repaid for the time he will bestow on this little pamphlet. the Britons amongst the nations converted by the Apos- will it become still more skilful in its labours of con In that his Lordship observes:-"In the before-mentioned tles, and says that St. Paul, after his release from thence, struction? Will it employ more solid materials, &c.? discourse I have endeavoured to prove, that we were in- carried the light of the Gospel to other nations." He says Such are the inquiries which will certainly not be neglect debted to St. Paul for the first preaching of the Gospel in also that St. Paul brought salvation to the Islands that lie ed in America. They will probably form a supplement to Britain; and founded this proof on Eusebius's and Je- in the Ocean:+ Tais ey tw weλayei diaxsievais vncois the researches of Mr.Andubon, a zealous naturalist of rome's testimony, that St. Paul was sent prisoner to Rome New York, who has made several journies on purpose to in the second year of Nero, that is, in the year 56. They weoons yxe. If there could be any doubt observe the swallows in question. This gentleman has, family of Caractacus, who were sent as hostages with him whether the British Islands were meant by the islands that it is said, devoted twenty years to the study of Americar in the year 51, were still at Rome; for we are informed lie in the ocean, we have, besides the passage of Nicephorus ornithology; and possesses a collection of above four hun. by an ancient British record, that Caractacus's father before quoted, the following of Chrysostom, who thus de- dred drawings of birds, made by himself.—Revue En accompanied his son, as an hostage, and returned to Bri- scribes them:-Kai yag at BeɛTavixal mooi as The cyclopedique. tain after staying at Rome seven years, that is, till the JaλarTns Extos xsipeeval, xal ev αυτω ουσαι τω year 58, and brought with him the knowledge of the Christain faith. This family, I conclude that St. Paul xeαvw, TAS duvarews tov pηuatos no dovto. I either accompanied in their return to Britain, or followed them after he had visited Spain." The following extracts are from the Bishop of St. David's pamphlet, upon the probability of St. Paul preaching the Gospel in this Island: The testimonies of the first six centuries, which either expressly record St. Paul's journey to the West and to Britain, or afford such evidence of the propagation of Christianity in Spain and Britain, as coincides with these testimonies, I will give in as few words as possible. 6. In the sixth century (560-600) Venantius Fortu- "Transit et Oceanum, vel qua facit insula portum, an instance. Miscellanies. THE DOGS OF LILLE. (FROM "L'HISTOIRE DES CHIENS CELEBRES."] as if verse were necessarily the vehicle of fiction. But that is not rare to meet, whether at Tournay or at Maubeuge Dogs are exceedingly useful in the low country, and it the testimony of Venantius Fortunatus is not to be ascrib-heavy carriages drawn by them. Such is the strength and ed to the license of poetical exaggeration, and that the swiftness of those raised in that country, that they everlanguage of Clemens, Jerome, and Theodoret is neither excel horses in the race, of which we are about to mentionambiguous nor hyperbolical,§ we may judge from an authority, which will not be suspected of making any John Richard Caribouffe, a rich butcher, of Lisles, it undue concessions in favour of the evidences of Christia- Flanders, had six dogs of an extraordinary breed, uncom nity; but who was well acquainted with the political faci-monly large, with voices as loud as those of bulls, and with lities, which the Roman empire at that time afforded for such strength that they carried with ease several butts of the universal propagation of the Gospel. The public wine placed upon a dray. A mad bull could not intimi highways, which had been constructed for the use of the date them-they attacked him in front, and annoyed hinlegions, opened an easy passage for the Christian missiona- until he retired from the field. ries from Damascus to Corinth, and from Italy to the extremity of Spain or Britain."|| 1. The first and most important is the testimony of Clemens Romanus, the intimate friend and fellow-labourer of St. Paul. He says, that St. Paul, in preaching the Gospel, went to the utmost bounds of the West, IT TO TERMO THE dursas. This is not a rhetorical expression, as Dr. Hales supposes, but the usual designation of Britain. Catullus calls Britain, ultima Britannia, and ultima occidentis insula. The west included Spain, Gaul, Celebrated for their strength and swiftness, the dogs o and Britain. Theodoret speaks of the inhabitants of Spain, To the ancient authorities here cited we have to add them one morning in his calash, he fell in on the road with Caribouffe became in general repute. As he was driving Gaul, and Britain, as dwelling in the utmost bounds of the the concurrence of the very learned and judicious modern the Prince de Ligne's carriage-and, animating his dogs, West, Tas ons iσigas toxating. The connexion be-writers referred to before, p. 11. We may add, further, he passed and repassed repeatedly his Highness's carriage tween Britain and the West will be seen in other passages the testimony of Archbishop Parker: "Paulum ipsum for upwards of two hundred yards. Astonished to see quoted by Bishop Stillingfleet; and in the following of Gentium doctorem, cum aliis gentibus, tum nominatim horses outrun by dogs, the Prince inquired of the butcher Nicephorus:go iomregion wxsavov sigbarev xa ras Britannis, nunciasse post priorem suam Romæ incarce- if they could perform as well for the space of half a league. Βρετανικας νησους ευαγγελισαμενος.