forthwith. We quote the following from If the Mediator interpose not betwixt him "The Fourfold State : "

torment

you

THE SINNER WARNED.

and you, ye are undone for ever. If ye would
be safe, come under his shadow; one drop of
that wrath cannot fall there, "for he de-
livereth us from the wrath to come." (1 Thess.
i. 10.) Accept of him in his covenant,
wherein he offereth himself to thee, and so
thou shalt, as the captive woman, redeem thy
life by marrying the conqueror. His blood
will quench that fire of wrath which burns
against thee; in the white raiment of his
righteousness thou shalt be safe, for no storm
of wrath can pierce it.

WE SHALL BEHOLD HIM.

powers,

THE glorified saints shall see Jesus Christ
with their bodily eyes, since he will never lay
aside the human nature. They'll always be-
hold that glorious blessed body, which is
personally united to the divine nature, and
exalted far above principalities and
and every name that is named. There we'll
see with our eyes that very body which was
born of Mary at Bethlehem, and crucified
at Jerusalem betwixt two thieves; the blessed
head that was crowned with thorns; the face
that was spit upon; the hands and feet that
were nailed to the cross, all shining with in-
conceivable glory. The glory of the Man
Christ will attract the eyes of all the saints,
and he will be for ever admired in all them
that believe. (2 Thess. i. 10.) Were each
star in the heavens shining as the sun in its
meridian brightness, and the light of the sun
bear the same proportion to the sun in point
so increased, as the stars in that case should
of light that they do now, it might possibly be
some faint resemblance of the glory of the
Man Christ in comparison of that of the
saints: for though the saints shall shine forth
as the sun, yet not they, but the Lamb shall
down, and worshipped him when they saw
be the light of the city. The wise men fell
him a young child with Mary his mother in
the house. But oh! what a ravishing sight it
will be to see him in his kingdom, on his
throne, at his Father's right hand!
Word was made flesh, and the glory of God
shall shine through that flesh, and the joys of
heaven spring out from it unto the saints,
who shall see and enjoy God in Christ.

in my time, that wouldn't have been very sorry to be roused out of the warm alehouse settle to go to a lecture, or that wouldn't have grumbled if you'd asked him to give up his pipe and his pot and buy a book with the money. I never saw, in fact, that poor people wanted any education, as they call it. What were they on my estate for? To work, and not to think. Why should they work better for education? Besides, I was always a religious man. I respect my Church, and my King, and the Constitution, and I hate the French. What's to become of these glorious institutions, I should like to know, if you have poor men-that ought to go peaceably to church on Sundays, and lay their legs up, and think of nothing-arguing with the parson, and doubting, and explaining, or perhaps ending by turning Dissenters and going to chapel?

I've seen ten

"And then, as for education making people virtuous and so on, I should like to know what the law's for? If they misbehave themselves, isn't there the police, and prisons, and hulks? When I was young, law was law; then there was something like justice, and respect for property. strung up at once before the Old Bailey, and nothing worse than shop-lifting among the lot. I would ask you when your education will supply a warning like that? But people each other at all. A pretty state of things will soon be getting too educated to hang the impudent tomfooleries, there was never the country will have come to then. "Then there's the ragged-schools. Of all anything like that! The notion of taking up the dirty little rascals out of the streetsshipped off to Botany Bay, if they had their that ought to be flogged at a cart's tail and deserts, most of them-and teaching them to read and write! Much they care for reading and writing! They'd a deal sooner be blacking each other's eyes, or picking your pockets, than doing anything of the learning

