THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. The four elements of the ancients were fire, air, earth, and water. "I have chosen to write my poem (annus mirabilis) in quatrains or stanzas of four in alternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them more noble and of greater dignity both for the sound and number than any other verse in use amongst us.”—Dryden. Quinque (quint), Latin, five, occurs in quinquennial (annus, Lat. a year), happening every five years; in quintessence (essentia, Lat. essence); and in quintuple, fivefold. "Aristoteles of Stagira hath put down for principles these three, to wit, a certain forme called entelechia, matter, [and] privation: for elements, four; and for a fifth, quintessence, the heavenly body which is immutable."-Holland," Plutarch." Re (red), of Latin origin, primarily signifies back, backward (and has nothing to do with ere, nor does it mean before, as Richardson states, as return, to turn back; hence opposition, as resist, to stand against; also repetition, as revive, to live again; reform, to make again. Sub, in Latin, under, as in subterranean (terra, Lat, the earth), under the earth; submersion (mergo, Lat. I dip), dipping; subscribe (scribo, Lat. I write), to write the name under a document. Sub may denote an inferior degree of the quality of the adjective to which it is prefixed, as sub-acid; sub-deacon, an under-deacon (diakonos, Gr. a servant). Sub becomes suc in succession, succeed, succinct, succumb, &c. Suf, in sufficient, suffuse, suffocate, suffragan, &c. Sum. Sup. Re, denoting back : "To desire there were no God were plainly to unwish their own being, which must needs be annihilated in the subtraction of that essence which substantially supported them, and restrains them from regression into nothing."-Browne, "Vulgar Errors." Sur. Re, denoting opposition :— "To this sweet voyce a dainty musique fitted Its well-tuned strings, and to her notes consorted; And while with skilful voice the song she dittied, The blabbing echo had her words retorted." Re, denoting repetition, as in rehearse, recapitulate, remove, 80.1 "The land of silence and of death Attends my next remove." Spenser. Watts. Re sometimes merely strengthens the word, as in receive, reception (capio, Lat. I tuke); and recommend (mando, from manus, a hand; and do, I give). Rect, of Latin origin (rectus, straight), appears in rectify (facio, Lat. I make), to make straight; in rectangular (angulus, Lat. a corner), right-angled; rectilinear (linea, Lat. a line), straight-lined; and rectitude, uprightness, Retro, Latin, backward, as in retrogradation (gradior, Lat. 1 walk), going backward. It is found, also, in retroactive (ago, Lat, I do, act), acting in a backward direction "A bill of palus and penaltics was introduced, a retroactive statute, to punish the offences which did not exist at the time they were com initted."--Chibbon, " Memoira." Ne, of Latin origin, the base of sine, without, denotes separation; apart, from, without; as, seclude (claudo, Lat. I shut), to shut out; secede (cedo, I go, yield), to withdraw from; seduce (duco, I lead), to lead from duty. "From the fine gold I separate the allay And show how hasty writers sometimes stray." Dryden, "Art of Poetry." Sept, of Latin origin (septem, seven), appears in septennial (annus), occurring every seven years; and in septentrion, the seven stars; the great Bear; Charles's Wain, the north. "Thou art as opposite to every good As the antipodes are unto us, Or as the South to the Septentrion." Shakspeare, "Hen. VI." (3rd pt.) Sex, Latin, six, is found in sexangular, six-angled; sexennial, every six years; sextuple, sixfold; sexagenary, threescore, &c. "These are the sexagenary fair ones, who, whether they were handsome or not in the last century, ought at least in this to reduce themselves to a decency of dress suitable to their years."-Chesterfield, "Common Sense." Soli, of Latin origin (solus, alone), is seen in soliloquy (loquor, Lat. I speak), a speaking alone, being the only speaker; called also a monologue; and in solifidian (fides, Lat. faith), one who supposes fa th, and not works, alone necessary to justification. "Such is the persuasion of the Solifidians, that all religion consists in Deleving aright."-Hammond. Step, of Saxon origin, from steopan, to bereave, whence the -Saxon steop-cild, step-child, a child that is deprived of a From this use the term steop or step was applied to relaSeat stood in a similar position, and thus we have steop1 & slap-mother; steop-dohter, step-daughter; step-faeder, +, stop sunn, step son. | Sus 66 To nurse The growing seeds of wisdom that suggest, Cowper, "Task.' "This impulse is the emotion or term surprise."—Cogan, “On the Passions." "It hopith alle things, it susteyneth alle things."-Widlif "Testament," 1 Cor. xiii. 7. Subter, meaning under, is sub in another form, and appears in subterfuge (fuga, Lat. flight), an evasion. "The last is rather a subterfuge than an objection."-More, "Inmortality of the Soul." Super, of Latin origin, the opposite of sub, signifies over, above, as in supernatural, above nature; supermundane, above the world; supervision (video, Lat. I see), overlooking. will not often be laid in such a manner as to bear a large superstructure. "If a grammatical foundation be not laid deep at an early age, it overcharge, an additional charge; in surcoat, an overcoat; in surSur, a French abbreviation of super, appears in surcharge, an tout, literally an overall (tout, Fr. all); in surfeit (faire, Fr. to do), an over-doing; that is, eating too much. surmise to notion, opinion, persuasion, and the highest assurance which "There are various degrees of strength in judgments, from the lowest we call certainty."