+ The utmost rationem, ut Theodoretus et Sophronius Patriarcha HieroQuite elated at having attracted the notice of the Prince, Hoc quod Pontificii incredibile the butcher answered that half a league was a mere trifle bounds of the West, then, is not rhetorical language, in solymitanus affirmant. itself, for it is a common appellation of Britain; nor as ap. atque adeo impossibile statuunt, cum vero maxime cohæret:" that his dogs could travel full gallop over a much plied to St. Paul, for it was said of others of the Apostles. and of Camden; "Certum est Britannos in ipsa Ecclesiæ greater distance, and that if he wished, he would bet a 2. In the second Century (A. D. 179) Irenæus speaks of infantia Christianam religionem imbibisse ;" who cites hundred louis that they would beat the Prince's horses for Christianity as propagated to the utmost bounds of the Theodoret and Sophronius and Venantius Fortunatus in a distance of three leagues. The challenge was accepted, earth, iws RTW THs yns, by the Apostles, and their testimony of St. Paul's journey to Britain. Cave also in and on the day appointed, it is needless to say that an his life of St. Paul, quotes the same writers, and says, that immense multitude from all parts of the country repaired disciples; and particularly specifies the Churches planted by the Islands that lie in the Ocean, Theodoret undoubt• Tais l'oigiais, & ev Keλroig in Spain, and the Celtic edly meant Britain. Such strength of ancient and modern to the scene of this singular spectacle. nations. By the KATO, were meant the people of Ger- authorities ought, if I may judge by my own convictions, many, Gaul, and Britain.§ to put the subject of St. Paul's preaching the gospel in Britain, beyond all controversy or doubt.' 3. At the end of the second and the beginning of the third Century (A. D. 193-220) Tertullian mentions among the Christian converts Hispaniarum omnes termini, et Galliarum diversæ nationes, et Britannorum inaccessa Romanis loca, Christo vero subdita.|| Though Irenæus and Tertullian, in their testimonies, do not expressly mention St. Paul, yet the conversion of Britain to Christianity is recorded as the work of the Apostles and their disciples. It is most interesting to find such writers speaking of their proximity to the origin of the Christian Church, and consequently of the perfect competency of their testimony. Hesterni sumus, says Tertullian, et vestra omnia adimplevimus, urbes, insulas, eastella, municipia, conciliabula, castra ipsa, tribus, decu7asi, Palatium, Senatum, forum.¶ In the fourth Century (A. D. 270-340) Eusebius mys that some of the Apostles "passed over the Ocean to the British Isles,” εñi тα; xaλovμevas Вgetavinas vos, and Jerome, in the same Century (A. D. 329420) ascribes this province expressly to St. Paul, and says, that, after his imprisonment, having been in Spain, he went from Ocean to Ocean, and that he preached the Gospel in the western parts.++ In the western parts he included Britain, as is evident from a passage in Epitaphium Marcellæ.++ In the fifth Century (423-460) Theodoret mentions In 2 Ep. ad Tim. iv. 17. †Tom. 1. in Psalm 116. Orat. Tom. 1. p. 575. § Linguard, Anglo-Saxon Church, Vol. I. p. 3. note 3. Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. XV. Vol. II. p. 358. 8vo. ed. De Vetustate Ecclesiæ Brit. initio. ** Britannia p. 40. ed. 1590. Natural History. The Hirunda Fulva.-The tawny-coloured swallows of North America are only now beginning to approach the dwellings of man. They preserve in this new abode the social habits which distinguish them in the solitudes in which they live in numerous troops, executing common labours, rendering mutual succour, attacking, and defending themselves at the same time. These habits have entitled their species to the name of "the republican swallow." Their troops sometimes consist of several hundreds of pairs; and every thing proves that they are united by an instinct of sociability; for there are occasionally to be found solitary and silent pairs, confining themselves to the desert; consequently, it is not to any common want that the associations formed by the greater number of these birds is to be attributed. There is no time to lose if it be thought to ascertain the present condition of the species, in order one day to compare it with what it will become after its introduction into cities. According to Buffon, beavers had acquired in the solitudes of America, by the necessary effect of the instinct of association, certain faint arts, which they lost when the invasions and power of man dispersed them, and reduced them to live more in families. Will If the passage be rightly quoted by Camden. "The the innocent republic of swallows be more fortunate? Will fatalna, who live apart from our world, if they go in pilgrim-it find an asylum among a people who owe it, by so many ago, will leave the western parts, and seek Jerusalem."