O SINNER, knowest thou where thou art?
Dost thou not see thy danger? The curse has
entered into thy soul; wrath is thy covering;
the heavens are growing blacker and blacker
above thy head; the earth is weary of thee;
the pit is opening her mouth for thee; and
should the thread of thy life be cut this mo-
ment, thou art thenceforth past all hope for
ever. Sirs, if we saw you putting a cup of
poison to your mouth, we would fly to you,
and snatch it out of your hands. If we saw
the house on fire about you, while ye were
fast asleep in it, we would run to you, and
drag you out of it. But, alas! ye are in ten
thousand times greater hazard; yet we can do
no more, but tell you your danger; invite,
exhort, beseech, and obtest you, to look to
yourselves, and lament your stupidity and ob-
stinacy, when we cannot prevail with you to
take warning. If there were no hope of your
recovery, we should be silent, and would not
before the time. But though ye
be lost and undone, there is hope in Israel
concerning this thing. Wherefore I cry unto
you in the name of the Lord, and in the
words of the Prophet,-"Turn you to the
strong hold, ye prisoners of hope." (Zech.
ix. 12.) Flee to Jesus Christ out of this your
natural state... Be awakened then, O young
sinner, be awakened, O old sinner, who art
yet in the state thou wast born in! Your
security is none of God's allowance, 'tis the
sleep of death, rise out of it ere the pit
closes its mouth on you. "Tis true, you may
put on a breastplate of iron, make your brow
brass, and your heart as an adamant; Who
can help it? But God will break that brazen
brow, and make that adamantine heart, at
last, to fly into a thousand pieces. Ye may,
if ye will, labour to put these things out of
your heads, that ye may yet sleep in a sound
skin, though in a state of wrath. Ye may
run away with the arrows sticking in your
consciences, to your work, to work them
away, or to your beds, to sleep them out, or
to company, to sport and laugh them away;
but convictions, so stifled, will have a fearful
resurrection, and the day is coming, when the
arrows of wrath shall so stick in thy soul, as
thou shalt never be able to pluck them out, THE GOOD OLD TIMES; OR THE EVILS something like accomplishments.
through the ages of eternity, unless thou
take warning in time. But, if any desire to
flee from the wrath to come, and for that end,
to know what course to take; I offer them these
few advices, and obtest and beseech them, as
they love their own souls, to fall in with them.
(1.) Retire yourselves into some secret place,
and there meditate on this your misery. Be-
lieve it, and fix your thoughts on it. Let
each put the question to himself, How can I
live in this state? How can I die in it? How
shall I rise again, and stand before the tribunal
of God in it? (2.) Consider seriously, the
sin of your nature, heart, and life. A kindly "When I came of age, as you know, I
sight of wrath flows from a deep sense of came into a great property from my parents,
sin. They who see themselves exceeding SUPERSTITION and SELFISHNESS. I had
sinful, will find no great difficulty to perceive lands everywhere in England. I couldn't
themselves to be heirs of wrath. (3.) Labour walk a mile in any direction, but I came on
to justify God in this matter. To quarrel with my estate at some point or other. How did
God about it, and to rage like a wild bull in a I treat the poor people on it? Educate 'em?
net, will but fix you the more in it. Humilia- Not such a fool: I knew they were born to
tion of soul, before the Lord, is necessary for work, so it would be folly to set them to
an escape. God will not sell deliverance, but school. They might be better employed in
freely gives it to those who see themselves earning something for their parents, when
altogether unworthy of his favour. Lastly, they were children, and after they were grown
turn your eyes, O prisoners of hope, towards up, there was no chance of their having any
the Lord Jesus Chirst, and embrace him as he time for books or such-like. What's the use
offereth himself in the Gospel. There is no of teaching a child to read, when you might
salvation in any other. (Acts iv. 12.) God be making money of it-crow-keeping, or
is a consuming fire; ye are children of wrath. I stone-picking? I never saw a labouring man,

OF POPULAR EDUCATION.

The

A FACETIOUS contemporary thus enumerates
some of the objections against popular educa-

tion:

(POPULAR IGNORANCE loquitur.)

"I don't know what they'd have, now-adays, I don't indeed. What with book-clubs, and ragged-schools, and education societies, and lecture rooms, and classes, and cheap books, and all that sort of thing, I don't see where we're to stop, or what things are coming to.

kind, I can tell

you.

I know the little black

guards.
and enlarging the studies at Oxford and
"And there's the cry about the universities,
Cambridge, and such stuff. In my time a
young fellow had some chance of coming back
from college a fine high-spirited dog, with
Talk of

education strengthening the brain. Will it
teach a man to carry three bottles of port
steadily? What's a gentleman good for that
is always moping and milksopping over his
book? Who's to play, and to drink, and to
hunt, and shoot, if our gentlemen are tied to
their mothers' apron-strings at home, and
made book-worms of at college in this way?
And what is it has set your Oxford parsons
to leave their own Catholic and Apostolic
Church, to go over to the Papist, but your
book-learning? Who ever heard of a jolly,
true-blue, out-and-out, fox-hunting, port-
loving, orthodox parson, of the good old
time perverted to the Romish Church? Tell
me that.

