mirable Ufe in the Animal World, is the Work of God. And this will appear, let the fubject Matter of Sounds be what it will, either the Atmosphere (26) in grofs, or the æthereal Part thereof, or foniferous Particles of Bodies, as fome fancy, or what

Speaking-Trumpet,

For the Make of the Speaking Trumpit, and the Reason why it magnifies Sounds, 1 fhall refer to Kircher; epecially to Sir Samuel Morland's Tuba Stentorophonica, Published in 1672nd Kircher faith, he took one of thefe Trumpets of fifteen, Palms length, along with him to the Mons Euftachianus, where he con vocated 2200 Perfons ro Prayers, by means of the unufual Sound, at two, three, four, and five Italian Miles diftance.andai

With there Bellowing Trumpets, thall join fome Bellowing Caves for the Reader's, Diverfion. Ol. Magnus defcribes a Cave in Finland, near Piburg, called Smellen, into which, if a Dog, or other living Creature be call, it fends forth fo dreadful a Sound, that knocks down every one near it. For which reafon they have guarded the Cave with high Walls, to prevent the Mifchiefs of its Noife. Vid. Ol. Magn..Hiftor. 1. 11. c. 4. Such another Peter Martyr faith is in Hifpaniela, which, with a small Weight caft into it, endangers Deafnefs at five Miles diftance. And in Switzerland, Kircher faith, in the Cucumer-Mountain is a Pit that fends out both a dreadful Noife and a great Wind therewith, and that there is a Well in his Country 300 Palms deep, whofe Sound is equal to that of a great Gun. Vid. Kirch. Phonurg.

Ol. Magnus fpeaking of the vaft high Mountains of a Northern Province, call'd Angermannia faith, Ubi bafes eorum in profundiffi mo gurgite ftantes, cafu aliquo, vel propofito Nauta accefferint, tantum horrorem ex alta fluctuum collifione percipiunt, ut nifi precipiti rèmigio, aut valido vento evaferint, folo pavore ferè exanimes fiant, multoque dierum curriculo, ob capitis turbationem, priftine mentis, &fanitatis compotes vix evadant. Habent bafes illorum montium in fluctuum ingreffu & regreffu tortuofas rimas, five foiffuras, fatis ftupendo natura opificio fabricatas, in quibus longa voragine formidabilis ille Sonitus quafi fubterraneum tonitru generatur. Ol Magn. 1.2. c. 4. See alfo Chap. 12.

(26) That the Air is the Subject, or Medium of Sound, is manifeft from the Experiments in rarefed and condensed Air. In an unexhaufted Receiver, a fmall Bell may be heard at the diftance of fome Paces; but when exhausted, it can scarce be heard at the neareft diftance: And if the Air be compieffed,

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Book IV. whatever else the Philofopher may think it. For who but an intelligent Being, what lefs than an Omnipotent, and infinitely Wife God could contrive,

and

the Sound will be louder, proportionably to the Compreffion, or Quantity of Air crouded in, as I have often tried my self, and may be further seen in Mr. Hawksbee's curious Experiments, p. 97. Alfo his Experiments in Phil. Tranf. Nr. 321.