-Gib titles, favour and protection? Will it lose the industry von Dremaniation of Camden's Brittannia, p. 70, ed. 1696. which has procured for it the name of birundo opifea; or *Origenes Britan. p. 38. ↑ Hist. L IL C. 40, apud Usher. Antiq. Eccles Britain. desirable, by accurate and closely followed up observations, D.. 740 L. I. c. 2 and 3. § Cluveril Introd. Geog. L. 11. c. 5. Adversus Judæos, c. 7 Apologet. c. 37. ** Demonstr. Evang. L. 3. c. 7. De Script. Eccles. and in Amos, c. 5. Having well fed his six dogs, Caribouffe was punctual at the rendezvous, and, at the appointed signal, started with the Prince's equerry, who drove a phaeton, drawn by six elegant horses." The butcher, notwithstanding his corpulence, quickly passed in his calash the mettlesome horses, and arrived at Tournay fifteen minutes before his antagonist, thus gaining two thousand four hundred livres in less than an hour. While men extol such exploits, they should not abuse the faithful animals that perform them; yet, in Paris, you frequently see them panting and exhausted with carrying weights far beyond their strength. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. (From the Tales of the Crusaders.) "You must be aware that the extremes of rude and of civilized society are, in these our days, on the point of approaching to each other. In the patriarchal period a man is his own weaver, tailor, butcher, shoemaker, and so forth; and, in the age of stock companies, as the present may be called, an individual may be said, in one sense, to exercise the same plurality of trades. In fact, a man who has dipt largely into these speculations, may combine his own expenditure with the improvement of his own income, just like the ingenious hydraulic machine, which, by its very water, raises its own supplies of water; such a person buys his bread from his own Baking Company, his milk and cheese from his own Dairy Company, takes off a new coat for the benefit of his Clothing Company, illu minates his house to advance his own Gas Establishment, and drinks an additional bottle of wine for the benefit of the General Wine Importation Company. Every act which would otherwise be one of mere extravagance, is to such a person, seasoned with the odor lucri, and recon ciled to prudence. Even if the price of the article consumed be extravagant, and the quality indifferent, the person, who is in a manner his own customer, is only im posed upon for his own benefit. Nay, if the Joint Stock Company of Undertakers shall unite with the Medical Faculty, as proposed by the late facetious Dr. G. under the firm of Death and the Doctor, the shareholder might contrive to secure to his heirs a handsome share his own death-bed and funeral expenses.” NEWSPAPERS. can distort another like a fit of the spasm; If, can make A newspaper is so true a type of the caprice and levity some cry, while suppose, makes others laugh; and a Englishmen, that it may be styled their Coat of Arms. Whereas, is like an electrical shock; and though it often The Turkish Koran is not half so sacred to a rigid Maho- runs to the extremity of the kingdom, in unison with the etan, a parish dinner to an Overseer, a turtle feast to an rest, they altogether form a very agreeable mixture. But derman, or an election to a Freeholder, as a Gazette is particular and domestic occurrences form a very essential an English Quidnunc. If this informs him of a naval part of this folio: thus a marriage hurts an old maid, mament, he toasts the Admirals in half-pints apiece, mortifies a young one, while it consoles a poor dejected ishes them success, gets drunk with loyalty, and goes to husband, who is secretly pleased to find another is fallen ed with his head full of seventy fours, sixty-fours, frigates, into his case:-a death, it of a wife, makes husbands envy ransports, fire ships! But a newspaper, whose contents the widower; while, perhaps, some of the women, who are not sanctioned by authority, is necessarily so much censure his want of decent sorrow, marry him in a more the receptacle of invention; thence we hear-It month after! In fine, every person is put in motion by a said,-A correspondent remarks,-Whereas, &c.-all newspaper. It is a bill of fare, containing all the luxuerve to please, surprise, and inform. We hear, can alter ries, as well as the necessaries, of life. Politics, for man's fase as the weather would a barometer; It is said, instance, have of late been the roast beef of the times; essays the plum-pudding; and poetry the fritters, custard, and all the et cetera of the table, usually denominated trifles. Yet the four winds are not liable to more mutability than the vehicles of these entertainments: for instance; on Monday it is whispered, on Tuesday it is rumoured, on Wednesday it is conjectured, on Thursday it is probable, on Friday it is positively asserted, and on Saturday it is premature. But notwithstanding this, some how or other, all are eventually pleased; for as the affec tions of all are divided among Wit, Anecdote, Poetry, Prices of Stock, the Arrival of Ships, &c. a newspaper in a repository where every one has his hobby horse; with out it, coffee-houses, &c. would be depopulated, and the country villages, the curate, the exciseman, and many others, lose the golden opportunity of appearing as wise as Liverpool, March 1, 1824 QUIDNUNC. Literature, Criticism, &c. AUTHOR OF THE SCOTCH NOVELS. "Sir Walter Scott has had these famous novels thrust ductions must, before their admission on the crowded stage, upon him, and although hedisowns the bantling, still will the have passed the ordeal of unprejudiced criticism; but if, after town father it upon him. There is horrid affectation in the idea of "The Great Unknown!" but circumstances have this, they are condemned by the many-headed multitude. fixed it, to a certainty, on an Ex-Professor, a man of (and