A.D. the Eastern Empire, he wholly failed: his death was by some 1458 Æneas Sylvius, after having been engaged in the service both of the Emperor and the Holy See, was at length raised to the pontifi- cate; the recorded circumstances of his elevation; he took the 1459 June 1st. He opened the Council of Mantua, and exerted himself to raise a confederacy against the Turks, but without any permanent 636-7 1463 Pius II., originally the advocate of the Council of Basle, after having gradually adopted all the High-Papal principles, published his celebrated Bull of Retractation, condemning his former acts and expressions; his professed and his probable motives He then prepared to conduct in person an expedition against the After confirming on oath the Capitulation drawn up in Conclave, Paul II. was consecrated to the See, and immediately violated Paul II. turned the arms of Corvinus, son of Huniades, from the Turkish war against the Bohemian Schismatics, and after seven He persecuted a literary society established at Rome, and tortured several of its members 1471 Sixtus IV. succeeded. The circumstances of his dispute with Flo- He surpassed his predecessors in the practice of Nepotism Some of the earliest acts of his Pontificate His overtures of alliance against Charles VIII. to the Sultan Bajazet 652 1493 He bestowed the newly-discovered regions on the Crown of Spain. The Duke Valentino; his character and projects 1503 The circumstances of the death of Alexander VI., as they are Some expressions of Guicciardini respecting his character Pius III. was elected as his successor, and died in twenty-six days A proof that the spiritual authority of the Pope was not yet by any 657-8 658-9 d 1511 The Cardinals summoned a Council against Julius, which met at Florence, and adjourned to Milan, and thence to Lyons. It pub- lished no edicts of importance 1512 But Julius in defence was obliged to convoke the Fifth Lateran Leo X. continued to direct the Council. It then issued some de- crees to alleviate the least important abuses of the Church, and some general declarations against the immorality of the Court of Rome; matic Sanction; and renewed the Constitution Unam Sanctam, of 1517 It was then dissolved, as having done all that was necessary for the perpetuity of the Church. Luther began his preaching the very Gradual depravation of the See during the last fifty years; the in- crease of Nepotism; the scandals of the Conclave and the Palace; literary Popes; the great use which the Pontiffs made of the terror of the Turks to support Ecclesiastical Abuses, and avoid They succeeded, and through their success they fell 660 On the Power and Constitution of the Roman Catholic Church I. The temporal sovereignty of the Pope was never before so 668-9 670-1 II. The progress of the Spiritual Supremacy of Rome, and the full 671-2 On the Pope's pretensions to personal infallibility On the command he acquired over the morality of the Faithful; yet III. Attempts of the Popes, from Gregory VII., to usurp authority over Civil Governments. How far they were aided by the dis- sensions and weakness of the Princes themselves Their political interference has been sometimes used for a good purpose, though their principles were frequently worse than the ordinary principles of the age IV. On the Constitution of the Church. The origin and gradual growth of the dignity and power of the Cardinals. The attempts made in Conclave to impose obligations upon the future Pontiff, The relative situation and mutual influence of the Pope and the College. What were the means by which the Pope maintained his The place which General Councils held in the economy of the Church 679 The dignities of the Roman Catholic Church were accessible to all ranks a circumstance of immense advantage, as long as they were obtained through personal merit, and no longer Legates a latere; Mendicants. The extremes permitted in the dis- cipline of the Church; some maxims of Papal policy A Note on the nature of one branch of spiritual jurisdiction, as On the vicarious character assumed by the Priesthood of the Greek On the advantages conferred on the Church by the humble origin SECTION II. On the (1.) Spiritual Character, (2.) Discipline, and I. The essential doctrines have been preserved by the Roman, and also by the Greek Church, with some variation in the manner On the original system of Penance 680 Penitential of Theodore of Tarsus, and various abuses which grew 685-6 The professed doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church respecting Several changes in the object of the Plenary Indulgence