"Then what's to become of wholesome and natural distinctions of rank, if everybody's to be educated, and JACK made as good as his master? It's a nasty, levelling, Jacobinical state of things we're coming to, and the country will find that out to its cost. It all comes of reading and writing."

THE late Lady Stormont, mother of Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, upon being complimented by another lady that "she had the three finest sons in Scotland to be proud of," made answer, "No, Madam. I have much to be thankful for, but nothing to be proud of.'

TO CORRESPONDENTS AND READERS.

Books received for notice in January number:Dr. Chalmers' Daily Scripture Readings; Passages in the Life of an English Heiress, a Tale of Dis ruption Times; Henderson's Astronomy; Dick's Philosophy of Religion.

An article on the state of religion at the Cape
of Good Hope, and various communications,
are retained for future insertion.

Advertisements, business Letters or Parcels,
and Money-orders (payable at Charing-cross
Post-office), to be addressed to Mr. JAMES
PENNYCOOK BROWN, Agent for the Presbyterian
Church in England, 16, Exeter Hall.

Presbyterian Church in England.

ALTERED FORM OF THE MESSENGER.

IN accordance with the frequently and urgently expressed wish of many of our readers, and the readiness of others to forego their own opinion for the satisfaction of their brethren, we have resolved to alter the shape and appearance of the "Messenger." The January number, commencing the new series, will be an octavo of thirty-two pages, with a cover; the style and getting up of the paper being at least as good as any of the monthly religious periodicals.

be made payable to James Nisbet.
JAMES NISBET,

HUGH M. MATHESON, Treasurers.

on the subject of a Central Sustentation Fund, | soon after the 31st as possible, in order to
in introducing an overture to the Synod being inserted in the accounts of 1847.
before the Presbytery of Birmingham. We
*Bankers' or Post-office orders should
delay the consideration of the matter until
our January number, because we hope then to
address a larger circle of readers, and to
present our remarks in a more permanent
form. We meanwhile advise all who are
interested in the welfare of our Church, to
read Mr. Bryson's excellent speech. They will
find facts and figures there, and a way how
the thing can be readily enough effected.

CHURCH PSALMODY.

of

AT the beginning of this year we called
attention to the state the singing
in our
which
Presbyterian churches,
we stated to be for the most part very
discreditable. We believe that these re-
marks have not been without good effect.
most of the London churches
In
least, there are now regular meetings for prac-
tising, and the singing in some places is per-
ceptibly improved."

at

In our January number we intend to resume the subject, and to give a select list of classified tunes, that seem to us most suitable To assist us in for congregational use. shall be glad to drawing up this, we receive lists from various parties, comprising about twelve common measure, We hope that our friends will aid us in our four long, and four short tunes. By the efforts to promote the cause of our Presby-number being limited, we shall the more terian Church, and the extension of the readily judge what selection to make, out of Gospel through its instrumentality, by the the different lists sent by those capable of increased support given to the "Messenger." advising. We do not mean precentors only to send these; we invite the aid of the refined We have pointed out a very simple way and practical judgment of female taste to by which this can be done. Let those assist in this reformation. By confining our who can afford threepence a-month ad- attention for a time to a smaller number of ditional order two copies instead of one, first-rate tunes, the practisings will be made more effective, and progress be more attain able. We shall endeavour also to point out

and let them send or lend the additional

copy

to others. In this way our principles will be spread, and our influence enlarged; and by so trifling a sacrifice spread over a large number the same good will be done to our cause that would otherwise require great sacrifices on the part of a few. We hope also that those brethren at whose suggestion chiefly the proposed alteration of shape is made, will strive to fulfil the promises and anticipations held out to induce us to make the change. In these congregations and localities, at least, we expect our circulation to be

words suitable for the tunes selected.

REV. JOHN MACDONALD OF CALCUTTA.

IN reference to the advertisement in another
part of the paper, as to the subscription for
the widow and family of this devoted mis-
sionary and minister of Christ, we need not
say anything to recommend so good an object.
Taken away by a rapid fever, he could only
commit the widow and the fatherless to God.
It is through the kind offices and aid of
Christian friends, that God answers a con-
fiding trust like that. They who knew and
loved John Macdonald during his sojourn in
London, may now testify their affection in a
practical manner.