when could this epithet be so well applied to the multiIn a late number of The British Lion it was asserted, novels in question, and who, when in the shade of con- critic) he escapes half the pain, by standing behind the high intellect, capable of writing things far beyond the tude as now, when every man is a reader, and every reader a as if for the first time, that Dr. Greenfield is the author cealment, got a livelihood by the press. From the period curtain: if they are applauded, he is sure, that, in this inof the Scotch novels. Just five years since we pub- of his disappearing from Edinburgh, branded with the lished, we believe, all that could be said on the sub-name of a Corydon, to that of these novels being pub- stance, the world cannot be bestowing empty and merely ject of the author of Waverley, &c.; and we have lished, he lived in great mediocrity; but on their suc- complimentary praise, since it is on one whom they know never abandoned the opinion, that, whatever share Sir ceeding so amply, his appearance and fortunes altered. not; and, if his little bark of fame should set sail with Walter Scott may have in editing, revising, embellishing, cloud is alluded to, and an idea of his reappearing is of neglect by the blast of popular disapprobation, secure In some of the prefatory addresses, his being under a prosperous omen, and afterwards be cast on the sand-bank or adding to these celebrated works, he is not their bona hinted at, (this we doubt.) There is a chain of unbroken fide author. Such of our readers as have access to the circumstances and evidence to corroborate what we here on land, he expects, with less concern, the swelling billow It may be, that the celebrated Borderer takes the which may bear it again to the ocean. volumes of the Kaleidoscope, and feel any interest in the state. It is not improbable that these considerations may have matter, may find the most ample discussion of this dis- practical part of the work, or gives the fine, rich, and puted point in our first volume, by consulting the follow-lowing tints of his pencil. But we boldly and fearlessly tempted the launch from shore of the little skiff of ing pages,-41, 57, 73, 121, 133, 140, 404. For our own parts, we cannot believe Sir Walter Scott to be the actual writer of the novels ascribed to him-for two reasons. In the first place, we do not believe that he is so marvellously destitute of vanity, or rather, we should say, of honest pride, as to forego the high honour which all the civilized world associate with the works in question. We cannot believe this, unless there were something in the works themselves, as in those of the celebrated Junius, which rendered concealment absolutely necessary to the security, the liberty, or the life of the writer. It is impossible to assign any sufficient, or even plausible reason, why the author of Waverley should shrink from public recognition, unless there were some stain upon his character which would associate disgrace with his name. In such a predicament precisely stands one individual to whom the Scotch Novels have been ascribed; and that individual we believe to be The Great Unknown. Those who, without hesitation, pronounce Sir Walter Scott to be the writer of the popular works in question, ought to recollect that the author of Marmion, not only never insinuated that he was the author of the Scotch Novels, but has, on more occasions than one, actually disclaimed them; and in one instance, too, in the presence of his Sovereign." ask The Great Unknown if his name be not Greenfield? Correspondence. MODERN WRITERS. TO THE EDITOR. SIR,-"Semper ego auditor tantum?" is a question which many a man puts to himself at the present day, who, in former times, would have been contented to keep his ignorance at least from the public view by holding his tongue, or rather withholding his pen. This is indeed the Age of Authors, who do not now wait for the inspiration of the Muses, or for new discoveries in philosophy which demand investigation; the resolution "I will write" is first made; "what shall I write about?" is an after consideration. The extent of the productions may likewise be suited to the extent of the genius. Prodigious talents may introduce to the world a ponderous folio, while the less powerful mind may unfold itself in a page and a half of a magazine. Thus every new subject is eagerly devoured by hungry authors, whether their appetite be for fame or food, while their ingenuity is often displayed by their attempts to place old subjects in new lights, and as every description of writing is forced upon the public, this has not unaptly been styled the Age of Brass. We learn also by the Dublin Morning Register, that when Sir Walter Scott lately visited the library adjoining St. Patrick's Cathedral, the deputy librarian, who happens to be a collegian, in the course of conversation with the Tom Lightwit is one of those would-be-literary men who reputed author of Waverley, said, "Oh, Sir Walter, do are perpetually meeting with disappointments: filling sheets, you know that it is only lately I have had time to get ay, and quires of paper, with what no one has a chance of through your Redgauntlet." To which Sir Walter re-reading, he sends the frothy overflowings of his disturbed plied Sir, I never met with such a book." The li- brain for insertion in the magazines of the day, and is conbrarian stood rebuked, and said nothing. Now, upon the tinually mortified to see, in their "notice