and the inculcation of liberal Christianity." II. p. 599. How they will manage this seemingly difficult matter, so as to satisfy the heirs at law, the public and their own consciences, we pretend not to say. One thing, however, we shall venture to say: Let not this legacy of Mr. Lienow be forgotten. And when Harvard University shall be restored " to Christ and the church," and come again under the control of the friends of evangelical religion-and we have no more doubt of such a restoration, than we have that "the earth shall" one day "be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea"-let this entire sum of money, be it more or less, be carefully restored to the lawful heirs of Mr. Lienow. Let not an orthodox corporation, in that day, rise up and plead, 'We are all Unitarians. We all believe in the existence of one God. We, too, are liberal Christians, in the best sense of the terms; and hence are fairly entitled to the income of this legacy.' Let there be no such shuffling, such trifling as this. An orthodox corporation, when they come into place, (and God is able to bring them there much sooner than some men now imagine,) will know in what sense Mr. Lienow employed terms in his will; and they will carefully take every farthing of his money, separate it from other college funds, and go and place it in the hands of his legal representatives, to be disposed of as they shall see good.

THE PRESIDENCIES OF WADSWORTH AND HOLYOKE.

After the death of President Leverett, and the failure of two successive attempts to obtain a president for the college, the Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, the worthy pastor of the first church in Boston, was duly elected, and accepted the appointment. He was inaugurated, July 7th, 1725, and continued in office till his death, which occurred in March, 1737. It was during his presidency, that the Episcopal ministers of Boston made a vigorous effort to obtain seats at the board of overseers, and were repulsed. It was at this period, also, that Mr. Hollis founded his second professorship, viz., that of mathematics and natural philosophy.

The successor of President Wadsworth was Mr. Edward Holyoke, one of the ministers of Marblehead. He was elected May 30th, 1737; but not until all scruples had been removed as to the question of his orthodoxy. The Rev. Mr. Barnard, of

Marblehead, relates, seriatim, a conversation which he had on the subject, at the table of Governor Belcher. The governor having inquired as to Mr. Holyoke's qualifications, in general, for the presidency, and Mr. Barnard having answered him to his satisfaction, his excellency proceeded to ask pointedly: "But can you vouch for Mr. Holyoke's Calvinistic principles?" "To which," says Mr. Barnard," I replied: If more than thirty years' intimacy, and more than twenty years' living in the same town with him, and after conversing with him, and scores of times hearing him preach, can lead me into the knowledge of a man's principles, I think Mr. Holyoke as orthodox a Calvinist as any man; though I look upon him too much of a gentleman, and of too catholic a temper, to cram his principles down another man's throat." "Then," said his excellency, "I believe he must be the man.' ""* And he was the man.

The presidency of Holyoke was long and eventful. Near the commencement of it, two of the immediate officers of the college, viz., Greenwood, the first Hollis professor of mathe

* Mass. Hist. Collections, 3d series, Vol. V. p. 221. In his Convention Sermon, preached May 28, 1741, President Holyoke says: "Much more are we to guard against those who are tainted with the doctrines of Arius; who, though they call themselves Christians, are not worthy of the name; while they endeavor to rob Christ of his Divinity, and set him at an infinite distance below the Divine nature."- -"Again; there are the doctrines of the Sadducees, which you are to take heed and beware of, as the Deism of the present day."—" And very little less so are the errors of Socinus, which may well be ranked under the head of Sadducism, in that the men of this way reject the revelations of the gospel, at the same time they pretend to believe something of them. For while they assert that Christ was a mere man; that he had no existence, before he was born of the virgin; that what he did was not to give satisfaction to God for sin, but only to give men a pattern of heroic virtue, and to seal his doctrines by his death; while original sin, grace, and predestination pass with them for mere chimeras, the sacraments are esteemed empty ceremonies, and they also deny the immensity of God and his omniscience, for they allow him not the knowledge of contingencies ;-I say, while these, and many more gross heresies are held by them, they undermine the very bottom and foundation of the religion of Jesus, the Son of God, and are therefore in danger of hell-fire." SECOND SERIES, VOL. VII. NO. II.'

5

matics, and Nathan Prince, one of the tutors, were dismissed for intemperance.

At the first commencement, after the inauguration of Holyoke, some of the questions on the printed order of exercises excited alarm, as indicating, on the part of those who were to discuss them, a leaning towards Arianism. Wherefore, the orders were required" to be altered with pen and ink," and solemn inquiry was instituted on the subject, by a committee of the

overseers.

In August, 1738, John Winthrop, Esq., of Boston, was elected Hollis professor of mathematics, in place of Professor Greenwood, who had been dismissed. Mr. Peirce thinks him the first college officer that had ever been elected, without a strict previous inquiry into his religious principles.*

REVIVAL UNDER THE PREACHING of Whitefield.

It was early in the presidency of Mr. Holyoke, that the great revival of religion commenced in Boston and the vicinity, under the preaching of Whitefield and others. As President Quincy has devoted a considerable space to this subject, it will be necessary to follow him, and review his statements.

