they are able to fhift for themfelves. It is admirable to fee with what Diligence and Care the feveral Species of Infects lay up their Eggs or Sperm in their feveral proper Places; not all in the Waters, in Wood, or on Vegetables, but those whofe Subfiftence is in the Waters, (2) in the Water, those to whom Flefh is a proper Food, in Flesh (3); those

to

(2) It would be endless to specify the various Species of Infects, that have their Generation in the Waters. And therefore I fhall only obferve of them. 1. That their Eggs are always laid up with great Care, and in good Order. And alfo, 2. Where proper and fufficient Food is. 3. That in their Nympha-State in the Waters, they have Parts proper for Food and Motion; and in many or most of them, very different from what they have in their Mature State, a manifeft Argument of the Creator's Wisdom and Providence. For an Inftance, fee Note 17.

(3) As Seigneur Redi was one of the firft that made it his Bufinefs to difcard Anomalous Generation, fo he tryed more Experiments relating to the Vermination of Serpents, Flesh, Fifh, putrified Vegetables, and in fhort, whatever was commonly known to be the Nursery of Maggots, more I fay probably, than any one hath done fince. And in all his Obfervations, he conflantly found the Maggots to turn to Aurelia, and these into Flies. But then, faith he, Dubitare cœpi, utrum omne boc vermium in carne genus, ex folò Mufcarum femine, an ex ipfis putrefatis carnibus oriretur, tantoque magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio, quanto in omnibus generationibus fapius videram, in carnibus, antequam verminare inciperent, refediffe ejufdem fpeciei Mufcas, cujus propago poftea nafcebatur. Upon this he tells us, he put Fish, Flefh, c. into Pots, which he covered clofe from the Flies with Paper, and afterwards (for the free Air fake) with Lawn, whilft other Pots were left open, with fuch like Flefh, c. in them; that the Flies were very eager to get into the covered Pots; and that they produced not one Maggot, when the open ones had many. Fr. Redi de Gener. Infect.

A

Among the Infects that come from the Maggots he mentions, he names Culices. Now from the moft critical' Obfervations I have made, I never obferved any fort of Gnat to come from putrified Flefh, Vegetables, or any other thing

he

to whom the Fruits (4) or Leaves of Vegetables are

amaro Food,

he taxeth with them. So that either he means by Culex, fome Fly that we call not by the Name of Gnat; or else their Gnats in Italy, vary in their Generation from ours in England. For among above 30, near 40 diftinct Species of Gnats that I have obferved about the Place where I live, I never found any to lay their Eggs in Flefh, Fish, &c. but the largest Sort called by Aldrovand, Culices maximi, by Swammerdam, Tipula terreftres, lay their Eggs in Meadows, . under the Grafs; one of the larger middle Sort, in dead Beer, Yeaft, c. lying on the Tops, or in the Leaks of Beer Barrels, . and all the reft (as far as ever I have observed) lay and hatch in the Waters, as in Note 17.

The Generation of the Second of these being akin to fome of the foregoing Inftances, and a little out of the way, may deferve a Place here. This Gnat lays its Eggs commonly in dead Beer, c. as I faid, and probably in Vinegar, and other fuch Liquors. Some time after which, the Maggots are fo numerous, that the whole Liquor ftirreth as if it was alive; being full of Maggots, fome larger, fome (maller; the larger are the Offspring of our Gnat, the smaller, of a small dark coloured Fly tending to reddish, frequent in Cellars, and fuch obfcure Places, All thefe Maggots turn to Aurelia, the larger of which, of a Tan-Colour, turn to our Gnat. This Gnat is of the unarmed Kind, having no Spear in its Mouth. Its Head is larger than of the common Gnats, a longer Neck, fhort jointed Antenna, fpotted Wings reaching beyond its flender Alum; it is throughout of a brown Colour, tending to red, efpecially in the Female: The chief Difference between the Male and Female, is (as in other Gnats, yea, moft Infects) the Male is less than the Female, and hath a flenderer Belly, and its Podex not fo fharp as the Female's is.

3

(4) The Infects that infeft Fruits, are either of the IchneumonFly kind, or Phalana. Plums, Peafe, Nuts, &c. produce fome or other Ichneumon Fly. That generated in the Plum is black of a middle fize, its Body near Inch long, its Tail not much less, confifting of 3 Briftles, wherewith it conveys its Eggs into Fruits: Its Antenna, or Horns long, flender, recurved; its Belly longifh, tapering fmall towards the Thorax, Legs reddish; Wings membranaceous, thin and tranfparent, in number 4, which is one Characteristick of the Icbaenmon-Fly.

