ACTION.

A.

Action, as opposed to Passion, 1; as
differing from an Act, 1; functions
of Reason and Will in, 2; Indifferent
actions, how distinguished, 3; Prin-
ciples of, defined, 9.

human, defined, 2; how charac-
terized, 3; Springs of, classified, 16-
19; Instructive or Implanted, 19-28;
Primary or Natural, 28-46; Second-
ary and Factitious, 46-65; Guides
of, 66.

Principles of, 7; distinguished
from Principles of Knowledge, 8;
classified, 13, 14; Dr. Reid's classi-
fication, 14, note; Mr. Stewart on,
15; tabulated, 39; the formation of
Secondary or Factitious, 58; accord
with the law of Custom, 58; affected
by Education, Example, and Fashion,
59; dependent on experience of life,
59; effects of Instinct and Appetite,
60; Mr. Stewart on the formation of
Secondary and Factitious Desires,
60, 61.

Activity or Will, defined, 9; human,
primary source of, 9.

Acts, distinction of, 1; how differing
from Actions, 1.

Adams, Dr., on the nature and obliga-

tion of Virtue, 116; on the Supre-
macy of Conscience, 162.

Addison, Mr., on Instinct, 23; on
Cato's suicide, 236, note; on Cheer-
fulness as preferable to Mirth, 257;
on Gratitude, 354; on the Continual
Progress of the Soul towards Perfec-
tion, 383.

Affections, Benevolent, strengthened by
exercise, 63; enumeration of, 63.

Malevolent, effects of their in-
dulgence, 62; Locke on, 62,

ASSOCIATION.

Affections, Natural, distinguished, 42;
among inferior animals, 42; in hu-
man beings, 42; of kindred, 43, 63,
64; of home and country, 43, 64.
Akenside, on the innate love of Beauty,

244, note; effect of its cultivation on
the improvement of the Mind, 245,
note.

Ambrose, St., the first to use the
epithet cardinal as applied to virtues,
229, note.

Anger. See Resentment.

Annihilation, unprovable, 382; uni-
universality of the disbelief in, 389.
Anselm, Abp., on the Existence of God,
324, 325.

Appetite, defined, 26; its ends, 26;
enjoyment in obedience to its call,
28; original Appetites few, those
acquired numerous, 28; how differ-
ing from Desire, 30; a blind impulse,
not intelligent, 30; operates in-
stinctively at first, but subject to the
law of Repetition, 60.

of Sex, defined, 249. See Self-
Control.
Aquinas, Thomas, on the Government
of God, 113, note 2; on the Existence
of God, 324.

Arbuthnot, on the Identity of the Body,
374.

Archæus, Vital Principle, explained, 21.
Aristotle, on Causality, 7; on the De-
sire of Knowledge, 31; his definition
of Association of Ideas, 46; on Vir-
tue, 110; denial of the Equality of
Men by birth, 261.

Asceticism, theological and philosophical,
238.

Association, Mr. Stewart on Association
of Ideas, 46.-Its influence in regu-
lating the succession of Thoughts,
46; Definition of Aristotle and

Hobbes, 46, 47; Law of Redintegra-
tion, 47, 48; Tulloch and Sir W.
Hamilton on, 48, 49.-As forming
permanent combinations of Thoughts
and Feelings, 49; distinction of As-
sociated Ideas and Complex Ideas,
49, 50; Association of different men-
tal movements, not juxtaposition but
combination, 50.

Attributes of God:-I. Natural Attri-

butes, 346: (1) Personality, 346;
(2) Unity, 347; (3) Incomprehensi-
bility, 347; (4) Spirituality, 347;
(5) Eternity, 347, 348; (6) Omnipre-
sence, 348; (7) Omniscience, 349.

II. Moral Attributes: (1) Goodness,
(2) Justice, (3) Holiness, 349-357.
Objections to God's Goodness con-
sidered, 357-365.

Augustine, St., on the Incomprehensi-
bility of Deity, 347.

Authors on Liberty and Necessity, list
of, 226.

Authorities referred to, list of, viii.
Automatic movements defined, 25.

B.

Bacon, Lord, on the Innate Sense of
Duty, 76.

Barlow, Mr., on Instinct, 21.
Baxter, Andrew, on the Immateriality
of Mind, 379.

Beattie, Dr., his definition of Marriage,
299.

