one of the counsel for Christopher Love on his trial for high treason in plotting with the Scots to bring about the restoration of the monarchy; but exception was taken to Archer on the ground that he had not sub scribed the engagement to be true to the commonwealth, as required by a resolution of the House of Commons passed on 11 Oct. 1649, to be subscribed by public functionaries and by all sergeants at law, counsellors, officers, ministers, and clerks, and all attornies and solicitors.' As Archer had not subscribed, and at the trial declined to subscribe, this engagement, he was not allowed to plead. Whether he subsequently did so does not appear; but in 1656 he was returned to parliament, and his name does not appear in the list of the excluded members. On 27 Nov. 1658 he was made a serjeant, the appointment being confirmed by Charles II on 1 June 1660; but his elevation to the bench, which had occurred in the interim (15 May 1659), was thereby tacitly annulled. On 4 Nov. 1663 he was made a justice of the common bench in succession to Sir Robert Hide (then raised to the chief justiceship of the same bench), and knighted. As a judge he travelled the western circuit with Sir J. Kelyng. His name occurs in the list of the judges who attended the meeting of the bench summoned in 1666 to confer upon the proper course to be taken in view of the impending trial of Lord Morley for murder by the House of Lords, a case still cited as an authority upon the distinction between murder and manslaughter. Archer is characterised by Roger North as one of whose abilities time hath kept no record unless in the sinister way,' as uncertain in his law and afraid of a long and intricate cause. He appears, however, to have held decided and sound opinions on the construction of his own patent; for when the king in the winter of 1661 attempted to remove him from his office he stood stoutly upon his right to hold it on the terms of the patent, quamdiu se bene gesserit,' and refused to surrender the patent without a writ of scire facias, the proper legal mode of procedure to annul a royal grant; but which was so little to the taste of the king that Archer continued, until his death, legally justice of the common bench, and in receipt of his salary as such, though relieved by royal prohibition from the performance of the duties of the office, which were discharged by Sir William Ellis. He died in 1682, and was buried in Theydon Gernon churchyard, where a monument was raised to his memory. He married (1) Mary, daughter of Sir George Savile, Bart., of Thornhill, Yorkshire, by whom he does not appear to have had any

children; (2) Eleanor, daughter of Sir John Curson, Bart., of Kedleston, Derbyshire, by whom he had one child, viz. John, who died without issue, 7 Nov. 1706, having by his will left the Theydon Gernon estate to W. Eyre, Esq., of Gray's Inn, on condition that he married Eleanor Wrottesley (a niece of the testator), and assumed the name of Archer, which happened in due course. The Archers traced their descent from one Simon de Bois, who came to England with the Conqueror, of whom a namesake and lineal descendant changed his name to Archer at the bidding of Henry V on the occasion of a shooting match at Havering-atte-Bowre, in which he displayed the same skill as had formerly done the king good service at Agincourt, the king at the same time granting him a pension of five marks yearly. There are some inaccuracies in Foss's account of Archer's parentage.

[Morant's History of Essex; Ogborne's History of Essex; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 337, v. 210, vi. 770; Parl. Hist. iii. 1286, 1334, 1480; Whitelocke's Memorials (ed. 1732), 675, 678; Kelyng's Reports, 53; Siderfin's Reports, 3, 153; Sir T. Raymond's Reports, 217; Sir T. Jones's Reports, 43; Mercurius Politicus, 16 Feb. 1660; Cal. State Papers, Dom. series (1667), 337; North's Life of Lord Keeper Guildford (ed. 1742), 45; Wotton's Baronetage, i. 162, ii. 246-7, 346; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]

J. M. R.

ARCHER, JOHN (A. 1660-1684), was court physician in the reign of Charles II. Of his origin nothing is certainly known; but he was probably an Irishman, as he speaks of having been in practice in Dublin in 1660. He afterwards lived in London, and was styled 'Chymical Physitian in Ordinary to the King' (1671); afterwards, on his engraved portrait, he is called simply 'medicus in ordinario regi' (1684). He boasts that, on the favourable report of some of his patients, his majesty was pleased to command him to help some noble persons afflicted with a fistule.' He was never a member of, or in any way licensed by, the College of Physicians. In fact Archer, although a royal physician, was what would be called in these days an advertising quack. His book, 'Every Man his own Doctor, purporting to be a manual of health, but really treating of various diseases, reputable and disreputable, especially the latter, was nothing but an advertisement. He promises marvellous cures by secret remedies, sold only by himself, and able even to insure immunity beforehand from the possible consequences of debauchery. It is written in a style at once prurient and hypocritical. The British Mu

seum copy of this work has written on the fly-leaf, in a contemporary hand-and probably a similar advertisement was written in every copy before it was sold the following notice: The author is to be spoke with at his chamber in a sadler's house over against the mewes gate next the Black Horse nigh Charing Cross; his howers there are from eleven to five in the evening, at other times at his house in Knightsbridge.'