SCHEMES OF THE CHURCH.

FOREIGN AND JEWISH MISSIONS.

ac

THE Treasurers beg respectfully to
knowledge as under, in addition to the
collections announced last
very liberal

month :

WOOLWICH-Rev, W. M. Thompson, Sabbath
School Association ....
BIRKENHEAD-Rev. John Gardner, Association,
half-year ending October
MANCHESTER-Trinity Church, Rev. W. M'Caw,
collection

It is only for the want of more information being diffused, that our people are not more interested in the progress of our Church. We hope the January "Messenger" will reach GLANTON-Rev. Duncan Lennie, Assoevery family within the borders of our Synod.

PASTORAL FUND.

We have received the report of a speech by the Rev. Mr. Bryson, of Wolverhampton,*

Published by Mr. Turner, Birmingham; Messrs. Nisbet and Co., London; Turner and Rose, Liverpool; Galt, Manchester; Finlay and Charlton, Newcastle.

ciation
W. S. W....................
NEWCASTLE-High Bridge, Rev. J. L.
Porter, Sabbath-school children's
missionary box, per Miss Sarah
Brown

Collected by Miss Brown............

21, Berners-street, Nov. 20, 1847.

PRESBYTERY OF LONDON.

THIS Reverend Court met at 16, Exeter Hall, on the 26th October. The Rev. P. Lorimer, Moderator, pro tem., in the chair. Mr. Fisher gave in the Report of the Westminster Committee, from which it appeared that, while there were difficulties in the way of appointing a day for moderating in a call from the Presbyterian congregation couragements to take this step. After a at Lewisham Chapel, there were also enlengthened conversation, the Presbytery agreed to delay the farther consideration of the matter till next meeting of Presbytery.

Mr. Weir gave in a verbal Report from the Hampstead Committee to the effect that the Presbyterian congregation there were ripe for calling a minister, and that the Committee recommended the appointment of an early day for this purpose." Whereupon the following Resolution was unanimously agreed to, viz. :-"Receive the Report, approve of the diligence of the Committee, and, in accordance with their recommendation, agree to meet at 16, Exeter Hall, on Thursday, the 11th Nov., at three o'clock, p.m., to transact ordinary business, and thereafter at the Presbyterian Church, Hampstead, at seven o'clock p.m., for the purpose of moderating in a call from the Hampstead congregation accord ingly. Professor Lorimer to preach and preside." Mr. Lorimer was also instructed to serve the edict from the pulpit at Hampstead on the forenoon of Sabbath next, after Divine service.

Mr. William Hamilton, student of divinity, being called, appeared, and delivered the last discourse prescribed for him. And the Presbytery having taken a conjunct view of all his probationary trials, and being satisfied 0 10 0 | therewith, agreed to license, and did license him to preach the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ accordingly.

8 7 3
58 0

£5 3 5

The case of discipline from the Kirk Session of John Knox Church was remitted back to the session with instructions.

The Presbytery adjourned to meet at 16, Exeter Hall, on Thursday, the 11th Nov., at three o'clock, p.m., and thereafter to meet at the Presbyterian Church, Hampstead, at seven o'clock, p.m.-The sederunt was closed

As the accounts of the schemes of our with prayer. Church are now closed on the 31st December, This Reverend Court held its ordinary it is desirable that all remittances be made as | Monthly Meeting at 16, Exeter Hall, on

th

11th Nov., and was constituted with praise, | Mr. Wm. Hamilton, and unanimously agreed
reading of the Scriptures, and prayer by the
Rev. Wm. Nicolson, Moderator, pro tem.
The Rev. Mr. Fairbairn (Salton), minister
of the Free Church of Scotland, and interim
Professor of Divinity in the English Presby-
terian College, being present, was associated
with the Presbytery during his residence
within the bounds. Mr. Chalmers, Moderator,
took the chair.

