of limestone rock, 800 feet deep, all of which are tertiary, like those of Hampshire, Middlesex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. You at once infer that these rocks were deposited, after the period when the Mediterranean fish were created; for the rocks contain very few shells of extinct species. At the bottom of this limestone you dig into a calcareous bed of different structure, the bed is slaty, and the limestone is sandy, imbedding pebbles of limestone. You now come to a bed of lava. How is this? This proves that long, long ago, when the whole space was under water, a submarine volcano had been in action, and had thrown up lava before the upper beds were deposited. As your shaft descends you come to a blue marl crammed with shells. The Sicilians call this marl creta. You dig through this till you come to another blue | bed, but that is clay. This clay has no shells, but it contains beautiful crystals of gypsum, sulphur, &c. For the present you need not dig any lower, for this blue clay is the lowest bed found in Sicily. It is the stratum of the Val di Noto, and may be traced all round Mount Etna, north, east, and south. Suppose that at no very early period in the earth's history, you had a boat safely moored at a respectable distance from the spot now occupied by Sicily and its tremendous volcano. The sea becomes disturbed and agitated, land appears, it swells up and comes higher and higher. First, above the waters you see, perhaps, the series of limestone beds heaving up; then the slaty layers of pebbly limestone rise to view; anon the blue marl called creta is in sight; and finally the blue clay with gypsum is far above the level of the sea. Up, and still up, the enormous mass is rising till it stands at an elevation of some thousand feet. The mountain of Etna, as at present constituted, is 10,874 feet above the sea, a height about three times that of Snowdon, in Wales, or Ben Nevis, in Scotland, Its outline is represented in fig. 12. The great limestone deposit is found as high as 3,000 feet, the height of Cader Idris in north Wales. The fossils in that limestone can be identified with species now existing in spaces of the Mediterranean which have not been heaved up. It is from this fact that geologists deduce the inference, already mentioned, that Sicily has been raised from the Mediterranean since the present fish had been created. Between these limestones, and the beds of blue marls and clays, layers of hard and compact lava, with a mixture of volcanic ashes and limestone, are found. This mixture is called by the Sicilians, Tufo, and Peperino. This proves that, after the low be as of mail and clay had been deposited, a volcano beneath the sea came into action and covered much of the Sicilian district with volcanic materials. That no doubt might remain of the very modern origin of Sicily and Mount Etna, Sir Charles Lyell found near Vizzini, a town twenty-five miles inland, a bed of oysters, in a rock twenty feet thick, identifiable with the oysters which are now eaten. After the whole mass of these rocks had been swelled up and raised to 3,000 feet, the beds violently burst, and cracked into several fissures, which, afterwards became filled up with basaltic lava. The lava imbedded in these cracks formed hard roeks and are called by geologists dikes. The height of Mount Etna is 10,874 feet above the level of the sea. The first three thousand feet upward from the sea is formed by the calcareous beds, and their associated lavas and clays as already mentioned. The remaining 7,000 or 8,000 feet upwards have been formed by successive eruptions from the volcano, The upper or the last 1,100 feet consist of the cone of the crater, which rises from an irregular plain, about nine miles in circumference, In the summit of this cone is the grand crater which is perpetually sending forth sulphureous vapours. It is an unsettled point among geologists, whether the prodigious masses which now lie above the limestone 3,000 feet high, were produced since the island of Sicily rose above the sea, or whether a large portion of them had not been thrown up and scattered by the volcano while under the sea. The balance of probability is in favour of the hypothesis, that the volcanic rocks which lie over the tertiary limestones were formed before the island arose from the water, and that those masses rose with the upheaval of the limestones and clays. It is supposed that the first appearance of Sicily would be like a cone above the reach of the waves, which would, at every eruption, vomit forth volcanic matter into the sea on all sides, as the mountain was in the process of being heaved up. There is one phenomenon very remarkable in the structure