Neither doth this fucceed only in forced Rarefactions and Condensations of the Air, but in fuch also as are natural; as is evident from David Froedtichius in Varenius, upon the highest Eminencies of Carpathus, near Kesmarckt in Hungary. The Story of Frædlichius is this, Ego Menfe Junii 1615. tum adolefcens, fubLimitatem horum montium, cum duobus comitibus Scholaribus, experiri volens, ubi, cum in prime rupis vertice, magno labore, me fummum terminum affecutum effe putarem, demum fefe obtulit alia multo altior cautes, ubi pervafta eaque vacillantia faxá (quorum unum, fi loco à viatore dimovetur aliquot centena -rapit, & quidem tanto cum fragore, ut illi metuendum fit, ne totus Mons corruat, eumque obruat) enixus effem, iterum alia fublimior prodiit, &c. donec fummo vita periculo ad fupremum cacumen penetraverim. Ex declivioribus montibus cum in fubjectas valles, -nil nifi obfcuram noctem, aut caruleum quid, inftar profundi aeris, quod vulgo fudum calum a pellatur, obfervare potui, mihique videbar, fi de monte caderem, non in terram, fed rectè in folum me prolapfurum. Nimiâ enim declivitate, species vifibiles, extenuata & hebetata fuerunt. Eum verò altiorem montem peterem, quafi intra nebulas denfiffimas harebam---- Et cùm non procul à fummo vertice effem de fublimi quiefcens profpexi & animadverti iis in locis, ubi mihi antea videbar intra nebulas hafiffe, compactas atque albas fefe movere nubes, fupra quas, per aliquot milliaria, & ultra terminos Sepufi commodus mihi profpectus patuit. Alias tamen etiam nubes altiores, alias item humiliores, necnon quafdam æqualiter à terra diftantes vidi. Atque hinc tria intellexi, 1. Me tum tranfivisse principium media Aeris regionis. 2. Diftantiam nubium à terra, non effe aqualem. 3. Diftantiam nubium -non 72 Mill. Ger. ut quidam -fed tantum dimidiatum Mill. Ger. In fummum montis verticem cum pervenissem, adeò tranquillum & fubtilem aerem ibi offendi, ut ne pili quidem motum fentirem, cum tamen in depreffioribus ventum vehementem expertus fim: unde collegi summum cacumen iftius montis Carpathici ad Mill. Germ. à radicibus fuis imis exfurgere, & ad fupremam ufque aeris regionem, ad quam Venti non afcendunt, pertingere. Exploft in eâ fummitate Sclope

and make fuch a fine Body, fuch a Medium, fo susceptible of every Impreffion, that the Senfe of

tum quod non majorem fonitum primo pra fe tulit, quam fi ligillum vel bacillum confregiffem; poft intervallum autem temporis murmur prolixum invaluit, inferiorefque montis partes, convalles & Sylvas opplevit. Defcendendo per nives annofas intrà convalles, cum iterum Sclopetum exonerarem, major & horribilior fragor, quam ex tormento capaciffimo inde exoriebatur: hinc verebar ne totus mons concuffus mecum corrueret: duravitque hic fonus per femiquadrantem hora ufque dum abfirufiffimas cavernas penetraffet, ad quas aer undiq; multiplicatus refiliit.In his celfis montibus, plerumq; ning it grandinatve media aftate, quoties nempe in fubjectâ & vicina planitie pluit, uti hoc ipfum expertus fum. Nives diverforum annorum ex colore & cortice duriore dignofci poffunt. Varen. Geogr. Gen. 1. 1. c. 19. Prop. ult.

The Story being diverting, and containing divers things remarkable, I have chofen to note the whole of it (altho' somewhat long) rather than fingle out the Paffages only, which relate to the diminishing the Sound of his Pistol, by the rarity of the Air, at that great Afcent up into the Atmosphere; and the magnifying the Sound by the Polyphonisms or Repercuffions of the Rock, Caverns, and other Phonocamptick Objects below in the Mount.

But 'tis not the Air alone that is capable of the Impreffions of Sound, but the Water also, as is manifeft by striking a Bell under Water, the Sound of which may plainly enough be heard, but it is much duller and not fo loud and it is alfo a Fourth deeper, by the Ear of fome great Judges in Musical Notes, who gave me their Judgments in the matter. But Merfenne faith, a Sound made under Water, is of the fame Tone or Note, if heard under Water; as are alfo Sounds made in the Air, when heard under Water. Vid. Merfen. Hydraul.

Having mentioned the hearing of Sounds under Water, there is another Curiosity worth mentioning, that alfo farther proves Water to be fuceptible of the Impreffions of Sound, viz. Divers at the bottom of the Sea, can hear the Noifes made above, only confufedly. But, on the contrary, thofe above cannot hear the Divers below. Of which an Experiment was made, that had like to have been fatal: one of the Divers blew an Horn in his Diving-Bell, at the bottom of the Sea; the Sound whereof (in that compreffed Air) was fo very loud and irkfome, that ftunned the Diver, and made him fo giddy, that he had like to have dropt out of his Bell, and to have been drowned. Vid. Sturmii Colleg. Cur. Vol. 2. Tentam. ș.