—Search, “Light of Nature.” syn; as in syllogism, symphonious, synchronous, &c. Syn, of Greek origin (syn, with), occurs in the forms syl, symı “Men have endeavoured to transforme logick, or the art of reasoning, into a sort of mechanism, and to teach boys to syllogise, or frame arguments and refute them, without any real inward knowledge of the question.”—Watts, “ Logick." "Up he rode, Follow'd with acclamation and the sound Symphonious of ten thousand harps that tuned Angelic harmonies." Milton," Paradise Lost." "Sensations are impressed either at the same instant of time, or in contiguous successive instants. Hence it follows that the corresponding associations are either synchronous or successive."-Belsham, "Philosophy of the Mind." Tetra, of Greek origin, signifying four, appears in tetragonal, four-angled; tetrameter, a line consisting of four measures or feet: and in tetrarch, properly a governor of a fourth part, a subordinate prince. "And Eroude tetrarck herde alle thingis that weren don of him."Wiclif, "Testament," Luke ix. 7. place to another; transport, to carry over the sea. "With transport views the airy rule his own, And swells on an imaginary throne." Pope. trident (dens, Lat, a tooth), Neptune's sceptre; in trilateral (latus, Tri, of Latin origin (tres, tres, tria, three), appears in triangle ; Lat. a side), three-sided, and triliteral, having three letters, &c. "When a county is divided into three of these intermediate “juriscounty of York, where, by an easy corruption, they are denominated dictions, they are called trithings. These trithings still subsist in the ridings-the north, the east, and the west riding."-Blackstons, “ Commentaries." (gero, Lat. I bear), one governing as a substitute, viceroy, or " viceVice, of Latin origin, signifying in the place of, as in vicegerent king," see Hackluyt; also, vicechancellor, vicepresident. "In the yeare 1228, one Reginald was viceroy, or petie king of Man.”— Leinshed. Vicar (Lat. vicarius), comes from vice, and so denotes one who is in the place of another, hence a "vicarious sacrifice." How strange that Richardson, in his Dictionary, should have given out the idea that vicar could come from vix (with difficulty)," one to perform a work of difficulty." "Nature, the vicare of the Almighty Lord, That hote, colde, hevie, light, moist, and drie LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XXIV. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. SOME verbs of the third conjugation seem to partake of qualities of the verbs of the fourth. In the present tense the stem with the parts formed from it is strengthened by the vowel i, and so partly corresponds to the forms of the fourth conjugation The i, however, disappears before a consonant. I give a specimen in capio 3, I take. Chaucer. In easie voice, began to speak and say." "Then it was devised that, by their common seal (which is the tongue of their corporation), they might appoint a deputy or vicar to do it for them."-Spelman, “On Tythes." Viscount is made up of the same prefix; that is, vice; and comes. Lat. a companion, in low Latin count or earl; so that viscount (pronounced vi'count) is the deputy, the lieutenant of the count or earl. "The viscont, called either procomes or vicecomes, in time past, governed in the countie under the earle, but now without any such service or office; it is also become a name of dignity next after the earle, and in degree before the baron."-Holinshed,"Description of England." Ultra, of Latin origin (ultra, beyond), is used in ultramarine (mare, Lat. the sea), properly beyond the sea; applied to colour, fine blue. "Ultramarine or azure is a very light and a very sweet colour.”— Dryden, "On Painting." The blue colouring matter of the lapis-lazuli, or azure stone. Vivi (Latin, vivus, alive) appears in vivify, to make alive; and in riviparous (pario, Lat. I bring forth), bearing (its young) alive. "The usual distinction of animals, with respect to their manner of generation, has been into the oviparous (ovum, Lat, an egg) and viviparous kinds; or, in other words, into those that bring an egg, which is afterwards hatched into life; and those that bring forth their young alive and perfect."