Being, Principles of, distinguished, 7.
Benevolence, defined, 40; opinions of
Bishop Butler on, 41; a universal
obligation fully acknowledged by
Christians, but not by Jews or the
Heathen, 261; the Duties of Bene-
volence threefold:-I. To increase
Happiness (a) By Conversation and
Manner, 263; Civility, in what it
consists, 263; Politeness superior to
Civility, 263, 264; (b) by Active
Kindness, 265; modes in which the
duty may be exercised, 265-(c) by
Liberality, 266; Active Kindness su-
perior to Indolent Liberality, 266;
Hospitality illustrated in Old Testa-
ment History and among Christians,
266.

II. To alleviate Suffering-(a) By

Compassion and Pity, 267-(b) By
Humanity and Charitableness, 268;
modes of exercising the Duties of Bene-
volence, 269; their obligation, 269.

III. To forgive Injuries—(a) By
moderating Resentment, 270-(b)
By pardoning the offence, 272.
Bentham, Mr., on the Doctrine of
Utility, 130; his use of the title of
Deontology, 130; proposed substi-
tute of Propriety for Utility, 137.
Bias, one of the wise men of Greece, his
saying on Friendship, 278.
Biunde, on the Will, 184, 185.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, on Instinct and
Volition, 179, note.

Bockshammer, on the distinction of
Desire and Will, 173.

Bonnet, M., on Instinct, 23.

Bossuet, M., his distinction between
Erring and Ignorance, 5; between
Freedom and Will, 193.
Bougeant, Father, on Instinct, 23.
Brodie, Sir B., on the natural sense of
a Deity, 341.

Brougham, Lord, on Geology, 344; on

the Immateriality of the Soul, 380.
Brown, Dr., on Appetites, 27; on Pas-
sion, 34; on Sympathy, 41; on
Habit and Association, 57; his views
on the Foundation of Virtue, 148.

" Sir Thomas, on the Glory of God
in Creation, 146.

Browne, Dr., on the Moral Sense, 88.
Burlamaqui, M., on the Moral Sense, 86.
Bushman, Dr., on Instinct, 21.
Butler, Bishop, on Resentment, 38; on
the Office of Conscience, 109, 330; his
theory of Virtue, 125, 126; on Acts
designated as Right without reference
to their Utility, 139; on the Supre-
macy of Conscience, 161; on Con-
sciousness of Moral Liberty in Man,
197; on Love of our Neighbour,
262; on Compassion, 269; on the
Existence of God, 328; on the Im-
materiality of Mind, 373; on the
Immortality of the Soul, 391.

C.

Calisthenics, for rendering bodily move-
ments easy and graceful, 239.
Candour, in what it consists, 285, 286.

Cardinal Virtues, defined, 229.
Cato, suicide of, 236 and note.
Causality, defined as Effective Depend-
ence, 7; Aristotle on, 7.
Chalmers, Dr., on the sense of a Deity,

164; on External Obligation, 184.
Channing, on Popular Taste, 244.
Children, how long subject to Parents,

310; Period at which they are re-
leased from Parental Government,
311; their Gratitude and Reverence
due to Parents at all times, 311.
Cicero, on the Desire of Knowledge, 31;
on Prudence as a Principle of Action,
70; on Natural Law, 155; on the
Will, 205; on Friendship, 276-279,
281; on defending those supposed
guilty, 289, note 2; on the existence of
a First Cause, 333, 334; on the Im-
mortality of the Soul, 384.
Circumcelliones, 237.
Cleanliness, an important duty, 239;
its connection with ordinances of re-
ligion, 239.

Co-emptio, a Roman mode of marriage,

302; common among the Jews, 302.
Cogan, Dr., on Emotions, 28; on Ex-
perience, 243.

Cognitions (phenomena of intellect),
dualism of, 10; Dr. Reid on, 10;
true or false, 10; permanent, 10;
confirmation of, 11; retainable, 11;
entertaining contraries and variety
simultaneously, 11; cultivation of
intellect checks development of Sen-
sitivity, 12; connection with feelings
in regard to Association, 50.
Coleridge, Mr., on Instinct, 22; on the
natural assurance of a Future State,
385.

Confarreation, a Roman marriage cere-
mony, 302.

Consanguinity, a bar to Marriage, 300.
Consciousness, classified, 9; Kant's

classification, 9, note; defined, 81,
152; explained, 153-157. I. Senti-
mental Theory, 81; Lord Shaftes-
bury on the doctrine of a Moral
Sense, 81, 82; advocated by Dr.
Hutcheson, 82; theory of Dr. Adam
Smith, 83; objections against it, 83;
the Moral Sense attributed to Asso-
ciation by Mr. Mill, Dr. Hartley, and
Sir J. Mackintosh, 84, 85; opinions

of MM. Burlamaqui and Thurot and
Bishop Warburton, 86, 87; Mr.
Hume's advocacy of the Sentimental
Theory, 88; coincidence of Dr.
Brown's views, 88; summary of the
views of modern philosophers, 89;
case put by Paley, 89; conscience
strengthened by exercise, 90.

