Statistical Methods for Research Workers |
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accuracy accurate analysis of variance applied arrays binomial binomial distribution Binomial Series Biometrika calculated classes column correlation coefficient correlation table corresponding curve degrees of freedom dice discrepancy divided effect efficient statistics eliminated equal equations estimate example exceed expected experiment experimental fact factors fitting formula give given height hypothesis inches increase independent variates interclass intraclass correlation large samples logarithm manurial mathematical Mean Square mean value measure method n₂ natural logarithms negative normal distribution number of degrees number of observations observed value obtained pairs of observations partial correlation plots Poisson Series population possible probable error quantity R. A. FISHER rainfall random sampling ratio regression coefficients regression function regression line relative growth rate represent S(y² Sheppard's correction shows small samples standard deviation standard error Sum of Squares symmetrical table test of significance test the significance tion treatment values of x² variability دو
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Page 138 - No quantity is more characteristic of modern statistical work than the correlation coefficient, and no method has been applied successfully to such various data as the method of correlation. Observational data in particular, in cases where we can observe the occurrence of various possible contributory causes of a phenomenon, but cannot control them, has been given by its means an altogether new importance.
Page 4 - To speak of statistics as the study of variation also serves to emphasise the contrast between the aims of modern statisticians and those of their predecessors. For, until comparatively recent times, the vast majority of workers in this field appear to have had no other aim than to ascertain aggregate, or average, values.
Page 47 - The value for which P=0.05, or 1 in 20 is 1.96 or nearly 2; it is convenient to take this point as a limit in judging whether a deviation is to be considered significant or not. Deviations exceeding twice the standard deviation are thus formally regarded as significant.
Page 43 - From a limited experience, for example, of individuals of a species, or of the weather of a locality, we may obtain some idea of the infinite hypothetical population from which our sample is drawn, and so of the probable nature of future samples to which our conclusions are to be applied. If a second sample belies this expectation we infer that it is, in the language of statistics, drawn from a different population; that the treatment to which the second sample...
Page 10 - ... Such inferences are usually distinguished under the heading of Inverse Probability, and have at times gained wide acceptance. This is not the place to enter into the subtleties of a prolonged controversy; it will be sufficient in this general outline of the scope of Statistical Science to reaffirm my personal conviction, which I have sustained elsewhere, that the theory of inverse probability is founded upon an error, and must be wholly rejected.
Page 2 - Statistical methods are essential to social studies, and it is principally by the aid of such methods that these studies may be raised to the rank of sciences.
Page 153 - If we choose a group of social phenomena with no antecedent knowledge of the causation or absence of causation among them, then the calculation of correlation coefficients, total or partial, will not advance us a step towards evaluating the importance of the causes at work.
Page 14 - ... moulding itself into the depressions, and dropping into the pipe-like hollows, as the snow and ice below gave way. The authors abstain from discussing the physical conditions under which the Drifts accumulated. 2. " A Critical Junction in the County of Tyrone.
Page 1 - The science of statistics is essentially a branch of Applied Mathematics, and may be regarded as mathematics applied to observational data.
Page 10 - What has now appeared is that the mathematical concept of probability is, in most cases, inadequate to express our mental confidence or diffidence in making such inferences, and that the mathematical quantity which appears to be appropriate for measuring our order of preference among different possible populations does not in fact obey the laws of probability. To distinguish it from probability, I have used the term "Likelihood" to designate this quantity; .... (RA Fisher: Statistical Methods for...