-Goldsmith, “ Animated Nature." Un, of Saxon origin, not, reverses the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed, as unnatural, not natural, the opposite of natural. "Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother's hand, Of life, of crowne, and queene at once dispatcht; Shakspeare," Hamlet." Unaneld is unoiled, not having received the oil of extreme unction; disappointed means not prepared. To housel is to minister the communion to one who is on his deathbed. Housel comes from the Saxon husel, the host, or sacrifice of "the sacrament of the Lord's supper." Un, from the Latin unus, one, is exemplified in unanimous (animus, Lat. mind), of one mind; in uniparous, bearing one at a birth; in unison (sonus, Lat. sound), one single sound; in univocal (vox, Lat. a voice), having one voice or meaning. Un, of Saxon origin, has in some measure yielded to in; thus, for the old form unperfect we now say imperfect. "Unpossible" is quite obsolete. Under, of Saxon origin, is found in such words as undersell, underprop, undervalue, underwent. In the word understand, Un the derivative or secondary meaning is very remote from its primitive; namely, to stand under. Undertaker and underwriter have, in process of time, come to have very special significations. dertaker, originally one who took on himself a certain duty, is at present applied to persons who are intrusted with the management of funerals; and underwriters, properly signifying those who wrote (their names) under a legal document, in Latin, subscriptor, is a word limited to persons who render themselves liable in a policy of marine insurance. Uni, of Latin origin (unus, one), occurs in unicorn (cornu, Lat. a horn), an animal with one horn; and uniform (forma, Lat. form), having one form. Up, of Saxon origin, is found in uphill, uphold, uplift, upspring. upstart, &c. Upbraid Richardson derives from a Saxon term not having the necessary import, and is in consequence obliged to twist his deductions into the most suitable shapes he can find. Upbraid comes from the classical Latin opprobrium, a reproach, through the low Latin word opprobrare, to reprouch. The up in this case comes from the Latin ob, changed for the sake of euphony into op 2. up. Thus conjugate cupio 3, I wish, desire; facio 3, I do, make; fodio 3, I dig; jacio 3, 1 throw; pario 3, I bring forth; rapio 3, I plunder; sapio 3, I taste; &c. dico 3, I say; duco 3, I lead; facio, I do or make; fero 3, I bear; the 2nd person singular of the imperatives of these four verbs, are respectively dic, duc, fac, fer. Let it be again remarked, that the participles in us are declined like adjectives in us, thus : In all instances they must agree with their nouns. So also must the infinitive passive of the past tense, as eruditum esse, eruditam esse; eruditos esse, to have been instructed, the parti ciple changing as the noun changes. The participle future in rus is frequently used after a verb, denoting motion to point out the object or design; as, veniunt expugnaturi urbem, they come with a view to capture the city. Besides the conjugations now set forth, there is another recognised by grammarians. This is called the Periphrastic Conjugation. It is called periphrastic (Greek, peri, about; and phrasis, a speech) because it is a kind of circumlocution; the changes of idea not being expressed by additions to the stem, as in the ordinary conjugations, but by two separate words. Thus such a conjugation or form is made by the participles and the several tenses of the verb esse, to be; e. g.,— amans, amaturus, amatus, amandus Y sum, eram, ero, fui, fueram, fuero I supply the meanings of these forms:Amans sum, I am loving; the action proceeding and incomplete. Amaturus sum, I am about to love; an intended and immediately future action. Amatus sum, I have been loved; completed action, passive voice. Amandus sum, I ought to be loved; action denoting necessity in time to come. I have here limited myself to sum; changes of import are introduced by the other tenses of the verb, corresponding to the signification of those tenses. The neuter of the participle in dus, commonly, but incorrectly, termed the nominative of the gerund, has an impersonal meaning, as legendum est, it is to be read; that is, reading must be done by some one. The subject of the action is indicated by pronouns in the dative case; thus: Mihi amandum est, I must love Tibi amandum est, thou must love Ei amandum est, he must love Nobis amandum est, we must love Vobis amandum est, you must love Illis amandum est, they must love KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE LATIN By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. Page 132, col. 2-LATIN-ENGLISH. HOPE is uncertain and doubtful; the power of hope is great in the minds of men; is not the power of hope great in thy mind? boys easily indulge in vain hope; we ought not to lose the hope of hap pier times in the miseries of life; O hope, thou refreshest the minds of wretched men with a sweet solace! by vain hope, we are often deceived; human affairs are often uncertain and doubtful; he condition of human affairs is doubtful; thou oughtest to op pose virtue to adverse things; that is, thou oughtest to withstand adversity by virtue; a wise man does not dread adversity; O human affairs, how often you deceive the minds of men! the mind of a wise man is not beaten down by adversity. Page 132, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. Spes vitae incerta est; spes longae vitae est vana; spe animum The participle present has often a causal force, or assigns the reason of the action expressed in the sentence. It must some-recreo; sapiens non facile in aerumnis afflictatur; fortium animos times be rendered into English as if it were a verb in the indicative mood; and sometimes as if it were an infinitive. Use only can make these peculiarities quite clear and easy. The participle present and the participle perfect passive are used with a noun in the ablative case, forming what is called "the ablative absolute" (ab and solutus, disconnected, independent; that is, in construction). Observe that the Romans employed the second