to corresponsupposition that the northern Baronet is the writer of the dents," that "T. L.'s communication is quite thrown works ascribed to him, and that he wishes to remain un- away upon us,' ,"" T. L.'s Ode contains rhyme without reaknown, we can readily conceive other modes of evading son," or "We would advise T. L. to make his bow to the inquiry, more candid, and less objectionable, than flatly Muses for ever," and such like agreeable information. Yet denying the truth. Sir Walter might decline answering he is not discouraged, and threatens the world with a neat any questions on the subject, and leave those who made duodecimo, to be entitled Rejected Articles, and argues what he conceived impertinent inquiries to draw their own that it will be sure to succeed as well as the Rejected Adinferences from his silence. dresses, particularly if he affixes some humorous signature (for that is the order of the day) such as Scribbleton, Sketchford, or Moses Mawkish. No advice will restrain his eagerness for authorship; it is his theme by day, and his constant dream by night. Alas! poor fellow, he is too far gone in literary lunacy. Let some compassionate hand conduct him to the hospitable of incurables. We have heard it contended as triumphant and unanswerable circumstantial evidence, that the rapid accumulation of Sir Walter Scott's fortune can only be accounted for on the supposition that he derives ample emoluments from some richer source than his own profession; but this conjecture has very little weight with us, for this very obvious reason :-if Dr. Greenfield be the author of the works under consideration, and Sir Walter Scott only their literary foster father, vested with discretional editorial rights, and full powers to make all financial arrangements with the printers, publishers, and booksellers, it is not impossible, or very improbable, that he receives, by stipulation, a large moiety of the profits of the literary works, which, under his auspices, have acquired almost unprecendented popularity. The following is the paragraph from the British Lion, which occasioned the preceding remarks. * See Kaleidoscope, vol. 1, page 57. AN ADVENTURER. "It is a curious fact, though not generally known," say the London papers, "that the popular superstition of overturning the salt at table being unlucky, arises from the picture of the Last Supper, by Leonardo de Vinci, in Now it happens that the Romans, fifteen hundred years which Judas Iscariot is represented overturning the salt." before this said Leonardo de Vinci was born, entertained the same superstitious notions respecting salt. The following corroboration of the fact is copied from D'Amay on the salt as a sacred thing, and placed little images upon the Manners of the Romans:-" The Romans looked upon table near it, and esteemed it a bad omen if the salt was either forgotten or spilt."-Edits. Mercury. ing horses is increasing in a most unprecedented manner. English Horses.-The demand in France for English ridFor two months past, there have been daily arrivals at a restaurateur's, in London, of French horse-dealers, who have come hither for the express purpose of purchasing riding and cabriolet horses.-London paper.--English horses have always been in great demand in France. In one of the books of French phraseology there is the following compliment paid to the breed: Les chevaux Anglois sont les plus recherchés pour la chasse, par leur haline, leur force, leur hardiesse, et la légèreté avec laquelle its franchissent les haies, les fossés, et les burrières.”—Edits. Mercury. Botanical Rarity.-Several plants of the double white hepatica are now in full bloom, in the garden of Mr. Banplant, and it has long been the desideratum of most lovers nerman, of Walton. Very few persons possess this very rare of choice flowers.-A specimen is now in our possession.--Edit. Kai. To Correspondents. THE TEMPLE OF VESTA. We thank a friend for the copy of GERMAN NOVEL.-An intelligent correspondent has promised But to return to those writers who do appear before the awful tribunal of the public. Besides the solid benefits which accrue to the mercenary, and the chaplet of fame which urges on the ambitious author, there is, certainly, a secret pleasure, however insignificant it may be, which arises to the anonymous contributor to periodical works SIR WALTER SCOTT AND THE SCOTCH NOVELS-The editorial who has neither of these inducements. His little pro There is no doubt but that these attempts are frequently most unsuccessful. I have lately seen poetry defined, in one torted from its proper meaning; and arguments were brought forward in both cases. paragraph on this subject, in the preceding column, has so much exceeded the intended limits, that we have been obliged to withdraw, for this week, some communications we had prepared in the type, including that of Nathan Printed, published, and sold, EVERY TUESDAY, bf E. SMITH & CO. 75, Lord-street, Liverpool. This familiar Miscellany, from which religiousand politicalmatters are excluded, contains a variety of originalandselected Articles; comprehending Literature, Criticism, Men and Manners, Ca. Booksellers; E. Marl- Bristol-Hillyard & Morborough, Ave-Maria-lane; gan; J. Norton; T.C. Smith, 36, St. James- Burnkey-T. Sutcliffe; street. Burslem-S. Brougham; Bury-J. Kay; Carlisle J. Jollie; Cheltenhm-G.A. Williams; Chester-R. Taylor; Achborne, Derb.-W. Hoon; At-T.Cunningham; Bath-Mrs. Meyler; Biten-S. Bassford; Herningham-R. Wrightson; Chorley-R. Parker; No. 266.