LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XXXV.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

DEVIATIONS IN THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

VOCABULARY,

Adsciscere, to take to one's self; assuescere (with dat.), to grow used to; consuescere, to be accustomed; approbare, to approve; levare (with abl.), to relieve, free; privare (with abl. of the thing), to deprive of, rob; deponere, to lay down; sacra, orum, n. sacred rites, worship of the gods; auctor, óris, originator, adviser; me auctore, at my suggestion, by myauthority; spiritus, ûs, m. breathing, breath; religio, ónis, f. religion, sense of moral obligation; suavitas, átis, f. sweetness; condicio 3, I wear out, perish; luxuries, ei, f. luxury, self-indulgence; alienigena, æ, ɑ foreigner, one born in another country, outlandish; assiduus, a, um, constant; dilucidus, a, um, shining, clear; quotidiánus, a, um, daily; Ceres, Cereris, f. Ceres, the goddess of the harvest; futilis, e, futile, useless; paululum, adv. for a little while; tempestas, átis, f. the

weather.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti, quum temrestatis causâ prodire prohibentur, ludis delectantur; Demosthenes summâ voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuevit Numam Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus adscivit; Cereris sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita maximâ religione coluit; ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad te advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero me eonquieturum, omnesque curas doloresque depositurum esse; si amici mei mores pernověris, spero te ejus innocentiam agnoturum eique ignoturum esse; bestiae, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum, ubi pastae aliquando sunt, revertuntur; cave ne incognita pro cognitis habeas, iisque temere assentiare! quid est tam futile quam quicquam approbare non cognitum? Populus Romanus eo magnitudinis (= ad eam magnitudinem) crevit, ut viríbus suis conficeretur; quid est tam jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus gravibusque verbis ornata oratio? quo brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior narratio est; Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit; omnium rerum naturâ cognita, levamur superENGLISH-LATIN.

stitione.

As long as I live (I shall live) I shall accustom myself to worship God; nothing is so futile as to take the unknown for the known; fed oxen return to the place where they are accustomed to be fed; England has grown to a very great mass, and it will grow to a greater magnitude; how pleasant to be relieved from fear; inquire about the future; pardon thy son's sins; I know not that I can pardon that man's reproaches; in the beauty and sweetness of my little daughter my mind rests and will rest; at my suggestion thy brother has laid down his office; by constant labour thou wilt grow accustomed to despise luxury; he approves what thou hast said; dost thou think he will approve of my deeds? my mind has rested a little, now I will return to my labours.

DEVIATIONS IN THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

4. Perfect in ivi; Supine in itum.

These verbs in the perfect and supine really follow the fourth conjugation, and so form a kind of hybrid conjugation, a compound of the third and the fourth.

i. Cupio, cupère, cupīvi, cupītum, to desire.

ii.

Pěto, petere, petivi, petītum, to strive after, aim at; ab aliquo, to ask from, entreat.

iii. Quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesītum, to seek. The compounds are in quiro, quisīvi, quisītum; as, exquiro, to search

out.

vi. Arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, ascessītum, to send for. vii. Capesso, capessere, capessivi, capessītum, to take in hand. viii. Facesso, facessere, facessivi, facessitum, to make, take yourself off; negotium facessere, to give trouble.

ix. Incesso, incessere, incessivi (no supine), to fall upon. Χ. Lacesso, lascessere, lacessivi, lacessītum, to challenge. VOCABULARY.

Atterĕre, to rub at, or on; conterere, to rub together; repetere, to seek back, repeat, borrow; educo, xi, ctum 3, to lead forth; suscipio, ère, cepi, ceptum, to undertake, begin; adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum, dep. to obtain; fastidio 4 (with acc.), to disdain; aratrum, i, n. a plough; lepor, oris, m. joke, wit; par, paris, n. a pair; Punicus, a, um, Carthaginian; propĕre, hastily; religioné, religiously.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Saepe homines, res quas vehementer cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt; audistine ut leones rudiverint ? bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil aliud