person singular when they spoke of or to a single person. Consequently, you must translate you as if it were thou, in the English-Latin exercises, except when more persons than one are obviously intended. VOCABULARY. Lenio 4, I soothe; angustiae, arum, 1, a narrow way, narrow limits; pectus,oris, n. the breast (E. R. pectoral); persóna, ae, 1, a mask, d character; o bis terrarum, the world; detrimentum, i, n. injury; res-publica, rei-publicae, the state; a compound word of which both parts are declined; teter, ra, rum, foul, vile; exprobro 1, I reproach with; ex, out of, after, ex labore sudauti, to one sweating from the effect of labour; poti, onis, f. drinking or draught; non supplicanti, without his en treating it; reporto 1, I carry off, obtain; appropinquo 1, I approach; recupero 1, I regain; publici juris factus est, was established; de, of, 'rom, over. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Amici mei unâ domo capi non possunt; die nobis quâ consolatione aeger amici animus lenitus sit; non capiunt angustiae pectoris tui tantam personam; nec te orbis terrarum capiet; capiendus est mihi cibus; tibi docendum est; docens pueros, valde amabĕris; dic cur puer punitus sit; bellum cepit finem; vide ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat; dic mihi quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit; nullum vitium tetrius est quam avaritia, praesertim in principibus rempublicam gerentibus; cogitantes caelestia, haec nostra ut exigua contemnimus; odiosum est genus hominum officia exprobrantium; ex labore sudanti frigidae aquae potio est perniciosa; vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti succurrit; ciconiae in alienas terras migraturae in unum locum congregantur; ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur, ludos publicos spectatura; omnes dolores, patienter tolerati, minus acerbi sunt; dux dimittit milites ob eximiam virtutem laudatos; multi juvenes in primâ pueritiâ a parentibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt; Regnante Xerxe, (abi. abs.) Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam reportaveront; inter bonos viros et Deum amicitia est, conciliante naturâ (abl. abs.); appropinquante hieme, multae aves mitiores regiones petunt; recupera pace, artes efflorescunt; regibus exterminatis, Romani liberam rempublicam fundaverunt; terra mutata, mores hominum non mutantur; legibus divinis sancte observatis, vita nostra beata erit. ENGLISH-LATIN. True friends can be received in a small house; the narrow limits of this house will not receive so great a character; tell me what your father has said to you; bear the water to thy mother; avarice in parents who govern their houses is a great evil; avarice blotted out, evil is blotted out; thinking of his native country, the soldier lost his life; to one who is in fear (fearing), a friend is a great solace; the state being disturbed, who can be happy? a large multitude of men have come to drink wine; the soldiers being praised, were dismissed; in the reign of Victoria (Victoria reigning abl. abs.), the POPULAR EDUCATOR (Educator Popularis) was established; the book being changed, you do not change your thoughts. hominum afflictant adverse res; fortium hominum animi adversis rebus afflictantur; spei solatio sapientis animus recreatur; virtutem in vitae aerumnis non amittere debemus; conditionis aerumnae hominem afflictant; spem felicioris temporis amittit. Page 132, col. 2-LATIN-ENGLISH. The faithfulness of friendship refreshes the mind in the wretchedness of life; the examples of true friendship are rare; to the fidelity of friends we owe (our) safety in adversity; a true friend preserves his fidelity even in the miseries of life; fidelity prepares a port even for the wretched; a safe port is prepared for me; an uncorrupted friend is rare in adversity; he rests in the fidelity of (his) friends; the coming of spring is sweet; the day flies quickly away; fair days are rare in spring; he calls together the soldiers into the city on (an) appointed day; on a fixed day, my friends are called together into my house; sad are the days of the wretched. Page 132, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. Veri amici fidem servant in aerumnis vitae; fides amicitiae non est spes vana; rarumne exemplum est fides incorrupti amici? in adversis rebus portum (in the English read port for part) debemus veris amicis; verae amicitiae solatium amicos convocat; cito avolant sereai dies; certâ die convocant duces agmina; constituta die milites a rege convocantur; cupide adventum veris expecto; in vere rara est tristis dies. Page 133, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. I have a faithful and dear friend; thy slave is unfaithful; the earth is round; true friendship is everlasting; hunger and thirst are troublesome; the niser is never contented; the king is powerful; thy step is slow; the virtue of thy father is remarkable; the fountain is clear and cold; the generals have an illustrious name; a limpid river delights all men; the stag has high horns; the affair is great and unusual; here are vast marshes; credulous hope (read spes for opes) deceives boys; men have a small day (short life); no one is always happy; the ice is slippery; the wooden bridge is guarded; not all soldiers are brave; the magnificent porticoes are defended; the harbour is convenient; we eat