of the lower beds in the stratification of this vast mountain. The inferior clay beds of which we have spoken are found on the north, the east, and the south of Etna, to dip inward towards the mountain. This looks as if they had fallen in from the sudden and free escape of the melted matter that had held them up, rather than they had fallen outward as if they had cracked from being heaved up. They appear as if they had first of all been heaved up by an enormous power of melted matter from below, which by suddenly and freely escaping, caused a cavity, into which these horizontal beds fell on all sides with a dip inward. Since these lower beds of clay dip inward towards the mountain, and not outward from it, and since this inward dipping is found all round Etna, except to the west, where it is not in sight, it is evident that these clay strata were once continuous; were a horizontal rock occupying the space now covered by the volcanic mountain; and were penetrated by the eruptive forces of the volcano. They, therefore, lie under the whole mountain, and may be said to be sub-Etnean. In some places, even these lower beds appear in hills a thousand feet high; though in others much lower. Their beds appear in some instances 300 feet thick, and without any mixture of lava. Elsewhere they appear in cliffs 600 or 800 feet high as if they had been composed of volcanic Tufo thinly laminated. In the hypothesis which has thus been presented to you, the characters which are found inscribed in the beds, the fissures, and the dikes, may seem to you rather as occult hieroglyphics than as an alphabet which you can spell and read for yourself. Nevertheless, in the geological argumentation, the grounds of conjecture are not extravagant, nor are the inferences unfair or improbable. Amid these cases of difficult interpretation to a beginner, you will be interested in the phenomena of the upheaval of a volcano which has taken place almost within the memory of the present generation. You must now take a voyage across the Atlantic to South America, in the direction of Mexico, a region lying between the 18th and 22nd degrees of north latitude. Instead of the voyage, perhaps your map will do. Look at these latitudes, and between them you will find a high table-land from 2,500 to 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. How came that tableland to be formed? It is surrounded by mountains of granite, which, after their first appearance on the earth's crust, was attended with a large system of deep valleys. But now, these valleys, originally many thousand feet deep, have been filled up with volcanic materials, until every valley was exalted to form the surface of the present high table-land of Mexico. This region is called the Plain of Malpays, and the basaltic hills of the neighbourhood show that, at some very early period in geological time, the district had been the theatre of those volcanic eruptions which had filled up the original valleys. But, from the time of the discovery of America, up to the year 1759, it was never suspected that either in, or under, the neighbourhood there was a volcano. It was not only firm ground and undisturbed, but it was a country of picturesque beauty, cultivated for fields of sugar, indigo, and bananas. It was watered by two purling streams called Rio Cutimbo, and Rio de San Pedro. In June, 1759, deep hollow murmurings began to be heard, and from that time to September, earthquakes followed each other in rapid succession. The surface soil, at last, swelled up like the surface of a large bladder, three or four miles square. The soil cracked, and flames issued forth, and then burning fragments of rock were hurled up to great heights in the air, In various parts of the area, six different vents appeared, which were in the form of cones formed by eruptive cinders and lava. The lowest of these cones was 800 feet high. Towards the close of September, the next mighty move was made. The vast mountain, JORULLO itself, was pushed up, in few days, to the elevation of 1682 feet above what was a plain before June, 1759. From the crater of Jorullo, immense streams of basaltic lava issued forth, and continued to flow till February, 1760. Fig. 13 represents the volcano | the third converting the adjective into an adverb, and the second of Jorullo, as seen by Herr Schleiden, a German geologist, changing the adjective into a noun. in 1846. After 1760 the district seemed to have attained its former stability. When the Indians saw that tranquillity was restored, they tried to occupy the land, but they found that the soil was far too hot to be habitable. When Humboldt visited Jorullo, in 1803, he found around the base of the great cone, and