Mr. Fergusson, Convener of the Committee appointed to examine the students residing in the Liverpool district, reported, that Messrs. M'Naghten and Walker, both of Birkenhead, had appeared before them, and been examined in the ordinary branches prescribed to students of philosophy, before entering upon a Theological Curriculum; and that the Committee were fully satisfied THIS Presbytery met at Stafford on Tuesday, with their proficiency. The Presbytery susNov. 2, at one o'clock. Present, Rev. Messrs. tained the report, and instructed the clerk to Lewis (Moderator), Mackenzie, Speers, Bry-give Messrs. M'Naughten and Walker a cerson, and Martyn, ministers; Messrs. tificate in their name. M'Cutcheon, Henderson, and Bate, elders.

posture. This seems worse than giving a
stone, it is giving poison,-instead of bread.
-Edinburgh Witness.

FINE THE PRIESTS.

ASSASSINATION is going on at a fearful rate in
the Popish parts of Ireland, and Government
is at a loss what steps to pursue to arrest
"Times," the following as an effectual re-
crime. An Irish gentleman proposes, in the
medy:-
:—“ Let a fine be inflicted on the parish
priest of every or any parish in which a murder
shall have been committed, a fine say of 50l.,
and I will stake my life for it, murders will
vanish immediately.
The priests could
readily put a stop to these atrocious brutal
murders by refusing absolution to the mur-
derers; but so long as absolution can be had
for 2s. 6d., so long will men be found to shoot

education, and was proceeding to speak, when
he was interrupted by the President, as having
no right to introduce such a matter. A dis-
cussion having commenced, the President
desired the vergers and officers to attend
him, and declared the meeting dissolved.
Archdeacon Wilberforce and some of the
clergy remaining behind after the others had
retired, the President sent a messenger to
say that the room was about to be locked,
but that the library of the Cathedral was at
their service. Having declined this offer, the
lingerers dispersed. We have not much
admiration for the Archdeacon of the East
Riding, but we are glad to see in any quarter
symptoms of reviving spirit in the English
Church. For more than a century her
synodical assemblies have been mere empty
ceremonies; and though the Houses of Con-
vocation at any time were poor kinds of
representative courts compared with those of
the Presbyterian Churches, yet their revival
would afford some opportunity for public dis-
cussion and expression of opinion, which the
English Church is at present wholly without.
The meeting of Convocation of the Southern
Province of Canterbury passed over in the
usual quiet and uninteresting way. The
Latin oration in St. Paul's was no doubt very
edifying to all who understood it. The clergy
afterwards assembled in the Jerusalem
Chamber at Westminster for their routine
forms. How different a scene from that
which the same chamber witnessed exactly
two centuries ago, when the celebrated West-haustion.
minster Assembly was preparing the Con-
fession of Faith and the Standards of our
Presbyterian Church.

WHY IS O'CONNELL'S SOUL SO LONG IN

PURGATORY?

a man for the same sum."

Missionary Entelligence.

CORFU MISSION.-DEATH OF MISS GREIG.

IT will be in the knowledge of some of our readers, that Miss Greig, who went out in August, 1846, to take charge of the Jewish female school, was compelled by failing health to quit her charge and the island during last summer. Having reached Bergamo in Italy, her strength failed, and she was obliged to seek an asylum in the hospital there, and resumed her journey in great weakness and exIn the meanwhile, her father, hearing of her illness, hastened from Scotland to join her; but, when he reached Bergamo, he found that his daughter had already left it, and it was not till he got back to London that they met. But on her homeward journey the Lord raised up a PRAYERS and gloomy ceremonies are still friend to the sick and solitary traveller; and being offered in the Popish chapel here for through the assistance generously afforded by the deliverance of the soul of O'Connell from this good Samaritan, she was enabled to purgatory. Did not Dr. Miley say long ago reach this city, and was soon after removed to that his soul was "in heaven," and that he her father's residence in Scotland. There had sent his heart to Rome and his body to she lingered in all the debility and suffering Ireland? Why, then, is his soul still said by of consumption in ita latter stages till Dr. Gillis, and by all the present proceedings October, when she was taken home to the of the Popish Church, to be "in purgatory?" rest of God. Her labours in the cause of Can any of our readers solve this problem? Israel have thus been very brief, and besides The fact is, Rome, true to her old instincts, the severe trial occasioned by the temporary wishes to make merchandize of O'Connell's desertion of the scholars, these labours must soul, as she will by and by do of his heart; and have been conducted, as the result has shown, bewildered Protestants, "wondering after the with the seeds of disease and death already beast," look on the impious and absurd tom- developing in her constitution. But it was foolery, and say, "It is very impressive." for Christ's name's sake, we doubt not, that This successful imposture emboldens Rome she laboured; and though she was not priviin her present bold attempt to regain ascend-leged to see the school organized and flourishancy in Britain. A gentleman in town who has a Popish servant, asked him why they kept O'Connell so long in purgatory? Said he, "I don't know, but it is a great shame, for he was a very decent man." The simple man was not acquainted with the depths of the "mystery of iniquity."-Edin. Witness.