-Vol. VI. The Traveller. Congleton-J. Parsons; Hanley-T. Allbut; Mottram-R. Wagstaff; TUESDAY, AUGUST 2, 1825. shore, when vessels of two or three hundred tons burthen | have been considered in imminent danger. Their honesty, which is exemplified in many instances, appears to arise {WAlten expressly for the Kaleidoscope by one of our Readers, now from apathy; and, if the remaining few possessed suffi residing at St. Andrew's, New Brunswick.] NEW BRUNSWICK. TO THE EDITOR. The province of New Brunswick is situated at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and connected with that of Nova Sestis by an isthmus about twenty miles wide, which forms its eastern boundary. It is bounded on the north-east by Canada, and on the west by the United States. By the last census it contains 80,000 inhabitants. New Brunswick was constituted a distinct province from that of Nova Scotia about the year 1784. The first General Assembly of its legislature was held at St. John's, in 1786. The inhabitants, at this period, were principally refugees, who Bed from the United States at the commencement of the Revolution; and numbers made large sacrifices to preserve, inviolate, those principles in which they had been educated. The soil is generally of a good quality, a great portion of it free from stone, is easily tilled, and very productive. The forests are composed of beech, elm, oak, black, white, and yellow birch, larch, hacmetac or juniper, cedar, hemlock, and fir. The temperature, or rather the intemperature, is the most equivocal of any part of the world. The following medium meteorological will give an idea of the great changes to which it has been subject: Year: | Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug-Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 143027 533 26 42 549 637 €64 057 75 37 75 48 019 0 25 75 14427319 633 038 047 7556 062 059 955 944 09 23 28 75 128 134 3/24 8/25 75/38 038 053 75 31 75 34 562 25 48 041 5 28 25 19 3 9.23 S The aborigines were Indians, similar to those found in other parts of North America. They are generally indolent, and wander from one part of the country to the other, in all the abjectness of deplorable stupidity. The attempts to improve their condition have not only been abortive, but productive of evil, by lessening their little energy, and teaching them to expect, by begging, what they ought to obtain by common industry. They are all of the Roman Catholic persuasion; extremely bigotted and superstitious. Their priests have an ascendancy over them which checks, in some measure, their propensity to strong drink. Through the medium of these persons, who are actively intelligent, ought, certainly, all benefits, or that may be intended as such, to be conveyed to them. Their ingenuity is nearly limited to the composition of trifing articles of bark and porcupines' quills. Much art is, however, displayed in the construction and manage their canoes. The writer bas seen them ride out the heaviest gales in perfect safety, several leagues from the ment cient activity to follow their brethren to the less-frequented wilds of Labradore, Canada, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, the province would be altogether relieved of a useless, idle, filthy race, whose disposition to ramble, and distaste to all social comforts and civilized life, forms a prominent trait in their characters. One instance, alone, will show the impossibility of enticing the Indians to any plan suggested by our ideas of decency and comfort. The Government of Massachusetts (contiguous, to the State of Maine, which adjoins this province) granted to about fifty families, under the immediate inspection of a respectable missionary, 200 acres of excellent land, improved for their use; and, as a further inducement, built them a chapel. Ten years did this people hold their fair possessions, witnessing the progress of the surrounding settlers, from poverty to respectable ease, without the least effort to benefit by their example. These, their characteristic traits, are unalterable. They hunt, clothe, and build, the same as usual; and, I believe, not one of them ever exhibited the least disposition to the mechanical arts. The banks opposite the shore abound in excellent fish; cod, hallibut, polluch, and various others. Fredericton, the capital, is situated about ninety miles up the river St. John, the largest river in the province. The city of St. John, at its mouth, is a fine growing town, containing about 9,000 inhabitants. It stands on an irregular descent, with a southern aspect; and, on entering the river, presents an agreeable and imposing appearance. Patridge Island, two miles southward of the city, answers the double purpose of protecting the harbour, and (by its light-house) guiding the mariner to his place of destination. The lantern is 120 feet above the sea level, and the light is tolerably good. The river branches many hundred miles, zig-zag, through a country abounding in excellent timber, coal, limestone, and other minerals, with lands favourable to agriculture,-resources that will, if properly managed, enrich the city and increase its consequence. Fifty thousand barrels of salmon and herrings have been taken and cured here in one season. These productions are chiefly exported to the West India islands, in exchange for rum, sugar, molasses, &c. Saint Andrew's is a small neat town, within a mile and a half of the United States. It contains 