spreading from the cone as from a centre to the extent of four square miles, a mass of matter of convex form, about 500 feet high near the cone, but sloping gradually as it receded from it. This mass, partially represented in the foreground, fig. 13, was still in a heated state, though more than 40 years after the eruption. The temperature had been decreasing every year, but Humboldt says that, in 1780, twenty years after the outburst, the heat was sufficient to light a cigar. About the year 1825, forty-four years later, Mr. Bullock found the cones still smoking. When Schleiden visited it in 1846, eighty-seven years after the upheaval, the aspect of the mountain was as he has represented it in fig. 13. In connexion with this sudden upheaval of a volcano in modern times, is the remarkable fact that the two rivers Cutimbo and San Pedro ran into the crater, and lost themselves below at the eastern limit of the plain, but afterwards reappeared on the western limit as hot springs. The instances of such volcanoes as Etna in Europe and Jorullo in South America, have been selected to assist your conception of the geological principles implied in the theory of craters of elevation, as presented to you in Lesson V. LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. VIII. THE Saxon may be called the native English stock. The Latin portion of our language is of foreign growth, it is an exotic. As being of foreign growth its elements are not easily understood, and must, therefore, receive the greater attention. In entering on the necessary course of instruction, I am met by a distinction already spoken of,-namely, the distinction of simple and compound words. Compound words are made up of parts. Those parts are either simple words or particles, that is, fragments of simple words. Country-house is a compound term consisting of two simple words, namely, country and house. Departure is a compound word which comprises these three particles, namely, de-part-ure, that is, In the second word the substitution of bent for part has entirely changed the meaning. The reason is that part and bent are the roots of the two words. Every word has a root. Sometimes the word, especially in Saxon terms, is its own root, at least in the actual state of the language, as heart, think, wise. The root is not always the middle portion as it is in departure and debenture. In contradict the root (dictum) is at the end, and in mental the root is at the beginning. It is, however, clear that in compound words three things have to be considered,—namely, 1, the root; 2, that which is put before the root; 3, that which comes after the root. That which is put before the root is in grammar called a prefix (from the Latin prae, before; and figo, I fix), and that which is put after the root is called a suffix (from the Latin sub, under; and figo, I fit). Here then are three subjects to be considered, namely, roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Suffixes are sometimes called affires (ad, to; and figo, I fix). They may also be designated terminations, especially when they are not so much fragments of words as letter-endings, or additions forming the specific parts of speech in each case. Thus right becomes righteous, and righteous becomes righteousness, and righteously; where eous, mess, and ly are terminations; the first modifying the adjective, Of these three classes, the roots are by far the most numerous. The roots also undergo very various modifications from the prefixes and the suffixes. On these accounts, it seems desirable to study the prefixes and suffixes before we study the roots. Before entering into the requisite details, I wish to make another distinction. Take the word truthfulness. Analyse the word. Obviously it consists of three elements: 1, truth; 2, full; 3, ness. Truth is the primitive word. By the addition of full (or ful), truth becomes truthful, an adjective; and the adjective truthful is made into a noun by the annexation of the syllable ness. Instead of a noun. I might have formed an adverb by subjoining ly; thus, truthfully. I have said that truth is the primitive word. Primifive is here used in opposition to the word derivative. In relation to its derivatives truthful, truthfully, and truthfulness, the word truth is a primitive word, for it is their source. It is another question, whether truth may not be reduced to a simpler form. In the same way, truthful is a primitive term when viewed in relation to its derivative truthfully. As with human beings, each word is in turn, child and parent. Still there must be a common stock. But, genealogies in language, are scarcely less obscure than other genealogies. In linguistical genealogies, authority must receive