His only medicines were certain nostrums of his own preparation, 'to be had only from the author at his house in Winchester Street, near Gresham College,' and at prices which seem high. His books were also sold by himself. Archer's Secrets Disclosed, of Consumption, &c.' is a book of the same stamp, and in part a repetition of the former. His Herbal' is worthless. He also boasts of three inventions-a vapour-bath, a new kind of oven, and a chariot which enabled one horse to do the work of two.

The only interest attaching to these discreditable works and their author is the singular fact that a man who might in the present day even be liable to prosecution, should in the reign of Charles II have enjoyed the status of the king's physician.

The titles of his works, alluded to above, are: 1. Every Man his own Doctor, compleated with an Herbal, &c.' by John Archer, one of his Majesty's Physicians in Ordinary. 2nd edition. London, printed for the Author, and are to be sold at his house, 1673 (1st edition 1671). 2. 'Secrets Disclosed, of Consumption, showing how to distinguish between Scurvy and Venereal Disease, &c.' by John Archer. London, printed for the Author, 1684.

[Works by John Archer, referred to above.]

J. F. P. ARCHER, JOHN WYKEHAM (18081864), artist and antiquary, was the son of a prosperous tradesman of Newcastle-uponTyne, where he was born in 1808. At an early age he showed skill in drawing, and copied in a vigorous manner some of the designs of the Bewicks and other artists. After he had received a good general education, he was apprenticed to John Scott, who was a fellowtownsman, then practising in Coppice Row, Clerkenwell, as an animal engraver. He afterwards returned to his native place, and in conjunction with William Collard, a local engraver, produced a series of large views of Fountains Abbey, in Yorkshire, from drawings by Mr. Carmichael. During his visit to Yorkshire, Archer also engraved several plates for Mackenzie's History of Durham. About 1831 he returned to London, and procured an

engagement in the engraving establishment of Messrs. William and Edward Finden. He was subsequently employed by other publishers; and during the next few years he engraved many plates for the 'New Sporting Magazine.' When the introduction of lithography and engraving on wood superseded almost entirely the old-fashioned plates as a means of book illustration, Archer turned his attention to painting in water-colours, and made numerous sketches of the relics of bygone days in the metropolis. Some of these sketches were purchased by Mr. W. Twopeny, of the Temple, who commissioned Archer to produce twenty drawings each year of the relics of antiquity scattered about in the highways and byways of London. Up to the close of the artist's life this work was carried regularly forward, and the result was that Mr. Twopeny obtained a collection of drawings of the utmost value illustrative of the varied aspects of the great city. This collection was afterwards acquired by purchase for the nation, and is now deposited in the print-room of the British Museum. Archer was a diligent antiquary, and made copious notes descriptive of the sites and objects which he pictorially represented. After the decline of steel engraving he began to draw on wood, and some specimens of his work are to be found in Charles Knight's London,' the Illustrated London News,' and Blackie's Comprehensive History of England.' Many of the illustrations in the first series of Dr. William Beattie's 'Castles and Abbeys of England' (1844) are from drawings by Archer. In consequence of an inspection of the drawings in Mr. Twopeny's possession, the Duke of Northumberland commissioned Archer to make sketches, in the course of each summer, of the interesting antiquities on his grace's extensive estates. Archer also executed several monumental brasses, particularly one which was ordered for India by Lord Hardinge to the memory of the officers who fell in the battles of the Punjab. He was for many years an associate of the new Society of Painters in Water Colours. His death occurred in London, 25 May 1864.

Archer's published works are: 1. 'Vestiges of Old London, a series of Etchings from Original Drawings illustrative of the Monuments and Architecture of London in the first, fourth, twelfth, and six succeeding centuries, with Descriptions and Historical Notices,' London, 1851, fol. It contains 37 plates. The subjects are very pictorially treated, with numerous figures well introduced. 2. Posthumous Poems,' London, 1873, 8vo. A pamphlet of 22 pages, pub

lished by the author's son, George R. Wykeham Archer.