nisi pax quaesita videatur; quum omnem antiquitatem memoria repetivĕris, tria vix amicorum paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam deponere parati erant; cave ne judices de re priusquam eam accurate exquisivĕris; Erechthei filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vitâ civium; omnis Romanorum philosophia repetita est a Graecis; Socrates totam vitam atque aetatem contrivit in emendandis aliorum moribus; praecepta virtutis, quamvis contrīta sint et communia, tamen a paucis observantur; constat bello Punico secundo Hannibalem Italiae opes attrivisse; importunus iste homo multa mihi facessivit negotia; non dubito quin novâ lege civibus negotium facessitum sit; nisi milites propere ex urbe facessivissent fugamque capessivissent, cives eos armis incessivissent; vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam lacessivĕrant, quum arma capessiverunt eosque incessiverunt; legimus Romanos saepe consules suos ab aratro arcessivisse; multa sacra, ab exterís nationibus adscita atque arcessita, Romani religiosissime coluerunt.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Who does not know that Hannibal once wore down the resources of the Romans? never do good men desire bad things; I shall obtained money, thou wilt not disdain it? neither despise nor disnever disdain what I shall obtain; dost thou think that, having dain any one; call thy generals from the plough; do not give trouble to that good man; bad pupils give trouble to the best teachers; in war, we seek for peace; peace is sought for by us in war; my children eagerly desired death for my life; it is certain that our citizens will fall on the enemy.

i.

cipere, ii.

Scabo,

Perfect in i; Supine in tum.

a. The stem ends in b or p.

Capio, capère, capi, captum, to take. Compounds in cipio, cepi, ceptum; as, percipio, to take up wholly. Rumpo (rupo), rumpère, rupi, ruptum, to break. scabere, scabi (É. R. scab), to scratch, wants the supine. b. The stem ends in c, g, qu.

iii. Ago, agere, egi, actum, to lead, drive, do, handle, &c.; so, circumagere, to drive round; peragere, to drive through. The other compounds have igo, egere, ei, actum; as, abīgo, to cogère, to bring together, compel (cum and agere), has coëgi, drive away; exigo (used of time), to spend; subigo, to subdue;

coactum.

iv.

Facio, facere, feci, factum, to make, do. Fio is used as the passive of facio. A in facio, passes into i in efficio (ef and facio), &c. In the imperative, facio makes fac; but perficío (to complete), has perfice; the other compounds retain fac; caleface (from calefacere, to warm), however, occurs.

V. Ico, icère, ici (not very good), ictum, to strike, used of a treaty. Of the present, we find only icit; the other forms are supplied by ferire, to strike.

vi. Jacio, jacere, jeci, jactum, to cast, throw. Compounds, jício, jēci, jectum, jicere; as, rejicio, I throw back,

vii. Lego, legĕre, legi, lectum, to read; so allego, I choose for myself; perlego, I read through; prelego, I read before; relego, I read again; sublego, Iread under; the following, however, have, in the present, ligo; as, colligo, I collect (colligere, collegi, collectum); deligo and eligo, I choose out; recolligo, I collect again; seligo, I select; but, diligo, I love or esteem; intelligo, I understand; and negligo, I neglect; have, in the perfect, exi; as, diligo, diligère, dilexi, dilectum.

X.

viii. Frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, to break. Compounds, fringo, fringere, fregi, fractum; as, perfringo, I break through. ix. Linquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, to leave. Vinco, vincère, vici, victum, to conquer. c. The stem ends in m. imo, imère; as eximo, exemi, exemptum, eximère, to buy off; xi. Emo, emĕre, emi, emptum, to buy. Compounds in but in coemo, to buy at once, the e remains.

d. The stem ends in u or v. xii. Acuo, acuĕre, acui, acutum, to sharpen. pounds are without the supine.

The com

The formation of Chines, Isle of Wight. One of the most remarkable facts in the formation of chines is, that where the surface is acted upon by a constant streamlet, or perennial spring current, the rivulet cuts its channel backwards, so that the length of the fissure or chasm is increased by retrogression or recession. The rivulet, by trickling over the precipice, wears away the soil perpendicularly, and thus scoops a fissure backwards towards its spring-head. About half a mile or so to the west of Atherfield, there is a long winding chasm, which, a cottager told me, was in his boyhood not a hundred yards in length, but is now above a mile.

