"Things; therefore as his Face is erect, fo the "Brain is fet in an higher Place, namely, above "the Cerebellum and all the Senfories. But in "Brutes, whofe Face is prone towards the Earth, "and whofe Brain is incapable of Speculation, "the Cerebellum, (whofe Bufinefs it is to minifter to the Actions and Functions of the Pracordia, "the principal Office in thofe Creatures) in them is "a fituated in the higher Place, and the Cerebrum lower. Alfo fome of the Organs of Senfe, as the Ears and Eyes, are placed, if not above the Cerebrum, yet at least equal thereto.

ἐσ

f

Another Convenience in this Pofition of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, the laft ingenious Anatomift (4) tells us is this, "In the Head of Man, faith he, the Base of the Brain and Cerebell, yea, "of the whole Skull, is fet parallel to the Horizon; ແ by which Means there is the lefs Danger of the

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two Brains joggling, or flipping out of their "Place. But in Quadrupeds, whofe Head hangs down, the Bafe of the Skull makes a right Angle with the Horizon, by which Means the "Brain is undermoft, and the Cerebell upper"moft; fo that one would be apt to imagine the "Cerebell fhould not be fteady, but joggle out "of its Place. To remedy which Inconvenience "he tells us, And leaft the frequent Concuffions

of the Cerebell fhould caufe a Fainting, or "diforderly Motion of the Spirits about the "Precordia, therefore by the Artifice of Nature, "fufficient Provifion is made in all, by the "dura Meninx clofely encompaffing the Cerebel"lum; befides which, it is (in fone) guarded 65 with

(4) Id. paulo poft. In capite bumanb Cerebri Cerebelli, &c.

Y

"with a strong bony Fence; and in others, as "the Hare, the Coney, and fuch leffer Quadru peds, a part of the Cerebell is on each fide fenced "with the Os petrofum: So that by this double Stay, its whole Mafs is firmly contained within "the Skull.

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Befides thefe Peculiarities, I might take notice' of divers other Things no lefs remarkable, as the Nilitating Membrane of the Eye (5), the different Paffages of the Carotid Arteries (6) through the Skull, their Branching into the Rete Mirabile (7),

the

(5) See Book 4. Ch. 2. Note 33.

(6) Arteria Carotis aliquanto pofterius in homine quam in alio quovis animali, Calvariam ingreditur, feil, juxta illud foramen, per quod finus lateralis in Venam jugularem defiturus cranio elabitur; nam in cæteris hæc arteria fub extremitate, feu proceffu acuto offis petrofi, inter cranium emergit: verum in capite bumano, eadem, ambage longiori circumducta (ut fanguinis torrens, priufquam ad cerebri oram appellit, fracto impetu, lenius & placidius fluar prope fpecum ab ingreffu fimus lateralis factum, Calvaria bafin attingit; in majorem cautelam, tunica infuper afcititia craffiore inveftitur. And fo he goes on to thew the Conveniency of this Guard the Artery bath, and its Paffage to the Brain, and then faith, si bujufmodi conforma tionis ratio inquiritur, facile occurrit, in capite humano, abi generofi affectus, & magni animorum impetus ac ardores excitantur, fanguinis in Cerebri oras appulfum debere effe liberum & expedi tum, &c. Atque hoc quidem refpectu differt Homo a plerifque Brutis, quibus, Arteria in mille furculos divifa, ne fanguinem pleniore aleo, aut citatiore, quam par eft, curfu, ad cerebrum evebat, Plexus Retiformes conflituit, quibus nempe efficitur, in fanguis tardi admodum, lenique & æquabili fere ftillicidio, in cefebrum illabatur. And then he goes on to give a farther Account of this Artery, and the Rete mirabile in divers Creatures. willis ibid. cap. 8.

(7) Galen thinks the Rete mirabile is for concocting and elaborating the Animal Spirits, as the Epididymides, [the Convolutions uporedes taxes] are for elaborating the Seed. De Uf. Part. L. 9. c. 4. This Rete is much more confpicuous in Beafts than Man; and as Dr. Willis well judges, ferves, 1. To bridle the too rapid Incurfion of the Blood

1

the different Magnitude of the Nates, and fome other Parts of the Brain in Beafts, quite different from what it is in Man: But the Touches already given, may be Inftances fufficient to prevent my being tedious in inlarging upon thefe admirable Works of God.

7

FR

CHA P. III.

Of the Necks of QUADRUPEDS.