great deference. Now the word truth can be reduced to a simpler form, and yet remain a word. From truth, take th, and you have tru-that is, true. So from strength take th, and you have streng, an old form of strong. But fowl is not a derivative word, because you cannot reduce it to another word in a simpler form; for, if you remove the or the wl, the remainder is no word at all. Words, then, which appear to be primitive, may be derivative; and the rule by which to ascertain whether a noun is primitive or derivative is this: words which, on the removal of one or more of their letters, have a distinct meaning, are derivatives; and words which, on the removal of one or more of their letters, have no distinct meaning, are primitives. By the application of this rule, we learn that king dom is a derivative, and addition a derivative; while pen and head are primitives. The prefixes and the affires in the English language are numerous. Without a correct acquaintance with their import, the exact force of words can scarcely be understood. But these prefixes and affixes are of Latin and of Saxon origin. Consequently, in our attempt to ascertain their meaning, we must borrow aid from the Latin and from the Saxon. A few prefixes come from the Greek; the signification of which is to be found in the Greek. I shall treat first of prefixes, and for the sake of facility of reference, take them up in alphabetical order. PREFIXES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A (an) of Saxon origin has the force of in or on; as along, alongside; aback; ahead; abed. In this sense, it is used in connexion with present participles; as, a hunting; that is, in or at hunting. The form occurs in our common version of the Scriptures, in John xxi. 3, being a relic of the language in its older state, such as in part it is now found in colloquial diction. The phrase may be exemplified, and its meaning shown by comparing together the renderings of different versions of this passage : Common Version. Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. Wiclif (1380). Symount Petir seith to hem, I go to fische. Tyndale (1534). Simon Peter sayde vnto them, I goo a fysshinge. Cranmer (1539). Simon Peter sayeth vnto them, I will go a fisshinge. Geneva (1557). Simon Peter sayd vnto them, I go a fysshing. Rheims (1582). Simon Peter saith to them, I goe to fish. Authorised (1611). Simon Peter saith vnto them, I goe a fishing. Not only are these instances curious as exhibiting varieties of spelling, but they seem to show how thoroughly a part of the language is this prefix in the sense now illustrated. Yet, is the usage disallowed, and by some regarded as a vulgarism. I trust that the healthful sympathies of the people will do something to restore the original idioms of the English tongue. A, of Saxon origin, is also used as an intensive. An intensive (in, on, and tendo, I stretch) is that which increases the force of a word, expanding, as it were, its essential power. A, as an intensive, is of frequent use, and is exemplified in these words, ashamed, afraid (old form afeared), arise, amain (a and mogen, to be able, macht, power in the German); compare the Latin magnus, great Thus Dryden: "She said; her brim full eyes that ready stood, A, of Latin origin, meaning from, is found in the forms a, ab, abs; e. g.-abatement (French, abattre, to beat down), a beating from or down; abbreviation (brevis, Lat. short), a shortening; abstraction (traho, Lat. I draw), a drawing from, or away. A, of Greek origin, found chiefly in scientific words, has a negative or privative force; that is, it reverses the meaning, or denies what is implied in the term, as acephalous (Greek, kephalé, head) without head; a term applied in anatomy to the young of any animal born from original defect of organisation, without a head. To avoid an hiatus (Lat. gaping), a becomes an before a vowel; as, anarchy, the absence of government; government in Greek being arché (ché pronounced as key). Ad, of Latin origin, to, passes into the forms ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at; that is, the terminating consonant of the prefix is, for the sake of ease in pronunciation, changed into the initial (Lat. initium, beginning) consonant of the noun; e. g.— Ad. "An adjournment is no more than a continuance of the session from one day to another, as the word (jour, French, day) itself signifies."-Blackstone. With laws to which you gave your own assent ?"-Pope. At. Ante, of Latin origin, before, as antedate, to date before time, to anticipate : "Andromache, my soul's far better part, Why with untimely sorrows heaves thy heart? Till fate condemns me to the silent tomb."