2300 inhabitants, who are loyal and enterprising. Ship-building, the exportation of boards, planks, timber, and other productions of the country, is their chief employment. Petitions, praying that restrictions may be taken off the staple articles of trade, have recently been forwarded to his Majesty's Government in England, which, if complied with, will confer prosperity on the exertions of an industrious and deserving people. At the erection of this province Thomas Carleton, Esq. was appointed Captain General and Governor in Chief. Sir Guy Carleton (since Lord Dorchester) having been appointed Governor of this and the adjacent provinces, in May, 1786, the said Thomas Carleton, Esq. was appointed Lieutenant Governor. Since that period, the following gentlemen have administered the Government : Gabriel Ludlow, Esq. ...................................... 1803 to 1808 Edward Winslow, Esq. ..........................................1808 Major-General Martin Hunter ............1808 Major-General Geo. Stracey Smyth......1812 Major-General Sir Thos. Saumerer ......1813 Major-General Geo. Stracey Smyth,......1814 Lieut.-Col. Harris William Hailes .....1816 Major-General Geo. Stracey Smyth......1817 Ward Chipman, Esq. John Murray Bliss, Esq...... ...........1824 until the arrival, in August, 1824, of his present Excellency Major-General Sir Howard Douglas, who is now in the administration of this Government. The fondest hopes have been cherished by this most judicious appointment. On his arrival in the province every heart was dilated with gratitude towards his Majesty's Government for its wis dom in selecting an amiable and competent gentleman for this important administration, Suffice it to say, the best anticipations were more than realised; and Sir Howard reigns in the hearts of his people. The taste for literature is daily increasing. A handsome grant was recently made from his Majesty's casual revenu towards the support of a college, which is to be erected in Fredericton. This grant has met with co-operation by another, from the legislative Government here. The appointment of the clergy and their salaries (at least such as belong to the Established Church of England) rests with the "Society for promoting Christian knowledge in foreign parts." Some few have been graduated at King's College, in Nova Scotia; some are itinerant; and there are few parishes but derive benefit from their ministry. The Scotch clergy are respectable, and ably supported. There are five papers published in this colony. The Royal Gazette, the St. Andrew's Herald, the Star, the Courier, and the City Gazette. The subscribers to them daily increase; and a general wish is displayed to procure the local newspapers. The commerce of the country is fast increasing. Prosperity, which, for a while, had taken its departure, again • With the exception of the time he was absent in Nova Scotia, in the military command there, during which the Government devolved, by the Royal instructions, upon the officer commanding the troops for the time being, and was administered as follows:-By Lieut.-Col. Geo. Johnston, from Dec. 1808, to April, 1809. Major-Gen. Wm. Balfour, from 11ta The harbour of St. Andrew's is well calculated for the Sept. 1812, to 14th of Nov. in the same year. Ports. Saint John's Miramichi Saint Peter's Richibucto.... Shediac Restigouche Dorchester... Saint Andrew's.. INWARDS. No. of Vessels. Tons. Men. OUTWARDS. 830 86... 17,460 No. of Vessels. Tons. Men. 208 121 1. My much beloved son! hear me! Use no violence towards your people. Love others, and you shall be loved. You will then be able to do that which it would be impossible to accomplish if you were hated. 2. Let your answers be neither severe nor haughty, but obliging and honest. It costs little, my son, to speak with mildness; and proud threats are of no avail. 3. Labour with zeal and application to acquire knowledge. but only to know your faults, and to correct them. Do not be anxious to become learned, for the sake of vanity; The authors of that period compare the monarch's court The other productions of the Marquis of Santillana are, to that of Apollo. The King himself was a great favour-A Treatise on Favourites, called Doctrina de Privador, ite of the Muses, and a tolerable judge of poetic merit. a Poem on the Creation of the World; another upon the He understood the Latin so far as to speak it with fluency: combat between the Genoese and the Combined Fleets of he delighted in the conversation of learned men, and he Arragon and Navarre, in 1485; a collection of Spanish encouraged all in whom he could discern the germ of lite- proverbs; and, lastly, a very interesting Letter forming rary talent. But notwithstanding these great qualities, part of a correspondence with the Grand Constable of Por he had the weakness to be governed by favourites. This tugal, D. Pedro, son of the Infant D. Pedro, Duke of weakness attracted the hatred of his subjects, who carried Coimbra. The Marquis in this letter describes the then their animosity so far as to assassinate, at Valladolid, Don existing state of Spanish literature, and mentions the men who cultivated it. Among them were,-Fernan Perez de Gusman, Alfonso Alvarez de Illescas, Francisco Imperial, Fernan Sanchez de Talavera, D. Pedro Velaz de Gué vara, Juan de Gayoso, Alfonso de Moravan, and many others, whose names only are now remembered. But we will confine ourselves to the writers of the first class, containing all those who