The Rev. George Whitefield made his first visit to Georgia, in 1738, being then not more than twenty-three years of age. He soon went back to England to receive priest's orders, and to collect contributions for his projected orphan house. He returned to his charge in Georgia in the following year; and shortly after, received pressing invitations from Dr. Colman and Mr. Cooper, joint pastors of the Brattle-street church in Boston, to make a visit to New England. As he approached Boston, in the month of September, 1740, he was met, several miles from the city, by the governor's son, and many of the clergy and principal inhabitants, who escorted him into town. He commenced his labors in the Brattle-street church, but extended them to the other churches, and at length to the common, where he is supposed to have addressed 20,000 people at once. He was greatly honored by Governor Belcher, Mr. Secretary Willard, and the principal ministers of the town, if we except Dr. Chauncy, who was then comparatively a young man.

* Hist. of Harv. University, p. 188.

Mr.

Foxcroft of the first church, Messrs. Colman and Cooper of Brattle-street, Messrs. Sewall and Prince of the Old South, Mr. Cheekley of the New South, Mr. Gee of the Old North, and Messrs. Webb and Elliot of the New North, were all among his constant hearers and admirers. Old Mr. Walter, of Roxbury, the immediate successor of John Elliot, represented the preaching of Whitefield as "Puritanism revived;" and Dr. Colman declared the period of his visit to be "the happiest day he ever saw in his life."

Mr. Whitefield, while in New England, did not confine his labors to Boston. He proceeded east as far as York (Maine); and on his return south, he visited Northampton, and several towns in that vicinity.

While staying in Boston, Mr. Whitefield visited Cambridge, and preached there with his usual power and effect. In a letter addressed to him, shortly after his departure, Dr. Colman says:

"At Cambridge, the college is entirely changed. The students are full of God, and will, I hope, come out blessings in their generation. Many of them are now, we think, truly born again, and several of them happy instruments of conversion to their fellows. The voice of prayer and praise fills their chambers, and sincerity, fervency and joy, with seriousness of heart, sit visibly on their faces. I was told yesterday, that not seven, of a hundred, remain unaffected. I know how these good tidings will affect you." So hopeful were the appearances at college, that the overseers appointed a day of thanksgiving on account of it, and "earnestly recommended to the president, professors, tutors, and instructors, by personal application to the students under impressions of a religious nature, and by all other means, to encourage and promote this good work." II. p. 43.

But notwithstanding Mr. Whitefield's honorable reception in New England, and the abundant success which attended his labors, the impression seems to have been forced upon his mind, that there had been, and was, a great want of spirituality in the churches, and among ministers, and in fact that not a few of the ministers had no experimental acquaintance with the gospel. To this impression he sometimes gave utterance in the pulpit, and in conversation. He also recorded it in his journal, which was afterward published. It was the publication of this journal, which disturbed the feelings of many of the New England ministers, and brought him into open controversy with some of the officers of Harvard College. The more offensive

passages in his journal, are the following. Speaking of Boston, he says:

"Both ministers and magistrates were exceeding civil to me, during my stay. I never saw so little scoffing; never had so little opposition. But one might easily foresee much would hereafter arise, when I come to be more particular, in my application to particular persons; for I fear many, many rest in a head knowledge, and are close Pharisees, having only a name to live. It must needs be so, when the power of godliness is dwindled away, and the form only of religion is become fashionable among a people."

"Went

Under date of Wednesday, Sept. 24th, Whitefield says: this morning to see and preach at Cambridge, the chief college for training up the sons of the prophets, in all New England. It has one president, four tutors, and upwards of a hundred students. It is scarce as big as one of our least colleges in Oxford; and as far as I could gather from some who well knew the state of it, not far superior to our universities, in piety and true godliness. Tutors neglect to pray with, and examine the hearts of their pupils. Discipline is at too low an ebb. Bad books are become fashionable amongst them. Tillotson and Clark are read, instead of Shepard, Stoddard, and such like evangelical writers; and therefore I chose to preach from those words, 'We are not as many, who corrupt the word of God.' In the conclusion of my sermon, I made a close application to tutors and students."

On leaving New England, he says: "Many, may, perhaps most that preach, I fear, do not experimentally know Christ; yet, I cannot see much worldly advantage to tempt them to take upon them the sacred function."-" As for the universities, I believe it may be said, 'Their light has now become darkness'-darkness that may be feltand is complained of by the most godly ministers. I pray God those fountains may be purified, and send forth pure streams, to water the city of our God."*

As remarked above, it was the publication of passages such as these, which excited the displeasure of not a few of the New England ministers, and brought Whitefield into open conflict with a portion of the faculty at Cambridge. It will be necessary, therefore, to examine into the truth and propriety of these published statements. And first, in regard to the religious state of many of the churches and ministers. It will be observed, Whitefield does not represent these as heretical or immoral; but rather as cold, formal, conformed to the world, and in many instances, he feared, without true religion. And when we consider that, for a long period, there had been no general revival of religion in New England, at least in the southeastern

* See Whitefield's Journal at New England, pp. 55--96.