-Pope's Homer Anti, of Greek origin, in opposition to, as in antichrist, opposed to Christ: "If once that antichristian crew, Be crush'd and overthrown, And keep the gentry down!"-Quarles. In theology, antitype stands correlatively over against type, as the counter pattern to the pattern, the corresponding and completing form. "The Mosaic law was intended for a single people only, who were to be shut in, as it were, from the rest of the world, by a fence of legal rites and typical ceremonies; and to be kept by that means separate and unmixed until the great antitype, the Messiah, should appear, and break down this fence and lay open this inclosure."-Atterbury. The i in anti is sometimes dropped before a vowel as in antarctic. LESSONS IN GERMAN. - No. VII. SECTION XVI. THE PLURAL NUMBER. In the plural the adjective, when not preceded by a declinable word (the personal pronouns excepted) is inflected according to THE OLD DECLENSION Nom. Gute, good; Gen. Guter, of good; cc. Gute, good; Dat. Guten, to good; schöne, fine; alte, old; rothe, red; schöner, of fine; alter, of old; rother, of red schönen, to fine; alten, to old; rothen, to red schöne, fine; alte, old; rothe, red. I. The definite article, the demonstrative and possessive pronouns, have, in the plural, the same form for all genders, and are declined like adjectives of the Old Declension. strative, possessive, or relative pronoun, end in all cases of the Adjectives, when preceded by the definite article, a demonplural, in en, and are of the NEW DECLENSION. DECLENSION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, DEMONSTRATIVE AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL. D. Den, to, or for the; diesen, to, or for these; "The most wise God hath so attempered the blood and bodies of | A. Die, the; fishes that a small degree of heat is sufficient to preserve their due consistency and motion, and to maintain life."-Ray. Amb, of Latin or rather Greek (amphi) origin, found in the Latin ambo, both, signifies on both sides, as ambidextrous (L. dextera, a right hand), literally, having a right hand on both sides; that is, one who uses his left hand equally well with the right. meine, my ; meiner, of my; meinen, to, or for my; meine, my. diese, these; NEW DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES IN THE PLURAL. N. Jene guten, those good; feine guten, his good; G. Jener guten, of those good; seiner guten, of his good; D. Jenen guten, to, or for those good; seinen guten, to, or for his good; Amb is found in the form of amph, as amphitheatre, a theatre of two sides or circus; amphibious, double-lived; that is, living in land and in water. Ana, of Greek origin, up, back, as in anachronism (Gr. chronos, time), an error in date by which an event is placed too high up or too far back; generally a deviation from the order of time. "The dresses and buildings of the time are preserved, though by frequent anachronisms."-Walpole. The ana is found also in anagram (Gr. gramma, a letter), which is word produced by the transposition of its letters, having a meaning different from the original. "And see where Juno, whose great name Displays her glittering state and chair."-Ben Jonson. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS. OLD DECLENSION. RULE I. Masculine nouns, ending in el, en, er, have the same form in the plural. Ex.: Der Maler, the painter; die Maler, the painters. Der Morgen, the morning; die Morgen, the mornings. Der Strutel, the whirlpool; die Strubel, the whirlpool The following masculine nouns take the Umlaut. (To take the „Umlaut" means to change or modify the vowel: i.e., to change a into &, into è, u into ; the diphthong au is modified into ău) Apfel, apple; Hammel, wether; Handel, trade; Mangel, want; Mantel, cloak; Nabel, navel; Nagel, nail; Sattel, saddle; Schnabel, beak; Vogel, bird; Faden, thread; Garten, garden; Graben, ditch; Hafen, harbour; Ofen, stove, oven; Schaden injury; Ader, field; Bruber, brother; Hammer, hammer; Schwager, brother-in-law; Vater, father; as, also, the FEMININE nouns Mutter, mother, and Tochter, daughter. barian. 