with sharp teeth; the night is long and cold; a good man is praised, a bad man is blamed; old age is often morose (cross); unhoped-for safety comes; the sea is vast, deep, swelling; much desired rest is easily lost; we learn Latin; dost thou not teach Greek? barbarous nations are distant; fearful hares fly away; the flower is perishable; the last hour is coming; riches are uncertain; my mother loves ancient customs; thy words are hard; how moist is the ground; the fields are not easily tilled in winter. Page 133, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Amantur fidi amici; sunt mibi magnae divitiae, or magnae divitiae sunt mihi, or magnae divitiae mihi sunt; expectatam amici. tiam amittunt; humida est humus; nocet humus humida; acuti dentes sunt leporibus; acutis dentibus edimus omnes; fortes sunt milites tui; fortesne sunt tui patris milites ? credulâ spe delectantur; tauri cornua valida sunt; eximiae sunt regis virtutes; quam pulchra est porticus; sermonem Latinum discere debes; ultimam horam expavescunt homines; valido agmine domus custoditur; avari vitantur; morosae feminae nunquam amantur; morosi sunt molesti; sempiterna ne est amicitia? spes est sempiterna; quam tardi sunt gradus tui! glacies lubrica est in hieme; nemo famem sitimque diligit; quies avolat cito; commodus navibus est portus; timidi nunquam sunt securi; sermone patris esne contentus? potentem principem feriunt; caduci flores leguntur; in palude (in the English marsh) flores legit; Graeca lingua est pulchra; saepe inveniuntur tumida maria; exoptatae sunt res quiesque verae amicitiae; semper beatus est nemo, Page 154, col. 2-LATIN-ENGLISH. Nothing is more suited to the nature of man than benevolence; nothing is more lovely than virtue; light is awifter than sound; nothing is better than wisdom; many men are more chattering than swallows; the poor are often more munificent than the rich; in adversity men are often more prudent than in prosperity; the life of the richest is often very miserable; the pretence of love is worse than hatred; nothing is better than reason; the sun is greater than the earth; the moon is less than the earth; the sage is the happiest of all men; Homer is the most ancient of all the Greek poets; flattery is a very great evil; the city of Syracuse (in Lat n, the city Syracuse) is the greatest and most beautiful of all the Grecian cities; evil-speakers are very bad men; thy brothers are of all men the most given to evil speaking; in friendship, similarity of character has more power than relationship; thy sister is more amiable than mine. Page 154, col. 3-ENGLISH-LATIN. Nihil est pejus quam amoris simulatio; maximus est sol; sol major est quam luna; brevissima est hominum vita; divitissime saepe sunt infelicissimi; pauperrimi nonnunquam sunt felicissimi; labor est facil imus; meus labor facilior est quam tuus; mores h micum sunt cissimillim; rex est munificentissimus; pessimi non saepe sunt felices; b ni sunt felicissimi; optimi sunt felicissimi; felicissimus omnium est Deus; optimi a pessimis nonnunquam contemnuntur; infirmissima est amicorum valetudo; patris hortus pulcherrimus est; filii hortus pulchrior est; difficilimus est labor; urbis muri sunt humillimi; patriam amant plurimi; nihil melius est quam virtus; portus est celeberimus; Deus omnium est maximus, optimus et sapientissimus; Lacedemoniorum mores erant simplicissimi; velocissimus est equos, corvi sunt nigerrimi; pater tuus est benevolentissimus et munificentissimus; frater uus domum pulcherrimam aedificat; pulcherrima domus aedificatur a fratre tuo; modestissimae e-se debent virgines; soror tua modestur est quam frater; similis hominibis est simia; similissima ne est simia hominibus? Omnium animalium similissima hominibus est simia; nihil duleius est quam amicitia; Lacedemonii fortissimi erunt; velocissima est lux; lux velocior est quam sonitus. Page 165, col. 2.-LATIN-ENGLISH. The soldiers fight bravely; do the soldiers fight bravely? do not the soldiers fight bravely? the Romans fight more bravely than their enemies; of Greece I think more and more; dost thou not think much on thy father; we every day more and more expect a letter; most desiringly thou lookest for the coming of thy mother; the country pleases (my) father every day more and more; thou art building a house well; does he build a house very well? the letter is very badly written; thy words sound badly; slaves think very ill concerning their master; girls labour more patiently than boys; very hidden dangers are avoided with very great difficulty; it is difficult to overcome the Greeks; the Greeks fight very bravely; sedition is put down more easily than war; the state is excellently administered; he boldly denies (it); the citizens inhabit the city in happiness. Page 165, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Facile ne bellum sedatur? difficillime bellum sedatur; pugnet fortiter; fortius pugnant; fortissime pugnant Graeci; magnopere expectas veris adventum; a pueris puellisque omnibus cupidissime expectatur adventus veris; epistolam tuam in dies plus plusque expectant; male mala verba sonant; milites magis atque magis dimicant; occulta non facile evitantur; matres patientius quam filiae laborant; editio feliciter sedatur; pulchre litteras scribit; Romani fortius quam Graeci pugnant; rus animum meum maxime delectat; multum ne animus tuus delectatur