been built many years. Otsego hall, the largest and one of the oldest houses, and the one that you most probably feel the most desire to have some information about, was built near the close of the last century. It has been lately repaired, and a good deal altered by myself. It was the residence of the late Judge Cooper, and since his death, of different members of his family. For the last few years, the two last excepted, it was not inhabited at all, except by a person who had charge of it. Applehill, Leheland, Woodside, Fenimore, the Locusts and Edgewater are all pretty places, and some of them very beautiful.

"The manner in which Gen. Clinton, the father of De Witt Clinton, caused a dam to be made at the outlet of the lake, in order to pass his brigade down. the Susquehanah, is probably known to you and is worthy of being commemorated."

For the Family Magazine.
STANZAS.-BY MRS. LYDIA BAXTER.

I looked and saw a lovely flower,
Upon a slender stem;

Its leaves were moistened by a shower,
And beauty clothed the gem.

I looked again, and lo! the leaves
Had fallen to the ground,
Were scattered by the envious breeze-
No fragrance there was found.

This lesson taught my heart how frail
Were beauty, time, and youth;
It bade me look where joys ne'er fail,
And grasp eternal truth.

THE FIVE SENSES.

THE SENSE OF SMELLING.

A grain of musk will perfume a chamber for twenty years, without losing, in a sensible degree, any of its weight. And flowers, "coloured for the sight, perfumed to please the smell," are commonly distinguished amid a thousand others, by the odours they emit. These constitute the most striking, as well as the most pleasing, objects of the sense of smell. Now, in all these instances, we perceive that the cause of the sense, or that which excites it, is a subtle effluvia, or cloud of atoms, parted from the perfuming objects, and carried through the air. And

"Lavish stock, which scents the garden, round,"

SMELLING is more simple and limited in its offices than any of the other senses, and contributes more to the luxury of life, than any thing which might be regarded as directly necessary to its existence. It may be briefly defined as that faculty by which the mind is enabled to perceive the effluvia of bodies, and by it to infer their presence, or judge of their peculiar qualities. In the larger animals, its power would seem to be proportioned to the strength or thus, when the weakness of the sight, modified, also by the peculiar wants of the animal. Thus, in the bat tribe, whose sight is weak, the organs of smell are developed in pours upon our senses, redolent of sweets, bright an extraordinary degree. The mole, also, which is thoughts of innocence and purity, let us not be connearly blind, has very strong powers of smell. To tented with merely reasoning upon the effect; but this it might be objected, that the family of hounds, let us, wafted on the "breath of nature," reach after and "wild beasts" in general, both smell and see the great Cause; the glorious God who designed with equal degrees of strength; but we answer that them for our enjoyment, and who, himself, taketh pleasure in the sweet incense of Israel. although their visual powers may he strong, the perfect scent which they possess is necessary, because their prey is, in almost all cases, either hidden, or beyond the range of sight. Smelling may, therefore, be regarded as a sort of a handmaid to sight; and in the case of man, it gives a finish and beauty to his visual perceptions, which those who have inhaled the fragrance of a clover-field, when

[Front and Lateral Section of Nose.]

1. THE ORGANS OF SMELL.

As far as human research has proceeded, it would appear that all substances, whether of a solid, fluid, -or aerial form, are composed of particles of matter, in different degrees of cohesion; and that these particles admit of division again and again, till all known The organs of smell are situated in certain intripowers of separation are at an end, and thought cate passages and chambers, to which the nose perishes in the attempt to follow them to the thresh-forms the external entrance. The external nose is old of infinite littleness. A few examples will composed of bone, cartilage, and the common integmake this plain :