I assume that you are now become interested in the agency of water, and in the changes which it effects on the surface of the earth. The examples which I have instanced of this agency, in the fissures and chines scooped out by the rivulets of the Isle of Wight, are clear and decisive. They are nevertheless on a very small, almost, indeed, on a diminutive scale. To have adequate conceptions of the force and extent of this agency, you must learn and know its operations and effects on immense and boundless plains of loose and sandy soil. The be district for becoming acquainted with the phenomena of this kind of aqueous agency is found in the Southern Steppes of Russia.

To an Englishman who has never left the shores of our own little island, it is difficult to describe what is meant by a steppe. The word is supposed to be of Tartar origin, and is used to designate an immense level plain or waste destitute of trees. You are aware that all the surface of the earth that is not covered by water may be divided into mountain tracts, tablelands or high flats, and low levels or extensive plains, whose mean elevation above the sea is not many hundred feet, even towards the interior of large continents. These lower Levels of the earth, when they are large and extensive, are spoken of sometimes as plains and sometimes as river-valleys. When these extensive plains put on something of the character of a desert, they are called in Europe, steppes. Regions of the same peculiar character are called in North America, prairies and savannahs; and in South America, llanos and silvas.

his exhaustion only by speculating on the fact that, at one time, all before him and around him was the bottom of a great Mediterranean sea. It is something like the ocean in filling the mind with the feeling of infinity, but with this difference, that the aspect of the clear mirror of the ocean, with its light, curling, sporting, and gently foaming waves, cheers the heart like that of a friend; but the steppe lies stretched before us

dead and rigid. While the herbage is green, horses and cattle without number give some little animation to the scene; but winter comes in October, and then they become a trackless field of spotless snow. In summer the scorching sun is as severe in its consequences on these steppes as is the winter cold. In June the surface is parched, no shower falls, nor does a drop of dew refresh the thirsty and fissured earth. In some seasons the drought is excessive, and the air is filled with impalpable powder. At such times the springs become dry, and cattle perish by thousands. I have detained you thus long on the description of a steppe that you might form some good idea of the scene on which rain and streams have to exert their excavating agency. In your estimate of the dimensions of a steppe, you must not limit your conception to some large flat in England, like Salisbury Plain, or the Fens of Cambridgeshire. You must, on the contrary, imagine a district that is double the size of Great Britain, and all of it one dead flat, as it appears to the eye of the traveller.

When steppes are described as interminable plains, it is not meant that, in reality, and literally, they are without any undulations and declivities. In a surface of several millions of square miles there will necessarily be many indentations and depressions, with corresponding gentle elevations. I have described to you the ground of these steppes in summer and winter. When the more temperate sun and gentler gales of spring succeed, then the accumulated snow of the winter begins to melt, and rains descend in torrents, and their combined waters sweep over the soft soil for millions of square acres, and fissure the surface in all directions. With every return of spring, rain torrents scoop out new channels or chasms and form fresh river-gullies in the unbroken ground, to the depth of from 100 to 150 feet deep, and about half a mile long.

This is particularly the case when heavy rains are brought to bear on a given spot at the edge of a pretty steep declivity. In such a vast extent of plain there are many such declivities, and even ravine cliffs, formed something like those of the chines Fig. 46.

Russia.

tony.

When the traveller begins his journey eastward, or northeastward, from the Dnieper, a widely-extended, and apparently interminable plair. stretches before him, the steppes receding as he goes until their outline vanishes on all sides in the far horizon. It is the dead level of a treeless desert. No hill, no cliff rises, as an island does in the boundless ocean, to break the uniformity of this endless plain. Even the geologist relieves

in the Isle of Wight. In natural slopes of great length, and inclining at a very small angle, these fissures or gullies are very rarely formed by the rain torrents. But where the declivity is steep, and having on its surface a little depression formed by nature, towards which the rain rivulets will tend, or where a trench or ditch has been digged by human hands, or where even a furrow has been drawn deeper than usual along the incline by the plough, or where a public road has been a little worn into ruts on an acclivity however gentle, there the water rushes with great violence, robs the surface of any grass covering which it may have had, and then, in its descent, it cuts and cuts into the ground, already soft by the percolating waters, and forms a deep fissure or narrow chasm.