a rure? maxime eogito de domo mea, de fratribus et de sororibus; pessime administratur civitas a Romanis. Page 166, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. I sing, thou shoutest, the friend calls; we narrate, you dance, brothers labour; I weep, thou laughest, brother grieves; we teachers teach, you scholars learn; I play, thou learnest; sister paints with the needle, that is, embroiders; we write, you read, brothers paint; I leap, thou strikest, the boy sleeps; we masters instruct you, O pupils; you, O good pupils, attentively hear our precepts; virtues are equal among themselves (one to another); to command one's self is the greatest command; an angry man is not his own master; the pursuit (handling) of letters is salutary to us; truth is always pleasant to me. Page 166, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Ego narro, tu saltas, frater labórat; nos contámus, vos laborátis, amici saltant; ego, praeceptor doceo, vos, O discipuli, discitis; nos dolemus, tu pingis, juvenes feriunt; nos praeceptores non tentamus docere vos, O irati pueri; boni discipuli debent sibi imperare; imperare sibi est virtus; difficile est irato sibi imperare; irati non sunt apud se; imperium semper est tibi gratum; nonne gratum nobis est imperium? tibi haud mihi grata est veritas; veritas est salutaris tibi, mihi, nobis, omnibus. Page 166, 2nd col.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Vices creep on us under the name of virtues; we favour you, you do not favour us; thou lovest me, I love thee; my life is dear to me, thine (is dear) to thee; virtue always shines of itself (by its own light); the song delights us; (our) parents are loved by us; O my son, thou never obeyest me; (our) brother loves me and thee; I am nearest to myself; thou well commandest thyself; virtue is cultivated on its own account (for itself); virtue is sought for, for its own nature (for its own qualities); the citizens fight for their own heads (ives); the sage carries with him all his property; we rejoice with you on the return of (our) father; thou well contendest with thyself; God is with thee; often the mind is in discord (disagrees with itself); the enemies fight earnestly with us; thy speech is not is unison with thyself. Page 166, col. 2-ENGLISH-LATIN. Omnia mea mecum porto; secumne omnia sua portant sapientes? tu me amas, ego te amo; vita tua mihi est cara, mea tibi; mali semper secum discordant; tractatio litterarum gratissima est nobis; amant se se homines; amantne se se mulieres? pessime amant se se mali; per se pulchra est virtus; propter teipsum te amo; mea patria gratior est mihi quam tua tibi. Page 166, col. 2.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Every nature is preservative of itself; a wonderful desire for the city, for my friends, and for thee holds (possesses) me; thy father is very much delighted by thy remembrance of him; anger has no power over itself; a wise man has always power over himself; care for you makes me uneasy; all men are kind judges of themselves; thy recollection of us is exceedingly pleasant to me; the friend is mindful of me and of thee; (our) father in his absence is held by a great longing after me, and after you, my brother, and after you, Ö sisters; (our) friends are mindful of us; many of you please me; very many of us greatly love thee. (To be continued.) INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE, &c. CORRESPONDENCE-61, 69, Casting out the Nines; 111, The Nine Digits; 143, Hints to Some Readers; 159, Co-instruction Society, Fairy Rings, Educational Notices; 175, Double Position; 239, Self-teaching; 287, Manufacture of Globes; 399, Grammar, Rock Harmonicon, Self-taught Man. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. -32, 48, 64, 80, Method, &c.; 96, 112, Mathematical Instruments, Latin, Length of Parallels, Music, &c.; 128, Messiah, Latin, Sound of h, to Double the Cape, Co-instruction Society, &c.; 144, Latin, Music, &c.; 160, Latin, Measuring Flags, &c.; 176, Spots on the Moon, Seven Wonders of the World, Latin, &c.; 192, Geology, French, Astronomy, &c; 224, Latitude and Longitude, Drawing a Perpendicular, Steam, Botany, &c.; 240, Arithmetical Problem, Music, &c.; 256, Latin, Geology, Area of a Circle, Arithmetical Query, &c.; 272, Supplemen's, Radius of the Circle about a Triangle, to find the Area of a Circle, Geology, Size of the Sun, &c. ; 288, Physiology, Hints on Drawing Paper, the Longest Day, Time for Study, Arithmetical Query, Study of Greek, &c.; 304, Physiology, a Pace, a Stadium, Algebraic Query, to find the Capacity of a Tauk, Guinea and Fea her Experiment, Geometrical Problems, &c.; 320, Algebraic Query, Taxidermy, Geometrical Query, Music, &c.; 336, Query Solved, Geologic Query, Mathematical Queries &c.; 352, Algebraic Questions, Arithmetical Questions, Princi ple of the Answers to Correspondents, &c.; 368, Arithmetical Queries, Questions for Debating Societies, Natural History, Latin, Name England, &c.; 384, Explanation of Geological Terms, How to Study Euclid, &c.; 400, Arithmetic and Algebraic Queries Sived, Music, Latin, &c; 412, Arithmetical Rules and Solutions, Light, &c. ERRATA CORRECTED.-Latin 112, 128, 160, 176, 192, 256, 336, 412; Geometry, 176; Arithmetic 208, 412; French 224, 272, 336, 412. ERRATA IN SOME COPIES. line 23 for were for am jor f ample Jor f. libera for XIII. read was. 94 rend are. read f. ampla. read f. liberae. read XII. read 8 1 line 4 from bottom for 1 1 line 18 from bottom for matre read matri. 