[Pinks's Clerkenwell, 1865, pp. 90, 239, 388, 393, 639-41; The Builder, 4 June 1864, p. 409; Art Journal, N.S. iii. 243; Gent. Mag. cexvii. 246; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.] T. C.

ARCHER, SIR SYMON (1581-1662), an industrious and learned antiquary, who laid the foundation of Dugdale's History of Warwickshire,' was born at Umberslade, near Tanworth, in that county, 21 Sept. 1581, being descended from an old family of that name seated there in the time of Henry III. His life was uneventful. He was knighted on 21 Aug. 1624; sheriff of his county in 1628; and M.P. 1640. He married Ann, daughter of Sir John Ferrars, of Tamworth Castle. He formed one of a body of enthusiastic antiquaries who devoted themselves to the elucidation of the history of their country in its minor details. He was the friend of Burton, Spelman, Cotton, Dodsworth, and others. The first letter of Dugdale to Archer in the published correspondence of that herald is dated 16 Nov. 1635; and the last is 9 Sept. 1657. Very early in the letters a history of Warwickshire was under discussion; it was first intended to be Archer's book, who had collected the materials: it was next arranged that the two friends were to be partners in the undertaking; but it was ultimately published as Dugdale's, who said that he had made special use of Archer's manuscripts on every page of the book.

Sir Symon amassed a large quantity of choice manuscripts and other rarities, which he freely imparted to the younger race of antiquaries, including Fuller, the author of the Church History,' and Webb, the editor of 'Vale Royal. In 1658 he was at the expense of engraving Dean Nowell's monument for his friend's History of St. Paul's.' Fuller, in the Worthies,' refers to his great age. He died in June 1662, and was buried at Tamworth on the 4th of that month. He had two sons who had the same affection for antiquarian pursuits as distinguished himself. [Hamper's Life of Dugdale, 1827; Visitation of Warwickshire, 1619 (Harl. Soc.); Colvile's Worthies of Warwickshire, 1870.] J. E. B.

ARCHER, THOMAS (1554-1630?), divine, was born at Bury St. Edmunds 12 Aug. 1554, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected to a fellowship. He took his master's degree in 1582, and in November 1584 became chaplain to his kinsman, Dr. John May, bishop of Carlisle. In 1588 he was public preacher to the university, and in May 1589 was inducted rector

of Houghton Conquest and Houghton Gildable, in Bedfordshire. He served as chaplain in 1599 to Archbishop Whitgift, and in 1605 was made one of the kings chaplains in ordinary. In 1623 he made a vault for himself in the chancel of Houghton Conquest Church, and five years later added his epitaph in English and Latin. He kept an obituary of all the eminent persons who died in his time, and also wrote an account (extracts from which are preserved among the Baker MSS. at Cambridge) of the parish and neighbourhood of Houghton Conquest. His manuscripts were lent in 1760 by Dr. Zachary Grey, then rector of Houghton Conquest, to Cole, the author of 'Athenæ Cantabrigienses,' who describes the collection as one of much interest and value. Archer is supposed to have died about 1630, as the obituary notices do not go beyond that date. Cole mentions also a manuscript diary of Archer's, which contained some curious anecdotes.

[Cole's MS. Athenæ; Catalogue of MSS. in the University Library, Cambridge, v. 421.]

A. H. B.

ARCHER, THOMAS (d. 1743), architect, was the son of Thomas Archer, M.P. for Warwick in the time of Charles II. He was a pupil of Sir John Vanbrugh, and had considerable practice in the first half of the eighteenth century. He held the office of 'groom porter' under Queen Anne, George I, and George II, and he is so styled in the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' where his death is recorded (23 May 1743). About 1705 he built Heythorpe Hall, in Oxfordshire, said to have been his first work: St. Philip's Church, Birmingham, begun in 1711 and finished in 1719; St. John's Church, Westminster, consecrated in 1728; Cliefden House, which was destroyed by fire; and many other buildings, of which there is sufficient record in the Dictionary of the Architectural Publication Society.' The date of his birth is not known; but at his death, in 1743, he must have reached an advanced age. He is said to have left above 100,0007. to his youngest nephew, H. Archer, Esq., member for Warwick.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting; Dictionary of Architectural Publication Society; Gent. Mag. xiii. 275.]