ROM the Head pafs we to the Neck, no principal Part of the Body, but yet a good Inftance of the Creator's Wifdom and Defign, inafmuch as in Man it is fhort, agreeable to the Erection of his Body; but in the Four-footed Tribe it is long, anfwerable to the Length of the Legs (1); and in fome of thefe long, and lefs

ftrong,

into the Brain of thofe Creatures, whofe Heads hang down much. 2. To feparate fome of the fuperfluous ferous Parts of the Blood, and fend them to the Salival Glands, before the Blood enters the Brain of thofe Animals, whofe Blood is naturally of a watery Conftitution. 3. To obviate any Obftructions. that may happen in the Arteries, by giving a free Paffage through other Veffels, when fome are stopped.

In Quadrupeds, as the Carotid Arteries are branched into the Rete mirabile, for the bridling the too rapid Current of the Blood into the Brain, to the Vertebral Arteries, are, their Entrance into the Skull, bent into an acuter Aar gle than in Man, which is a wife Provision for the fame Purpofe.

(1) It is very remarkable, that in all the Species of Quadrupeds, this Equality holds, except only the Elephant; and that there fhould be a fufficient fpecial Provifion made for that Creature, by its Probafis or Trunk. A Member fo admi rably contrived, fo curioully wrought, and, with fo great Agility and Readiness, applied by that unweild y Crea-,

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ture

ftrong, ferving to carry the Mouth to the Ground; in others fhorter, brawny and ftrong, ferving to dig, and heave up great Burdesns (2).

But that which deferves efpecial Remark, is that peculiar Provifion made in the Necks of all, or moft granivorous Quadrupeds, for the perpetual holding down their Head in gathering their Food, by that ftrong tendinous and infenfible Aponeurofis, or Ligament (3) braced from the Head to the Middle of the Back. By which means the Head, although heavy, may be long held down without any Labour, Pain, or Uneafinefs to the Mufcles of the Neck, that would otherwife be wearied by being fo long put upon the Stretch.

CHA P.

ture to all its feveral Occafions, that I take it to be a manifeft Inftance of the Creator's Workmanship; fee its Anatomy in Dr. A. Moulen's Anat. of the Elephant, p. 33. As alfo in Mr. Blair's Account in Phil. Tranf. No. 326.

· Aliorum ea eft humilitas ut cibum terreftrem roftris facile conringant. Quæ autem altiora funt, ut Anferes, ut Cygni, ut Grues, ut Cameli, adjuvantur proceritate collwum. Manus etiam data Elephantis, quia propter magnitudinem corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad paftum. Cic. de. N. D. L. 2. c. 47.

Quod its animalibus quæ pedes habent fifos in digitos, Collum brevius fit factum, quam ut per ipfum Cibum ori admovere queant: iis vero que ungulas habent folidas, aut bifidas, longius, ut prona atque inclinantia pafci queant. Qui id etiam opus non fit Artificis utilitatis memoris ? Ad hæc quod Grues ac Ciconia, cum crura haberent longiora, ob eam caufam Roftrum etiam magnum, & Collum longius habuerint. Pifces autem neque Collum penitus habuere, utpote qui neque Crura habent. Quo pallo non id etiam eft admirandum ? Galen. de uf. part.

L. II. c. 8.

(2) As in Moles and Swine, in Ch. 2. Note 1.

(3) Called the Whiteleather, Packwax, Taxwax, and Fixfax.

CHA P. IV.

Of the STOMACHS of QUADRUPEDS.

FROM the Neck, let us defcend to the Sto

mach, a Part, as of abfolute Neceflity to the Being, and Well-being of Animals, fo is in the feveral Species of Quadrupeds fized, contrived, and made with the utmoft Variety and Art. (1) What Artift, what Being, but the infinite Confervator of the World, could fo well adapt, every Food to all the feveral Kinds of thofe grand Devourers of it! Who could fo well fute their Stomachs to the Reception and Digeftion thereof; one kind of Stomach to the Carnivorous, another to the Herbaceous Animals; one fitted to digeft by bare Maftication; and a whole fet of Stomachs in others, to digeft with the Help of Rumination! Which laft Act, together with the Apparatus for that Service, is fo peculiar, and withal fo curious an Artifice of Nature, that it might juftly deferve a more particular Enquiry; but having formerly mentioned it (2), and left I fhould be too tedious, I fhall pass it by.

CHAP.

(1) The peculiar Contrivance and Make of the Dromedary's or Camel's Stomach, is very remarkable, which I will give from the Parifian Anatomifts: At the Top of the Second [of the. 4 Ventricles] there were feveral Square Holes, which were the Orifices of about 30 Cavities, made like Sacks placed between the two Membranes, which do compofe the Subflance of this Ventricle. The View of these Sacks mide us to think that they might well be the Refervatories, where Pliny faith, that Camels di a long time keep the Water, which they drink in great Abundanceto Supply the Wants th reof in the dry Defarts, &c. vid. Memoirs, c. Anat. of Dromedary, P. 39. See allo Pejer, Mcrycol. L. 2. c. 3.

(2) Book 4. ch. II.

(1)