6. Des Barbaren. Plural. Die Barbaren. RULE II. Masculine nouns of other terminations add e (in | words ending in at which take en: e. g., N. Der Barber, the bar- The following do not assume the Umlaut: Nal, eel; Aar, eagle; Ambos, anvil; Anwalt, attorney; Arm, arm; Docht, wick; Dolch, dagger; Dorsch, haddock; Gidam, son-in-law; Gemahl, husband; Halm, stalk (Halmen when used in a collective sense); Hauch, breath; Herzog, duke; Suf, hoof; Hund, dog; Kobold, hobgoblin; Laut, sound; Leichnam, corpse; Luchs, lynx; Molch, lizard; Ment, moon; Menath, month; Mort, murder; Pfat, path; Salm, salmon; Schaft, shaft; Schuh, shoe; Staar, starling; Stoff, material; Tag, day; Trunkenbold, drunkard; Unhold, monster; Bielfraß, glutton; Wiedehorf, hoopoo; 3ell, inch (Boll, pl. Zölle, custom, tax). Ex.: RULE III. Neuter nouns ending in e, el, en, er, chen and lein, have the same form in the plural. Ex.: Das Mittel, the means; die Mittel, the means. Das Waffer, the water; die Wasser, the waters. Das Gebäude, the building; die Gebäude, the buildings. Das Märchen, the girl; die Mädchen, the girls. Singular. Das Männlein, the little man. Plural. Die Männlein, the little men. Exception. Kloster, cloister, takes the Umlaut. RULE IV. Neuter nouns of other terminations add e (or er). Ex.: Jahr, year; Jahre, years. Schiff, ship; Schiffe, ships. Boot, boat; Boote (sometimes written Bote), boats. Singular. Das Bild the image. Plural. Die Bilder, the images. Floß, raft, and Rohr, pipe, take the Umlaut. NEW DECLENSION. RULE VI. Masculine nouns of other terminations add en. Ex.: Der Graf, the count; tes Grafen, die Grafen. Der Bår, the bear; tes Bären, die Bären. Der Ochs, the ox; des Ochsen, die Ochsen. RULE VII. Feminine nouns ending in e, el, er, form the plural by adding 11. Ex.: Narbe, scar; Narben. Gabel, fork; Gabeln. Feter, pen; Federn. RULE VIII. Feminine nouns of other termination add en. Ex.: Frau, woman; Frauen. Uhr, watch; Uhren. Freundin, friend. Nouns terminating in in" (which formerly used to be spelt inn") double the n in the plural, before they take „en“. Ex.: Die Freundin. Plural. Die Freundinnen. See $ 14, 1. RULE IX. Nouns which in the nominative plural end in n, have all cases alike; those of other terminations add n in the dative, and have all other cases alike. Note. The masculine nouns Ahn, ancestor; Dern, thorn; Flitter, spangle; Forst, forest; Gau, province; Gevatter, godfather; Lorbeer, laurel; Mast, mast; Nachbar, neighbour; Pfau, peacock; See, lake; Sporn, spur; Staat, state; Stachel, sting; Strahl, ray; Strauß, ostrich; Vetter, cousin; Unterthan, subject; 3ierat or Zierath, ornament; and the neuters Auge, eye; Bett, bed; Ende, end; Hemd, shirt; and Ohr, ear; form the singular according to the old, and the plural according to the new declension. Hemd and Bett have also the forms Hember and Bette; the masculine nouns Fels, rock; Friede, pea e; Funke, spark; Gedanke, thought; Glaube, faith; Haufe, heap; Name, name; Saame, seed; Schade, injury; Wille, will; follow the new declension, and also take s in the genitive singular. Ex.: Der Fels; des Felsens; dem Felsen. They, however, often end in the nominative singular in en, and are regularly inflected according to the old declension. Ex.: Der Felsen; der Frieren, 2c. A few examples will explain the former part of this note : Sing. N. Der Dorn Gen. Des Dornes. N. Der Stachel. Gen. Des Stachels. Plur. Die Dornen (also Der Schmerz, the pain, forms the genitive, and das Herz, the heart, the genitive and dative singular, in the same way, and both form the plural according to the new declension. ADJECTIVE, PLURAL. (See Sect. 15.) RULE V. Masculine nouns of the new declension which end in e, or unaccented el, er, ar, add n in the oblique cases of the ingular, and retain this form in all cases of the plural. Ex.: Der Knabe, the boy; des Knaben; die Knaben. Der Ungar, the Hungarian; des Ungarn; die Ungarn. Der Baier, the Bavarian ; des Baiern; die Baiern. Herr has Herrn in the ob ique cases of the singular, and Herren in all cases of the plural. There are some OLD DECLENSION OF THE Gut-e (Wein-e,) good (wines); Gut-er (Weine,) of good (wines); Gut-en (Wein-en,) to good (wines); Gut-e (Wein-e,) good (wines); Nom. Dat. Acc. Die guten (Hüt-e,) the good (hats); கு. Der guten (Hüt-e,) of the good (hats); D. Den guten (Hüt-en,) to the good (hats); A Die guten (Hüt-e,) the good (hats;) Masculine. When several consecutive adjectives precede and qualify the same noun, they must, in termination, be all alike. Ex.: Er Neuter. (Häus-ern,) (houses ;) THE PLURAL. Neuter. Sie Aufgabe, f. exercise; Gleich, like, equal; hat gutes feines blaues Tuch. Er hat das gute feine blaue Tuch. NEW DECLENSION OF NOUNS PLURAL. Baum, m. tree; Louise, f. Louisa ; Hech, adj. high (pre- Marktfrau, f. market dicate form); woman; Ehrlich, adj. honest, Denn, for, because; Malerei', f. (art of) painting; Kanzler, m. chancellor; Mess'erschmied, m. cut honestly; adv. Kirche, f. church; Gaft, m. guest; König, m. king; some; Lieblich, adj. lovely; ler; Musiklehrer, m. musicteacher; Nachbarin, f. neighbour; Pre'biger, m. preacher; Ratte, f rat; Regenschirm. m. umbrella; 1. Diese neuen Tische sind gras 2. Die weisen Hüte sind sain. 3 Diese Gabeln fint ton Silber. 4. Haben Sie silberne oter geltene Vieser und Löffel? 5. Wir haben filberne. 6. Die guten Knaben haben schöne Birnen. 7. Fleißige Schüler haben lange Aufgaben. 