II. Intellectual Theory, 91; the
converse of the Sentimental; position
of Dr. Cudworth; opinions of Drs.
Hutcheson and Clarke and Mr. Wool-
aston, 92; analysis of Dr. R. Price,
92, 93, and of Dr. Reid, 94; view
of Mr. Stewart, 95; Mr. Hume's
statement, 96; classification of the
opinions of the advocates of the In-
tellectual Theory, 96; an argument
for the existence of God, 330.

Determination of the phenomena
in the exercise of the Moral Faculty,
96; statements of Drs. Reid and
Price and Mr. Stewart, 97; elements
constituting the Moral Faculty in
Man, 98; admission and statements
of Mr. Hume, 99, 100; Sir J. Mac-
kintosh's objection to the Intellectual
Theory, 101, 102, 104; Kant, on
the Causality of Reason, 103.

Conscience regarded as an original
and separate power of the mind by
the advocates of the Moral Sense,
105; doctrine of the identity of
Reason and Conscience, 106; Bishop
Butler's definition, 106; assertion of
the supremacy of conscience, 107,
108; Duties in regard to it, 108;
derives its authority from a lawgiver
superior to itself, 109; Bishop But-
ler's statement, 109; summary of
the argument, taking the Intellectual
Theory as the true one, 109, 110.
Constancy. See Restitution.
Contract, rights of, 283.

Contracts, in what they originate, 293;
how far binding, 293.
Country, Affections of, 43.

Courage, defined and illustrated, 256.
Cousin, M., on the Free Agency of
Man, 205.

Cowardice, defined, 256.
Churlishness, defined, 267.
Civility, distinguished from Politeness,

263; not confined to rank, 263.*

Clarke, Dr., on the Intellectual Theory
of the Moral Faculty, 92; on the
Government of God, 113; on the
nature of Virtue, 114; on the Su-
premacy of Conscience, 161; on
Moral Liberty, 196, 197; on the Exis-
tence of God, 326-328.
Crombie, on Natural Theology, 336;
on Death as the portal to higher
Happiness in Man, 392.

Cudworth, Dr., on the Intellectual
Theory of the Moral Faculty, 91;
on the nature of Virtue, 114; on
the Existence of God, 329.
Cumberland, Bishop of Peterborough,
his theory of Virtue, 119.
Custom. See Habit.

Cuvier, M., on the completeness of
organised beings, 336.

D.

D'Alembert, M., on the Consciousness of
Moral Liberty in Man, 197.
Davy, Sir H., on the Immaterialty of
Mind, 371.

Darwin, Dr. E., on Instinct, 22.
Death, objection that its existence is
incompatible with the Goodness of
God, considered, 361-365.

De Bonald, M., his definition of Man,
233.

Decency, meaning of the term, 239;
its obligation on all, 240.
Deontology, title of Mr. Bentham's
system of morality, 130.
Deontologist, the, defined, 132.
Dependence, how distinguished, 7.
Descartes, on the Existence of God, 326.
Design, evidences of, proof of the

existence of a First Cause, 322 et seq.
Desire, sometimes a blind impulse, 16;
classified, 17; difference from Appe-
tite, 30; of Knowledge, 31; of
Society, 32; of Esteem, 32, 33; of
Power and Superiority, 33; charac-
teristic of imperfect beings, 33;
Primary Desires, how characterised,
34; Nemesius, on, 38, note; Facti-
tious and Secondary Desires, how
formed, 60, 61; different from Will,
168-73.
Disposition, defined, 43, 64; classified,
43; dependence on bodily constitu-

tion, 44; controlled by Primary
Desires, 44; differs with individuals,
in man as in the inferior animals,
44; definition of Dr. Reid, 44, note.
Dodwell, Mr., on the Immortality of
the Soul, 381, note.

Dreams, a proof of the Immateriality
of the Mind, 377, 378.

Dryden, on the Divine Government,

139.

Duty, Sense of. See Guides of Human
Action.