SUBSCRIPTIONS BY RICH POPISH BISHOPS.

IN our last paper Dr. Cantwell, Popish Bishop of Meath, was said to be a subscriber of 10,000l. to a new Jesuit College about to be started in Dublin. This was said to be from "immense charitable funds, of which he has the sole right of appropriation." It would be interesting to know why more of these funds were not forthcoming whilst thousands of the Irish were lately, and are still, dying for want. A friend suggests that Dr. Cantwell,—a most ominous name,should be urged to de-cant some of his stores for the really charitable purpose of feeding the starving people, instead of thus misapplying them by erecting nurseries of im

ing according to her sanguine hope, she has
had the honour to begin the work. Into
that work others have entered, and we
humbly trust that the Lord has a blessing yet
in store.

Our friends at Corfu were gratified early in
September by a visit from the Rev. Andrew
Donald, Free Church minister of Blackford;
and this being the first visit of a Presbyterian
minister since our Mission was formed, ad-
vantage was taken of it to ordain a Ruling
Elder. The choice of the congregation fell
on Mr. Francis Campbell, and at an interest-
ing service on the 8th of Sept., conducted
by Mr. Charteris and Mr. Donald, Mr. C.
was set apart to his office. The Presbyterian
congregation now worship in a room granted
for that purpose within the barracks, and
though there is no Scotch regiment in the
island, many soldiers attend Mr. Charteris's
ministry. On the Sabbath before he last
wrote, his military hearers amounted to 100.
But so many are the labours of our excellent
missionary, and so much of his time is

66

came.

I am thankful to say that I have scarcely been once unable for public work since I Last Sabbath I was somewhat unwell, and might not have been able for both services, but our veteran friend, Mr. Lowndes, had come from Italy, and seemed anxious to take both my services, wishing to preach to the soldiers in the morning, and also to his former friends in the evening. He is on his way to Athens, whither he has sailed to-day, where he and some others are occupied with the revision of the Greek Scriptures. There accompanied him here from Italy a Romish priest, who was a parish priest at Rome, a pupil of Dr. A-, now at Malta, and for a long time desirous to make his escape. About twelve years ago, with two others, he had agreed to leave Rome on a certain day. He had taken the precaution to destroy all his papers, but the other two had not done so, and they were thrown into the prison of the Inquisition, from which they were not released till the accession of the present Pope. A year ago Mr. L-called upon our friend with a verbal message from Dr. A-. That was the first time he had dared to open his lips to any one, and to declare his sentiments. The interview was brief, but joyful and encouraging to Mr. L-, who called this year with another message. The priest, Dr. Di L-, was now resolved to give up all for Christ. He left Rome on leave of absence to go to the shrine of Loretto, thence he came to Ancona, where he joined Mr. and Mrs. L-, and came here without difficulty, thus escaping from a danger and tyranny, which it requires only a few sentences of a refugee to convince us are as pressing at Rome under the present Pontiff as at any former period. A number of political offenders have been pardoned, but the utterance of a few words are yet enough to bring down on the unwary the vengeance of the Inquisition. The present Pope he describes as a bigoted Papist, constantly speaking of the Protestants as his enemies, &c. We have been all much pleased with Dr. Di L-. He seems a man of no mean acquirements as a Latin and Greek scholar. He speaks Spanish and French very well. He has a fine expression of countenance, and, better than anything else, he seems to be a man of devoted piety. I have seen the manuscript of a letter which he intends to send to his late superiors at Rome as soon as he reaches Malta. There is a beautiful freshness about it, and his views appear to me well matured-the result of a careful comparison of the word of God with the errors of Rome. It will probably be published in the Malta Indicator.' He sails (D.V.) to-morrow morning for Malta. His funds were ascertained to be scarcely adequate to carry him there, and Mr. L- having suggested to Mr. Aand me that we should all three make up a loan to him of twenty dollars, Mr. A- and