8. Dies: Iten Sel baten haben alte Bucher 9. Der Messerschmied hat schöne new. Neffer. 10. Die Freuten rieses Mannes sind seine lieblichen Kinter. 11. Die Kanzeln in riesen Kirchen sind hoch. 12. Die Nichten ter alten Dame fint fleißig. 13 Die Marchen res Pretizers find gute Kintet. 14. Die Hol lanter find reinlich unt ehrlich 15 Diese Marktfrau hát vie großen reifen Birnen tes Bauere. 16. Die großen reifen Birnen dieser Marktfrau sint schmackhaft. 17. Hat riese Dame ten Fingerhut ihrer guten Freuntin? 18. Nein, sie hát ten Fingerhut ihres guten Freuntes. 19. Sat Fraulein Louise den neuen Sonnenschirm ihrer guten Mutter? 20. Nein, sie hat den Regenschirm ihres guten Bruters. 21. Hat tie kleine Tochter tiefer Dame einen Musiklehrer? 22. Nein, denn sie ist noch zú jung; aber ihre Schwester hat nicht nur einen Musiklehrer, sondern auch einen Lehrer der Malerei. 23. Wer hat die Bücher Ihres Bruters? 24. Die Schwester seiner Freundin hat die Bücher. 25. Hat die Tochter Ihres alten Nach, barn tie goltene Uhr meiner jungen Freuntin? 26. Nein, fie hat die fils berne Uhr ihrer Nachbarin. 27. Die Blätter dieser Bäume sind gelb, aber ihr Obst ist reif und gut. 28. Die Ratten find läftige Gaste. 29. Diefer alte Kaufmann hat große Reichthümer. 30. Diese Reiterei und jenes Fußvolk sind beide gleich gut. 31. Der kleine Sohn des Kanzlers ist der Liebling des Königs. 32. Diese Freundin res Malers hat sehr schöne Ge mälte. QUESTIONS. 1. How is the adjective declined in the plural, when not influenced by a preceding word? 2. What is said of the definite article, the demonstrative and possessive pronouns in the plural? 3. How are they inflected? 4. What is the ending of adjectives, when preceded by the definite article, a demonstrative, possessive, or personal pronoun ? 5. And of what declension are they? 6. What is said of adjectives when consecutively preceding and qualifying a noun ? 7. Have adjectives and nouns of the New Declension the same form in the plural? 8. What cases of nouns are alike in the plural? 9. What is the final letter of the dative plural? 10. What is meant by the modification of a vowel? 11. How is it called in German? 3. Avoir lieu, answers to the English expression, to take place That takes place every day. Cela a lieu tous les jours. 4. Au lieu de, answers to the English, insed of. The verb which follows it must, according to Rule 2, Sect. 20, be put in the infinitive: Que dit on de nous dans la ville? On ne parle pas de vous. Ne mange-t-on pas tous les jours ? On trouve beaucoup d'or en CaliOn mange quand on a fam. fornie. Dit on quelque chose de nouveau? A-t-on reçu de nouvelles de George? On ne dit rien de nouveau. On n'a point entendu parler de lui. Devez vous écrire à notre ami? Le concert doit il avoir lieu ce soir? What do they say of us in the city? Do they (people) say anything new? Nothing has been heard of him. Are you to write to our friend? It is to take place this morning. EXERCISE 67. Afrique, f. Africa. Mois, m. month. Or, m gold. Part-ir, 2. to depart, Demain, to-morrow. Diamant, m. diamond. 1. Vous apporte-t-on de l'argent tous les jours? 2. On ne m'en apporte pas tous les jours. 3. Vous fournit on des habits quand vous en avez besoin? [Sect. 21.] 4. On m'en fournit toutes les fois (every time) que j'en ai besoin. 5. A-t-on besoin d'argent quand on est malade? 6. Quand on est malade, on en a grand besoin. 7. Avez vous reçu des nouvelles de mon fils? 8. Je n'ai point reçu de ses nouvelles. 9. Ne dit on pas qu'il est en Afrique? 10. On dit qu'il doit partir pour Alger. 11. Quand doit il commencer son voyage? 12. On dit qu'il doit le commencer le mois prochain. 13. Ce mariage a-t-il lieu aujourd'hui ou demain ? 14. On nous dit qu'il doit avoir lieu cette après-midi. 15. Il aura lieu à cinq heures et demie. 16. Avez vous envie de venir au lieu de votre frère? 17. Mon frère doit venir au lieu de notre cousin. 18. Avez vous l'intention de lui dire ce qu'il doit faire? 19. Il sait ce qu'il doit faire. 20. Savez vous ce qu'on dit de nouveau ? 21. On ne dit rien de nouveau. 22. Trouve-t-on beaucoup d'or en Californie? 23. On y en trouve beaucoup. 24. Ÿ trouve-t-on aussi des diamants? 25. On n'y en trouve point, on n'y trouve que de l'or. EXERCISE 68. 1. What do people say of me? 2. People say that you are not very attentive to your lessons. 3. Is it said that auch gold is found in Africa? 4. It is said that much gold is found in California. 5. Do they bring you books every day? 6. Books are brought to me [R. 2] every day, but I have no time to read them. 7. What should one do (doit on faire) when one is sick? 8. One should send for a physician. 9. Do you send for my brother? 10. I am to send for him this morning. 11. |