uments. The bones are two, of an oblong shape, One thousandth part of a grain of tallow, burnt in and are situated between the eyes and the cheek the flame of a candle for one moment, would illumin- bones. They are called the ossa nasi, and form a ate a circle of four miles diameter, so as to be dis- sort of bridge, which, by its solidity, protects the tinctly visible to persons placed in every part of it. tender structures beneath, and, by its projection, asLet the tropical seas cast a putrid body upon the sists very materially in catching the rising odours. shore, and in a few minutes a company of vultures Internally, the passage which these bones form, is will emerge from the distant horizon, and, spanning divided into two, by a thin bony partition, called the the heavens straight as an arrow flies, fall directly septum narium. From the bones several cartilages upon it. Drop a grain of carmine into a gallon of are suspended, to form the flexible end of the nose. water, and every portion of it will be visibly tinged Thus we have two openings for the admission of with the colour. scents, and in the way in which this is accomplishIn all these cases, matter has been infinitely di-ed there is much to admire. Had the ossa nasi been vided, and it is to such a division of the constituent continued, and the end of the nose formed of bone atoms of bodies, that the production of the effluvia instead of cartilage, we could have scarcely lived a we have mentioned is to be traced. We shall, how-month without breaking it; and the comforts of a ever, quote a few more examples :"pocket-handkerchief" would have remained wholly Voyagers can usually smell, at the distance of hun- unknown. We should also have been without the dreds of miles, the coast they are approaching. Ne- power of regulating the size of the nostrils to the groes are said to be capable of distinguishing the circumstances in which we might be placed; but as track of an European by the scent of his footsteps. it is, we can dilate, or partially close them, according

to the rate we breathe, or the sweetness or not of branches enter the inner nose through a number of the odours by which we are surrounded.

[Front View of the Nasal Fossa.]

The nostrils enlarge as they proceed inward, and lead into many curious cavities and winding passages, formed by what are called the turbinated bones, and those of the face and base of the scull. After many convolutions, these passages finally emerge into a larger opening over the top of the throat, and communicate with the mouth. This arrangement enables us to breathe through the nose, which is the most natural mode of performing that function. Breathing through the mouth is almost peculiar to

man.

holes made for them in the ethmoid bone. It is covered with a vast number of minute glands, from which a mucous secretion is constantly and copiously discharged.

3. THE MODE IN WHICH SMELLING IS PERFORMED.

The air, loaded with the effluvia of bodies, is carried by the act of breathing through the nostrils, into the passages of the internal nose, where the odorous particles are entangled, and, adhering to the mucus on the surface of the pituitary membrane, are dissolved, and coming into contact with the nervous tissue, the mind is immediately impressed with the sense of their presence, or, in common language, smells them.

Thus far we may go, but no farther; for how the nerves convey this intelligence, and by what means the brain is enabled to receive it, are secrets, which, as they are known to God only, may justly be expected to humble our pride, and exalt our adoration.

In closing our remarks upon this sense, we may point to the design exhibited in so cautiously placing the organs of smell in the great avenue of breath, as a guard to the lungs; and also in placing the apertures of the nostrils perpendicularly over the mouth, as a protection to the stomach. By these means, bad air and improper food are detected and avoided, and the most important functions of life, eating and breathing, are discharged with a confidence in which suspicion rarely mingles.

LADIES' DEPARTMENT.

AMUSEMENTS AT HOME.

To make Scorched Paper Screens.-THE first thing to be determined on is the form: which may be circular, oval, oblong, square, or in the shape of a leaf, or having any fanciful outline

Having decided upon the general form, sketch the outline of it upon a piece of stout drawing paper, and cut it out rather larger than the exact form: then have three or four Italian heaters, or irons for the purpose, made redhot, and placing the paper on a common board, hold one of the heated irons within half an inch over it, until it produces a brown shade, and in the direction of a radius, that is, pointing from the outside of a circle to the centre. It is also desirable to move it gently from right to left, over about the space of an inch, while it is scorching the paper. When the first shade is done, turn The surfaces of this miniature labyrinth of bones the paper round, to make another are closely covered by a membrane, called the mem- exactly opposite to it; then half brana schneideriana, or the mucous or pituitary way on each side, and again bemembrane. This membrane is the immediate seat tween every two, until they are so of the sense of smelling; it is of a thickish spongy near that the shades meet and structure, very red, and carries in great abundance produce a teint of brown over the the filaments of the olfactory nerve, whose larger whole. Suppose the