have exercised a direct influence over the progress of literature. Alvar de Luna, one of his intimate friends. We will say no more of the Marquis of Villena, who died about the middle of this reign, but whose literary career terminated at the end of the fourteenth century. He had the wisdom to pass his old age in retirement and in silence. We will confine ourselves to the court of John the Second, where all the nobles were proud to imitate the example of their sovereign. Perez de Gusman, Lord of Batres, is the first who merits notice. He was both an historian and a poet. The printed Cancioneros are full of his productions, some of which are to be found in the manuscript of John Alfonso de Baena. He was author of a poem entitled, Las Sententias, y Coplas de bien vivir, printed at Lisbon in 1564. He published the chronicle of King John, and wrote, in prose, the lives of all those men who, in this reign, distinguished themselves either in West India goods, and bread stuffs imported into the Pro-panoles, is much esteemed. By his example Fernan del arms or in learning. This work, called Claros varones Es The work which the Marquis of Santillana had studied with the greatest care, and by which he had acquired that elevation of style and thought, that free and energetic manner with which he enriches his language, was the Divina Comedia of Dante, the happy effects of which we have already had occasion to remark. The first Castilian wri ters were formed on a diligent study of this Italian poet, and they professed such a regard for him that they most zealous partizans of this school. All the illus were called Dantistas. The Marquis was one of the trious personages of the time, as well as the Constable of Portugal, were anxious to carry on a literary corres pondence with him. The Imperial Library of France possesses several letters written by his hand. He died in Gusman had for a contemporary the illustrious D. Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, Marquis of Santillana, who was born in 1898. This nobleman was less remarkable for the great-1458, carrying with him the regret of every one who was ness of his name than for his profound knowledge, and for his military, political, philosophical, and literary occupations. The most considerable of his printed works is a book of proverbios, written in redondillos, for the amusement of King John the Second, and the instruction of his son D. Henry, of Castile, who succeeded him under the name of Heery the Fourth. This book, like that of Solomon, Account of timber, boards, and plank, exported from the whom the Marquis imitated, contains the soundest lessons One word about the jurisprudence. The Court of Chancery is composed of the Governor for the time being, and the Governor's Council. The Supreme Court is composed, at present, of five Judges, appointed by the Crown, as in England, during life. This tribunal is held at Fredericton. Circuits are made in the county of St. John twice annually, in every other county once. The County Courts are constituted of the local magistrates, and are amenable, by the several writs of Certiorari, Error, and Habeas Corpus, to the Supreme Court. The dernier resort is to his Majesty in Council. Your's, &c. PASSAMAQUODDY. St. Andrew's, N. B. June, 1825. of morality and policy. The three following stanzas give 1. Hijo mio mucho amado, No contrastes a las gentes Ama y seras amado Hazer lo que no haras Y sea la repuesta tal No turca ni soberviosa, O hijo, quan poco cuesta 3. Inquiese con gran cuydado Con estudio y diligencia Non codicies ser ledrado Mas sciente reprehensor acquainted either with himself or with his talents. The famous John de Ména, of whom we shall soon speak, composed, on this occasion, a poem called Coronacion, in which he represents himself as having been transported to Parnassus, and having there seen the Muses and Virtues crowning the Marquis with laurels. He pays him with as much justice as elegance the several tributes of praise which were due to him as a philosopher, a poet, a warrior, and a Christian. The first Duke of Infantado was son to the Marquis of Santillana. He ordered in his will that all the works of his father, as well as his library, should remain in the family as unalienable property, and should be preserved in the palace of Guadalaxara, where it is said a valuable collection of manuscripts still remains. MILTON'S TREATISE ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. A posthumous Treatise on Religion, by Milton, has re cently been discovered in the State Paper Office, and has excited much attention amongst the literati and theologists of the day. The original, which is written entirely in Latin, is supposed to be in the hand-writing of one of the poet's daughters, of whom it is recorded, that he brought her up in the knowledge of Latin and Greek. It is fortunate for the literature of our country that Milton found an amanuensis in the domestic circle of his family; for, as this and others of his celebrated productions were com posed after the loss of his sight, the rich current of his thoughts might not otherwise have come down to posterity. It appears evident that this work was intended by its author to be a posthumous publication. The ill odour into which the late Protector's secretary naturally fell, upon the restoration of royalty, is sufficient to account for Milton's reluctance to bring himself into public notice by challenging attention to a controversial work of this |