1 34 from top for (a × b) read (a+b). read 2bd. read C. 9 from bottom for all rend half. 36 and 37 from top for ax+1 read xn+1. THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. LAZARUS: If you really can get "Webster's Large Dictionary" for 16s., you will get a dead bargain. You have solved the Dean's riddle, a, e, i, o, u-BENVOLIO (Bury): We do not recollect the name of any recent work on Dyeing, except that of Berthollet, published some years ago by Dr. Ure. dative instead of the accusative. Never mind the order of Latin words tell you all in due time.-W. FITZ-HENRY (Waterford): The German at present; learn to read, we say again, and have patience; we will chirography is becoming more round in daily practice. The 28. 10d. English History contains the same as the 48.; all the difference is in the binding.-R. C. TYPO (Oakham): To suppose that the Gothic arch is to be a proposition in Euclid. The solution of the query p. 240 does not founded upon the Athanasian creed, is as absurd as to suppose the creed come up to the requirements; that of the Collier's query is right, so is FRED. STERN's (Chelsea).-JOHN (Fleet-st.): Go on, John.-HENRY LAYLAND (Old Kent-road): Well done, Henry; the Key to the next poses a new system of stenography; it may be good, but we cannot say due course; in the meantime, use Cassell's History of England, price we admire it.-SAM JOHNSON (Belfast): English History will come in 38. for 600 pages.-R. G. (Dundee): Emeritus means one that has served his time, and receives a merited pension for his services. Scholiast means an ancient commentator or annotator upon the classics. It with a capital letter at the beginning, like proper names in English.— G. M. (Holme-lane, near Bradford) solves a Colliers query (p. 336, col. s true that every substantive noun in German is or ought to be spelt 1, line 2) thus: Calling C's part of the work 1, B's part will be 2, and A's part 4, in the same time. Therefore, 1+2+4-7 will be the expression for the whole work that A, B, and C do in 10 days. Whence, by proportion, 1:7:: 10 days: 70 days, C's time of doing the work alone; again, 2: 7::10 days: 35 days, B's time of doing the work alone; J. G. G. (Leeds): If your mind be quite full of the subject, and you can speak pretty fluently, the speech off-hand will be best; but if not, you had better prepare your speech in time. Elocution will, of course, form part of our intended lessons.-E. EVANS (Ashby-de-la-Zouch), and J. OLIVER (Burslem): The signature of Addison's papers in the "Specta-Latin Lessons will be immediately given.-A WITHERS (Bristol) protor" is CLIO, or one of the letters of this word. He wrote the " Evidences of the Christian Religion," and several other ingenious works. But edisions of all his works complete in so many volumes are to be had.-J. A. (Lancashire): Cassell's Euclid is both cheapest and best for a beginner. St. ROLLOX (Glasgow): The poetry is fit for a lady's album.-J. L. JOBSON (Lees): The Steam-Engine as soon as we can.-W. M. (Cheltenham) will oblige us with a list of the words he does not understand.CALLICRATIDAS (Bampton): Zumpt's Latin Grammar is reckoned the best; most Latin Grammars contain lessons on Prosody; Neilson's, Huntingford's, or Howard's Greek exercises will do.-S. SMITH: a, e, i, o, u.-W. M. (St. George's East): Norie's Navigation is the best; it explains the plain scale and sector more fully-A Welsh correspondent need not be surprised at our not answering his queries, we cannot make out his signature yet; but as for" dear old Wales," we love it as a part, and a noble part of" dear old England," or rather of " dear old Britain."A SUBSCRIBER to the "Exhibitor" and EDUCATOR: We are not law-and, 4:7:: 10 days : 17 days, A's time of doing the work alone. A yers, but we understand that a boy becomes a man at twenty-one, which we have found to our sad experience.-S. S. (Ryecroft): A fairish attempt at R. C. Typo's problem.-LILY DAWSON must, like a good girl, try and be correct in writing and reading; for instance, she calls our journal the Popular INSTRUCTOR instead of EDUCATOR! Now this is not correct. She should get a small copy of "Dr. Johnson's Dictionary," which she may get for a shilling or so; and keep it always by her, when she is writing to any one, to consult when she is at a loss for the spelling of a word. When she has written a word, she should count first the number of the letters, to see if it agrees with the number in the book, then observe if the letters are all the same, and are put in the same As to reading, she must read aloud to some kind friend, and willingly submit to be told of her faults in pronunciation. order. great variety of other solutions have been given, but this is the easiest. SMITH (Baldoch): "Our Evenings" have merged into the "French W. OGDEN (Manchester): The German f has a mark in the middle projecting right and left; but the German í has scarcely any mark, being A YOUNG THINKER wishes to know how it is that if no substance only a little thicker where the mark stands in the former. Greek is can pass out of the stomach until digested, persons have been known to easier in some respects, but harder in others.-PHILOSOPHOS (Richmond): pass a sixpence or any similar substance. His suggestion will be kept in view.