KEY TO MAP OF THE INTERNATIONAL FRONTIER

(See Chapter I and map on end papers.)

"The international frontier (i.e., the major zones of overlapping interests of the powers) is the main line of structural weakness in the earth's political crust." The map can give only a very rough pictorial impression of a long and complex history. It illustrates some of the characteristic phenomena of the international frontier. Those shown are some of the many international compromise arrangements made in the past hundred years or more at points on the frontier, such as neutralized and demilitarized areas; international territorial regimes of various kinds (mandates, trusteeships, condominiums, international "free cities," international protectorates, etc.); arrangements to protect trade, investment, and travel (such as capitulations, extraterritoriality, treaty ports, etc.). Numerous other phenomena of the frontier are not shown-such as many buffer states (including the Soviet girdle of satellite states in Eastern Europe), minority regimes, disputes before the League or the United Nations relating to particular areas. Conflicts of political and economic systems and ideologies are diffused over the globe and cannot be shown on a map. There are no numbers for the Western Hemisphere because it lacks any of the characteristic phenomena of the international frontier illustrated on the map.

I. Arctic (frontier zone after World War II).

2. Spitzbergen (demilitarized, open-door area, by Treaty of 1920).

3. Aaland Islands (neutralized and demilitarized, 1856, 1921).

4. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (suggested as mandates by head of an American mission, 1919).

5. Free City of Danzig (League of Nations protectorate, 1919-39).

6. Upper Silesia (plebiscite area after World War I).

7. Eastern Galicia (draft Polish mandate, 1919).

8. Belgium and Luxemburg (neutralized in nineteenth and early twentieth century).

9. Rhineland (demilitarized under Versailles Treaty; proposed international regime in the Ruhr, 1948).

IO.

Saar Territory (demilitarized; League of Nations trusteeship, 1919-35). 11. Switzerland (neutralized).

12. Germany and Austria (under four-power occupation after World War II; demilitarized).

13. Adriatic:

Fiume area (mandates, etc., proposed 1919).

Free Territory of Trieste (United Nations Security Council as trustee, 1947; occupied by United States, United Kingdom, and Yugoslav forces). Albania (international regime, protectorate, League mandate, independent state, 1912-20).

Demilitarized Islands and Zones: Ionian Islands (neutralized, 1864); Pelagoso, Pianosa, etc. (demilitarized under Peace Treaties, 1919-20; and Italian Peace Treaty, 1947).

14. Pantelleria and Pelagian Islands (demilitarized under Italian Peace Treaty, 1947).

15. Greece (border attacks; American aid; United Nations Commission; 1947–48). 16. Dodecanese Islands-Greece (demilitarized under Italian Peace Treaty, 1947). 17. Balkans (international regimes in Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia, 1877-78, etc., etc.; minority treaties).

18. Black Sea (neutralized from 1856 for fourteen years).

19.

Straits (regulated by treaty from end of eighteenth century; international regime of the Straits under Lausanne and Montreux Conventions; perpetual American mandate over Constantinople and the Straits proposed in 1919).

20. International zone of Tangier (international municipal body, neutralized, from nineteenth century).

21. Morocco (police mandate to France and Spain, 1906).

22. Crete (international regime, with gendarmerie, under governor appointed by Concert of Europe, 1897 to World War I).

23. Anatolia (mandates proposed at Peace Conference, 1919, and by United States King-Crane Commission).

24. Alexandretta (League mandate; then an international regime, demilitarized; then again Turkish territory; 1920-39).

25. Syria and Lebanon (League of Nations mandate, 1920-44); Lebanon (mandate to France, under nominal protection of six European powers, with Christian governor, 1860).

26. Palestine. Trans-Jordan. (Palestine: League mandate, 1919 to May 15, 1948; United Nations Partition Plan with trusteeship for Jerusalem, 1948. United Kingdom-Trans-Jordan Treaty of 1946 ended mandate).

27. Iraq (League mandate, then sovereign state linked by treaty with Great Britain).

28. International regime of the Suez Canal (by treaty from 1888; demilitarized and neutralized).

29. Egypt (Anglo-French condominium, 1879-82; protectorate; independent state linked with Great Britain by Treaty of 1936).

30. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium from 1899).

31. Italian Colonies in Africa: Libya, Eritrea, Somaliland (projected United Nations trusteeships; claim of U.S.S.R. to one of the trust areas).

32. League of Nations Mandates and United Nations Trusteeships in Africa: Tanganyika, Ruanda-Urundi, Togoland (French and British), Cameroons (French and British), South-West Africa.

33. Conventional Basin of Congo, 1885 ff.

34. Iran (buffer state, Russian and British spheres of influence; United States assurance of aid).

35. Afghanistan, Sinkiang, Mongolia (buffer areas).

36. Manchuria (joint U.S.S.R. and Chinese control of two main railway lines under Yalta Agreements and Sino-Russian Treaty).

37. Dairen (Yalta Agreements: "Internationalized" port of Dairen; Russian base at Port Arthur).

38. Korea (projected four-power trusteeship; joint occupation, U.S.S.R. and United States; United Nations Commission).

39. Japan (under Allied occupation; Kuriles "handed over" to U.S.S.R. at Yalta). 40. China, Siam, etc. (treaty ports, international settlements, extra-territoriality, etc.).

41. United States strategic-area trusteeship: Marshall, Caroline, Marianne Islands (former League mandate held by Japan).

42. United States bases in Philippines under treaty (1946).

43. N. E. New Guinea (League mandate; United Nations trusteeship).

44. Nauru (League mandate; United Nations trusteeship).

45. New Hebrides (Anglo-French condominium from 1906).

46. Western Samoa (League mandate; United Nations trusteeship). Samoan Archipelago (tripartite condominium, United States-Germany-United Kingdom, from 1889 to 1899; neutralized).

47. Canton and Enderbury Islands (fifty years' condominium, United StatesUnited Kingdom, from 1939).

48. Islands to which title is in dispute between United Kingdom (or New Zealand) and United States.

49. Antarctic (new zone of the international frontier).