Duties incumbent on Man, classified,
229; defect of the designation "Car-
dinal" Virtues, 229; St. Ambrose
the first to employ the epithet, 229,
note; Kant's classification, 229, 230;
duties arising from man's threefold
relation to himself as an individual
(Sobriety); to his fellow men (Right-
eousness); to his Creator, Governor,
and Judge (Godliness), 230.
Dwight, Dr., on the doctrine of Expe-
diency, 137, 142, 144.

E.

Education, Duties of Parents in regard
to, 313; distinguished as Intellectual,
Moral, and Religious, 313, 314.
Edwards, Jonathan, his theory of Vir-
tue, 121; definition of Motives, 175;
on the Freedom of Will, 194; argu-
ment against its self-determining
power, 210; objection that Liberty
in Man is incompatible with Fore-
knowledge in God, 217; on contin-
gency in events as inconsistent with
Foreknowledge in God, 221.
Emotions, defined, 28; Dr. Cogan and

Lord Kames on, 28, 29; how differ-
ing from Sensation and Cognition,
29; not in themselves Springs of
Action, 29; relation to Intellect, 29;
how manifested, 29; tend to qui-
escence rather than activity, 29;
Mackintosh's distinction, 29, note.
Emulation, Dr. Reid on, 38.
End, defined, 2; how distinguished, 2.
Epicrisis, an office of Conscience, 153.
Equanimity, distinguished from Magna
nimity, 255.
Equivocation, defined, 287.
Eiror, defined, 5.

Faculty, Moral, 81-110.

Familiar, use of the term, 299.
Family Prayer, 411, 412.
Fasting, 250.
Fearfulness, 256.

Forgiveness, what it implies, 272; how
to be exercised, 273; motives for
practising it, 273.

Fortitude, defined, 254, 245. See Self-
control.

Foster, Mr., on the Glory of God in
Creation, 145.
Fidelity, defined, 290.

First Cause, existence of a, universality
of the belief in, 390.
Freedom, not to be confounded with
Will, 193.

French, Mr., on Instinct, 23.
Friendship, defined, 275; what it
springs from, 275; choice of a
Friend, 276; Duties during con-
tinuance of Friendship, 278; Close
of Friendship, 280; causes leading
to it, 280, 281.

G.

Gassendi, M., his distinction between
volentia and voluntas, and between
libentia and libertas, 193, note.
Gisborne, Mr., on Expediency, 137.
God, Will of, how to be ascertained,
134. See Attributes of God, Pro-
vidence of God, Sentiments due to
God, Services due to God.

Goodness and Rectitude not identical,
145.

Gratitude, defined, 274; mode of mani-
festing it, 274.

Grove, Mr., on Primogeniture, 312.

Guides of Human Action, 66; Offices
of Reason and Conscience, 67.- The
Sense of Prudence, 67; Dr. Reid on
the offices of Reason, 68; Men's con-
duct ruled by experience of what is
Advantageous, 69, 70; Prudence as
a Principle of Action, 70; Cicero's
doctrine, 70; Defects of this Prin-
ciple pointed out, 71-73; Dr. Reid's
judgment, 74.-The Sense of Duty,
74; superior to the Sense of Pru-
dence, 74; its existence proved by
our own Consciousness, 74; by ob-
servation of the conduct of others,
75, 76; question of the innate know-
ledge of Right and Wrong, 77; Mr.
Locke's teaching on the point, 77;
Plato's opinion, 77, note; nations
affected by moral and physical cir-
cumstances, 78; erroneous ideas of
the Deity tend to demoralization, 78;
evidenced in the Laws of Solon and
Lycurgus, the belief of the Thug and
the practice of persecution, 78; dis-
tinction between Conscience and Vir-
tue, 79, 80.
Gymnastics, usefulness of, for develop-
ment of bodily frame, 239.

H.

Habit, defined, 51; arts of human life
consequent on facility induced by
Habit, 51; custom affects body and
mind equally, 51; opinions of Mr.
Stewart and Dr. Reid, 51; Hartley's
conjecture now an ascertained fact,
52; conditions under which the
power of Habit is generated, 52;
distinguished as Generic and Specific,
and Active and Passive, 53; effects
of repetition, 53, 54; causes of
failure in attempts to restrain vicious
Habits, 54; capacity of acquiring
Habits peculiar to living beings, 54.

and Association, whether redu-
cible to one law, 56; opinions of Dr.
Hartley, Mr. Stewart, Drs. Brown
and Reid, and Sir W. Hamilton, 57;
the phenomena of both resolvable
into the effects of the law of Custom,
57, 58.

and Instinct, their points of re-
semblance, 54, 55; by what they