Translation of that which was sold by Tetzel The origin and abuse of Private Masses On the practices flowing from the doctrine of Transubstantiation. The Elevation of the Host was introduced by the Latins into On the retrenchment of the Cup, probably the least politic among The practice of prohibiting the general use of the Bible was of very early origin, both in the East and in the West. False Miracles. Abuse of Images, &c. On various Festivals, and childish Dis- sensions. The Stigmata of St. Catharine. The Feast of the Im- maculate Conception, Difference respecting the kind of worship due to the blood of Christ. The original inscription on the Cross. The head of the True Lance, &c. Reciprocal influence of the superstitions and the power of Rome 695 II. The general demoralization of the Roman Catholic Clergy Yet the Church in different ages has forwarded in various man- The original principles of Monachism promised great advantages 698-9 700-1-2 narrow field they were confined-how feebly they touched even That resistance occasioned the Reformation, since which event many II. Many attempts have been made to trace the continuity of the Protestant principles to the Apostolical times, principally through the Vaudois; yet the existence of these cannot be ascer- tained with any historical confidence before the twelfth century 705-6-7 If any connexion with the earliest times could be made out through the Albigeois, or through the Mystics, still this would not be a connexion with the Apostolical Church The third Canon of the fourth Lateran Council received the sanc- tion of the Civil Authorities, and thus united them in the same conspiracy. On the principle of the necessary Unity of the Church, persecution could not be avoided; the Laity co-operated; and the spirit was never more decided than in the fifteenth age 709-10 IV. Some individual reformers of the fifteenth century. John of Wesalia was condemned and imprisoned. John Wesselus of Gröningen is mentioned with very high respect by Luther. An instance of his disinterestedness John Laillier published at Paris some opinions which were cen- sured by the Faculty. He was condemned, and subsequently re- tracted. Jerome Savonarola obtained extraordinary influence as a prophet and a demagogue at Florence. His interview with Charles VIII. of France, and address to that Monarch. The circum- stances of his overthrow, condemnation and execution 713-14-15-16 John Reuchlin and his admirer Erasmus V. The abuses of the Church were particularly felt and detested in Germany. The political interests of the Empire and Popedom had been almost always at variance. The Concordats had been violated or eluded by the Popes. The people of Germany had become more generally enlightened, and thirsted for the Scriptures. The Church reposed in indolent security. Leo X. had not the cha- racter which the exigencies of his establishment required; and the ! Chairman-The Right Hon. the LORD CHANCELLOR. W. Allen, Esq., F.R. & R.A.S. Rt. Hon. Visc. Althorp, M.P. Chancellor of the Exchequer. W. B. Baring, Esq., M.P. The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of J. Fred. Daniell, Esq., F.R.S. Lt. Drummond, R.E., F.R.A.S. T. F. Ellis, Esq.,M.A,F.R.A.S. John Elliotson, M.D., F.R.S. Professor Smyth, M.A. John Brent, Esq. Dr. Harry Wr. Carter, M.D., Canton-J.F.Davis, Esq.,F.R.S. Henry Potts, Esq. Thomas Sanden, M.D. C. C. Dendy, Esq. Coventry-Ar. Gregory, Esq. Denbigh-John Madocks, Esq. Thos. Evans, Esq. Esq. Exeter-Rev. J. P. Jones. John Milford, Esq. (Coaver.) Dr. Malkin, Cowbridge. Gloucester-Dr. Baron, M.D., Samuel Bowley, Esq. Guernsey-Chas. Lukis, Esq. Holywell-The Rev. J. Blackwall. Hull-J. C. Parker, Esq. Keightley, Yorkshire-Rev. T. Dury, M.A. Launceston-Rev. J. Barfitt. Leeds-J. Marshall, Esq. J. Mulleneux, Esq., Treas. Maidenhead-R.Goolden, Esq., F.L.S. Maidstone Clement T. Smythe, Esq. John Case, Esq. Malmesbury-B. C. Thomas, Esq. Manchester Local AssociationG. W.Wood, Esq., Chairman. Benj. Heywood, Esq., Treas. T. W. Winstanley, Esq., Hon. See. Sir G. Philips, Bart., M.P. Minchinhampton-J. G. Ball, Esq. Monmouth-J. H. Moggridge, Esq. Neath John Rowland, Esq. Newcastle-James Losh, Esq. Rev. W. Turner. T. Cooke, Jun., Esq. Newton, Montgomeryshire- Rich. Bacon, Esq. Esq., F.A.S., Chairman. Sir Rd. Simeon, Bart., M.P. G. F. Burroughs, Esq. South Petherton J. Nicholetts, Esq. Henry Coppock, Esq., Sec. Warcick-Dr. Conolly. The Rev. W. Field, (Leam.) Wolverhampton - J. Pearson, J. E. Rowman, Esq., F.L.S. Major William Lloyd. Dawson Turner, Esq. THOMAS COATES, Secretary, No. 59, Lincoln's Inn Fields. |