—JUVENIS (Barking); DAWSON only to bear in mind that the indigestible substance is forced through the To understand this he has (Knaresborough); D. M. WAKE (Bradford); J. J., and J. T. (Sunder-body in connexion with the digested material, and but for the process of land); QUI QUE CE SOIT; A GLANCE, &c. (Norwich), are informed that digestion nothing could be carried off. He asks, how in the case of the proposition denominated the Pons Asinorum, that is, Asses Bridge, amputation the circulation of the blood is secured ? is the fifth proposition of the First Book of Euclid's Elements.-D. open into each other, and thus a free circulation is insured. His third The blood-vessels JAMES (Camden-town): Read the advice to Lilly Dawson.-J. I. P. question is, whether a vegetable or mixed diet is the best? Taking into (Hammersmith): Mr. Cassell's Arithmetic, &c., are recommended as the account the variations of our climate, we say a mixed diet is preferable. best for the money-IOLO (Cardiff) may get any mathematical instru-minded that all which a vegetable requires for its growth is a supply of ment separate; for instance, he may get a pair of compasses for 1s. 6d. -R. AN.-If you turn to the first lesson in physiology you will be reor 2s. 6d. according to its finish.-Communications received from W. J. STURGES (Brades); E. L. (Yeadon); E. WILSON (Leeds); A. M'K. water and carbonic acid, and these being universal, the "wild plant" (Inverness); DOUGLAS; S. CLARE (Ashton-under-Lyne); E. C. can have no difficulty in finding what it requires for its nutrition. HUGHES (Luard-st.); THOS. HALLAM (Manchester); A. P. T. (Exeter); NOVACASTRENSIS wishes to know the meaning of the expression R. WATERS (Gateshead); and G. BATES (London).-G. L. M. (Russell- Dires. Carpenter's Physiology is a very good one for a beginner.-J. F. "Kentish fire."-T. O. U. (Wishington) is wrong in the comparison of square) will find most of his difficulties removed in the "Series of MORETON (Burnham): Work on at the Latin; never mind what any one Lessons in French," reprinted from the "Working Man's Friend," price calls a good two hours' work. 6d.-J. C. P. (Oxford) should consult M. Adelung's work; he is a great the old English rule that g sounds hard before a, o, and u, and soft before Gis hard in lego, and soft in legere, on authority. As to the Tower of Babel-is it necessary that the language e, i, and y-AN INQUIRER (Highgate Rise) is informed that if a ball of a monopolising or overbearing party of men should be changed in be dropt from a balloon, it will when it reaches the ground be directly order to separate them? The confusion of their own counsels forced under the balloon, by the law of the composition of motion.-T. CAVE them to separate, because they could not agree among themselves. He (Gee Cross): To find two whole numbers without ciphers, so that if one who turned Achitophel's counsel to foolishness, did the same to the followers of Nimrod -GEORGE ROBB (Belfast): Many thanks for his or any power of 10. Rule, raise the number 2 to the power denoted by were multiplied by the other, the product would be 10, 100, 1000, &c.. list of errata.-AMATEUR DES LANGUES (Liverpool: According to the the number of ciphers in the proposed power of 10, and this will be the rule p. 161, col. 1, line 44, the division of words into syllables in one number required; then divide the proposed power of 10 by this French and in German are very different; your letter is very neatly and number, and it will give the other number required.-G. G. A. (Yarcorrectly worded.-A SCOTTISH SCHOOLMASTER, (Burn Green) is ad-mouth) will obtain Cassell's" History of the Steam Engine" by sending vised to abandon the method of dividing a whole number by a mixed to this office, price 6d. ; postage 6d. will bring it to your door. number of which he seems enamoured; in practice, it is worthless.-If ITALIANA (London) will call upon us, we will speak to him on the sub- degrees.-UN JEUNE HOMME (Bath): Light travels at the rate of about A WELSHMAN (Birmingham): Half a revolution is an angle of 180 ject he mentions.-F. LLOYD (Blackheath): Chemistry will be had two hundred thousand miles per second; and the nearest fixed starcanHe will find an answer to his query about the distance of the not be at a less distance than 20 millions of millions of miles; therefore visible horizon in Cassell's Euclid, p. 82.-FREDERICH VON BRUNO light would take three years to come even from the nearest star. Hence (Glasgow): Certainly, we shall have extracts both in French and Ger- it is inferred that some stars are so remote, that since they were created, man.-B. J. BATTLEY (Ashford): His letter does him great credit. the first ray of light which they emitted has not yet reached the limits We are printing the very book he wants on Arithmetic. it soon, at one shilling.-BEGINNER (York): Come, this is very good; miles. He shall have of our system. The circumference of the earth is about 25 thousand your penmanship is quite fit for a solicitor's office. Pronounce demesne like demean. Don't worry yourself soon. about the Latin pronunciation; it's a dead language; learn to read Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, La Belle Sauvage Yard, and translate it; this is the thing for you. Some verbs govern the Ludgate-hill, London.-September 25, 1852. |