's to

measure nine inches in diameter, then as the circum-] has been done, the screen may be placed in a reguference is three times the length of the diameter, lar press, or on a flat table, and some musick-books it will be twenty-seven inches. If the irons are laid on to make it dry flat, always remembering that guided over an inch of the paper, the scorching will a cloth folded two or three times must be placed next extend rather more than a quarter of an inch beyond to the embossed paper, to prevent the pattern becomon each side, which will make nearly an inch and ing flattened by the pressure requisite to make the three quarters for each shade; and screen dry straight. It is to be left in press about this will require sixteen shades to three or four hours, and in the meantime, the gold and make up the twenty-seven; if this coloured paper ornaments intended for it may be effect should be larger than is prepared. A screen of an oblong square form has wished, two shades may be intro- generally a gold ornament at each of the four corners ; duced between each two after the one of a circular form will look better, with a wreath first eight have been done, making of gold and coloured leaves and flowers intermixed, twenty-four. carried all round it; other forms may be ornamented according to fancy. To cut out the gold ornaments for an oblong square screen-with the black tracing paper mark the form of one corner on the back of a

This, however, would be accomplished much more satisfactorily, should you adopt the following method, by which the liability of falling into other errours would be avoided :-Make the circle for the screen with a pair of compasses, of the proper size, with ink; divide the whole number of degrees contained in the circle by the number of shades intended; three hundred and sixty divided by twenty will be eighteen, which is the number of degrees each shade will contain. Place the centre point of the

piece of gold paper of the proper size, and fasten it and three others of the same size under it, to a piece of stout card board with three or four drawing-pins, carefully observing that two of the pieces of gold paper must be placed with the white side upwards, and the other two are to have the gold side upwards. They may then be cut out with a sharp-pointed penknife, and four others cut in the same manner, if you inThen pretend to make a pair of screens at once. pare any flowers of coloured paper precisely in the same manner.

protractor upon the centre of the circle, and draw with a blacklead pencil a straight line for the diameter, as 1, 2; continue it until it meets the circumference as at 3, 4; then mark off eighteen degrees, as at 5, and continue the line until it meets the circumference as at 6; now take the distance 3, 6, in Eight pieces together would be so thick that you the dividers, and mark off equal spaces until half the would have more trouble than in cutting them in circumference is done; then draw lines through two lots; and the only objection to doubling one each of these points until they meet the eircumfer- piece of paper, instead of taking separate pieces ence on the other half of the circle: now determine is, that it would use much more, and cause a waste the size of the centre paper which is to receive the of the gold which is an expensive article. The outline of the whole screen and drawing; about five inches and a half in diameter of those parts which are to repwill be a good proportion, draw it in ink, and then resent open-work, may now be traced on a piece of thin cardboard, and cut out with some small openings to make the form of the centre, and also two

take out the pencil marks be-
tween the two circles with India-
rubber, and the part of the lines
which is left will be sufficient to
guide the irons into the proper
form. If the shades are not made
equal in colour at once, the light
ones may be drawn over again to
make them equal,

It

pieces of thin Bristol board for the centre, which are to be bound round the edge with either the matt or the burnished gold. The former is the The next thing is to cut out some stout Bristol or term given to the unglazed gold pacard-board rather larger than the screen, and paste per, the latter is the bright shining the burnt paper upon it, and also the coloured paper gold. To put the gold properly on the edge of for the back. The scorched paper is extremely the Bristol board requires great nicety and care. brittle, and will require much care to prevent its is cut into narrow strips with a sharp-pointed pencracking; it will be necessary to damp it all over knife, and a long flat ruler, which will be best for with a large wet camel-hair pencil, a flat one in tin the purpose if it have a brass edge, and if the gold is best for the purpose; and when nearly dry the paper be placed between two sheets of writing paste may be spread freely over it, twice, allowing paper, it will be cut very clear. When the burnished time for the first coat to be almost dry before the gold is used, let it be put on with gum, but the matt second is applied; immediately after which the pa- gold, with paste, because paste will remove part of per may be placed on the card-board, pressed well the gloss from the former, and gum will give a gloss with a cloth, to make it adhere in every part; to pre- to the latter in either case the cement must be apserve it free from spots and marks, let a sheet of plied twice, letting the first coat be nearly dry before It must be pressed upon writing paper be placed on it while this is done: the the second is put on. embossed paper for the back should be put on at the the Bristol board with a clean cloth, and neither the same time, but will not require to be damped, one gum nor paste must be suffered to get upon the Briscoat of paste will be sufficient, and very little pres-tol board beyond where the gold extends; it will be sure need be given to make it adhere. After this found a good plan to place the gold paper upon the