In this manner a small cutting or rent is made in the surface of the declivity, and then rills collect themselves into rivulets, rivulets into brooks, and brooks into rivers, and, unitedly, bear the soil before them in their headlong course. Through the perpetual deepening of the channel at the top of the declivity, the fissure is caried back and is lengthened inland, while on both sides of the fissure the sandy soil is either undermined or worn down, and then removed by the force of the current. The whole formation and structure of these rain gullies make it obvious that they are the results of the receding activity of moving water.

As the torrent plunges downwards, the fissure or chasm is deepened many fathoms perpendicularly, but towards the bottom the sides become less vertical and more inclined towards the bed of the river. If you fancy yourself at the brink of one of these gullies or chines, and looking across to the other side, the excavation will have the appearance represented in fig.

46.

It is generally found that the inclination of the bottoms of these fissures is never greater than the corresponding declivity of the surface of the ground. It is only at their mouths, as represented by o in our last figure, that their depths are greatest. From this mouth of the fissure, the bed of the gully is ever gradually rising inland towards the head of the declivity, where the water begins to scoop the surface; near the mouth the angle of the rise is very small, but, afterwards, the farther you go inland, the angle is constantly and rapidly increasing. This inclination is much governed by the declivity of the surface, and by the character of the rocks or beds in which the gullies are formed. If you suppose yourself standing at the head of one of these gullies, and look along the bed of it towards the mouth of the ravine, say at в in the next diagram, fig. 47, or, if you like, looking from the outlet or mouth towards the head, the appearance would be as is here represented.

At the sides of these large gullies and chasms, which may be called longitudinal valleys, there are again many smaller fissures or chines, which open into them, and which may be called transverse chasms. These, at first do not themselves form deep fissures, because they do not run over any declivity. But .when the principal fissure, or channel widens itself by the action of torrents, and works into them, and imparts to them the character of a steep cliff, then these side currents also begin at that point to cut for themselves a receding fissure.

By these processes there are found, at the sides of each of these excavated chasms, in some places innumerable little fissures, and, at others, very large and complicated ramifications of branch gullies. By means of these ramifications and fissurings, the wildest laceration of the surface is produced and extended, promontories projecting far, like so many maritime head-lands, are formed, and innumerable ridges and tongues of land are made, which have on both sides of them deep precipices. A man looking down upon the surface from a balloon above the district, would behold the longitudinal chasm and the side or transverse fissures extended and joined as they are represented in fig. 48.

In this figure, в is the point to which the stream has cut back the fissure, x x the public road around the chasm, A A the rain-gullies, o the bed of the chief chasm, N N the high surface of the steppe. I mentioned that these chasms are never excavated in a flat district, or on a surface having but a very insignificant inclination. Still where they have once been formed at the edge of any declivity, we have seen that it is one of their laws to cut their course backward into flat levels. Consequently ancient rain-gullies are frequently found in flat regions very remote from any declivities. These are called in Russia ruitwinas, and prove very injurious and obstructive to trade and commerce.

LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XXXVI.
By Professor LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D.
SECTION LXXX.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN, CE (§ 108).

1. THE pronoun ce answers to the English pronoun it, used before the verb to be, in such sentences as, it is I, it is thou, &c. The latter pronouns (I, thou, &c.) are rendered by moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, m., elles, f. The verb remains in the singular, except when the pronoun following it is in the third person plural in which case it may be put in the plural or in the singular 116 (2)]. If the pronoun is followed by qui, the verb is better in the plural, and, if followed by que, in the singular :

2. If the relative pronoun qui and another verb follow être, this second verb must agree in number and person with the pronoun preceding the relative :C'est vous qui avez fait cela.

It is you who have done that. C'est nous qui avons déchiré cette It is we who have torn that silk. soie.

3. Ce also renders the English pronoun it, used absolutely, but not unipersonally before the verb to be [§ 108 (5)] :— Ce fut en Allemagne qu'il trouva It was in Germany that he found his friend.

son ami.