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Book IV. Hearing hath occafion for, to empower all Animals to exprefs their Senfe and Meaning to others; to make known their Fears their Wants, their Pains and Sorrows in melancholick Tones; their Joys and Pleafures in more harmonious Notes; to fend their Minds at great Diftances (27), in a fhort time (28), in loud Boations; or to express their Thoughts near at hand with a gentle Voice, or in fecret

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(27) As to the Distance to which Sound may be fent, having fome doubt, whether there was any Difference between the Northern and Southern Parts; by the Favour of my learned and illuftrious Friend Dr. Newton, Her Majefty's late Envoy at Florence. I procured fome Experiments to be made for me in Italy. His moft Serene Highness the Great Duke, was pleafed to order great Guns to be fir'd, for this purpose, at Florence, and Perfons were appointed on purpofe to obferve them at Leghorne which they compute is no less than 55 Miles in a ftraight Line But notwithstanding the Countrey between be fomewhat hilly and woody, and the Wind alfo was not favouring, only very calm and ftill, yet the Sound was plainly enough heard. Ard they tell me, that the Leg borne Guns are often heard 66 Miles off, at Porto Ferraio; that when the French bombarded Genoa, they heard it hear Leghorne go. Miles diftant, and in the Messina Infurrection, the Guns were heard from thence as far as Augufta and Syracufe, about 100 ItaLian Miles. These Distances being fo confiderable, give me reafon to fufpect, that Sounds fly as far, or nearly as far in the Southern, as in the Northern Parts of the World, notwithstanding we have a few Inftances of Sounds reaching farther Distances. As Dr. Hearn tells us of Guns fired at Stockholm in 1685. that were heard 180 English Miles. And in the Dutch War, 1672, the Guns were heard above zoo Miles. Vid. Phil. Trans Nr. 113. Alfo there is this farther Reason of Sufpicion, that the Mercury in the Barometer rifeth higher without than within the Tropicks and the more Northerly, ftill the higher; which may encrease the Strength of Sounds, by Note 26.

(28) As to the Velocity of Sounds, by reafon the most celebrated Authors differ about it, I made divers nice Experiments my felf, with good Inftruments; by which I found, 1. That there is fome, although a small Difference in the Velocity of Sounds with or against the Wind; which alfo is, 2. Augmented or diminished by the Strength or Weakness of the Wind. But

that

135 fecret Whispers! And to fay no more, who lefs than the fame moft wife and indulgent Creator, could form fuch an OEconomy, as that of Melody and mufick is! That the Medium fhould (as I faid) fo readily receive every Impreffion of Sound, and convey the melodious Vibration of every mufical String, the harmonious Pulfes of every animal Voice, and of every mufical Pipe; and the Ear be as well adapted and ready to receive all these Impreffiors, as the Medium to convey them: And laftly, that by means of the curious Lodginent and Inofculations of the Auditory Nerves before-mentioned, the Orgafmes of the Spirits fhould be allayed, and Perturbations of the Mind, in a great measure quieted, and ftilled (29): Or to express it in the Words

that nothing else doth accelerate or retard it, not the Differences of Day or Night, Heat or Cold, Summer or Winter, Cloudy or Clear, Barometer high or low, c. 3. That all kinds of Sounds have the fame Motion, whether they be loud or languid, of Bells, Guns, great or fmall, or any other fonorous Body. 4. That they fly equal Spaces in equal Times. Fifthly and laftly, That the Mean of their Flight is at the Rate of a Mile in 91 Halffeconds, or 1142 Feet in one Second of Time. Vid. Phil. Trans. Ibid.

(29) Timothy a Mufician could excite Alexander the Great to Arms with the Phrygian Sound, and allay his Fury with another Tone, and excite him to Merriment. So Ericus King of Denmark, by a certain' Mùsician could be driven to fuch a Fury, as to Kill fome of his best and most trufty Servants. More of this Power of Mufick over the Affections may be feen in Ath. Kirch. Phonurg. L. 2. Sect. 1. Alfo in If. Voffius de Poematum cantu, Rythmi viribus.

And not only upon the Affections, but alfo on the Parts of the Body, Mufick is able to exert its Force, as appears from the Gascoigne Knight, Cui Phormingis fono audito Vefica ftatim ad Urinam reddendam vellicabatur. "Such another we have in A. 1. Ephem. Nat. Curiof. Obferv. 134. Alfo Morhoff de Scyph. vitr. per cert. human. vocis fonum fracto: where there is not only the Account of the Dutchman at Amfterdam, one Nich. Petter, that brake Romer-Glaffes with the Sound of his Voice; but also di