The

Food, are accordingly repofited, fome in this Fruit, fome on this Tree (5), fome on that Plant (6),

fome

The Peafe Ichneumon-Fly is very fmall, Wings large, reaching beyond the Podex; Antenna long; Alvus fhort, fhaped like an Heart, with the Point towards the Anus; it Walketh

and flyeth flowly. No Tail appears as in the former; but they have one lyeth hidden under the Belly, which they can at pleafure bend back to pierce Peafe when young and tender, and other Things alfo, as I have Reafon to fufpect, ha ving met with this (as indeed the former two) in divers Vegetables.

Pears and Apples I could never difcover any Thing to breed in, but only the leffer Phalana, about Inch long, whitifh underneath; greyish brown above (dappled with brown Spots inclining to a dirty Red) all but about a third Part at the End of the Wings, which is not grey, but brown, elegantly ftriped with wavey Lines of a Gold-colour, as if gilts Its Head is small, with a Tuft of whitish brown in the Forehead; Antenna fmooth, moderately long. The Aurelia of this Moth is fmall, of a yellowish-brown. I know not what time they require for their Generation out of Boxes; but those I laid up in Auguff, did not become Moths before June following.

(5) There are many of the Phalena and Ichneumon-Fly Tribes, that have their Generation on the Leaves or other Parts of Trees and Shrubs, too many to be here reckoned up. The Dak hath many very beautiful Phalana, bred in its convolved Leaves, White, Green, Yellow, Brown spotted prettily, and neatly dappled, and many more befides; and its Buds afford a Place for Cafes, and Balls of various Sorts, as fhall be fhewn hereafter; its Leaves expanded, minifter to the Germination of globular, and other sphæroidal Balls, and flat Thecæ, fome like Hats, fome like Buttons excavated in the Middle, and divers other fuch like Repofitories, all belonging to the Ichneuhon-Fly kind. And not only the Oak, but the Maple alfo, the White-tborn, the Briar, Privet, and indeed almoft every Tree, and Shrub.

(6) And as Trees and Shrubs, fo Plants have their peculiar Infects. The White-Butterfly lays its voracious Offspring. on Cabbage leaves; a very beautiful reddifh ocellated one, its no less voracious black Offspring of an horrid Afpe&t, on the Leaves of Nettles; as alfo doth a very beautiful

fmall

fome on another, and another, but conftantly the fame Family on the fame Tree, or Plant, the most agreeable to that Family. And as for others that require a conftant and greater Degree of Warmth, they are accordingly provided by the Parent-Animal with fome Place in or about the Body of other Animals; fome in the Feathers of Birds (7); fome in the Hair of Beafts (8); fome in

small greenish Ichneumon-Fly, in Cafes on the Leaves of the fame Plant: And to name no more (because it would be endless) the beautiful Ragwort- Moth, whofe Upper-Wings are brown, elegantly fpoted with red, and Under-Wings are edged with browns thefe, I fay, provide for their beautiful golden-ring'd Eruca upon the the Ragwort-Plant.

(7) Many, if not moft fort of Birds, are infefted with a diftinct kind of Lice, very different from one another in Shape Size, c. For Figures and Defcriptions of them, I fhall refer to Signieur Redi of Infects. See alfo Moufer, L. 2. c. 23. Thefe Lice lay their Nits among the Feathers of the refpective Birds, where they are hatched and nourished: and as Ariftotle faith, would deftroy the Birds, particularly Pheasants, if they did not duft their Feathers, Loco infr. citat.

(8) And as Birds, fo the feveral forts of Beafts have their pe culiar forts of Lice; all diftinct from the two Sorts infefting Man: Only the Afs, they fay, is free, because our Saviour rode upon one, as fome think; but I prefume it is rather from the Paffage in Pliny, L. 11. c. 33. or rather Arift. Hift. Animal. L. 3. c. 31. who faith, Quibus pilus eft, non carent eodem [Pediculo] excepto Afino, qui non Pediculo tantum, verum etiam Redivio immunis eft. And a little before, fpeaking of those in Men, he fhews what Conftitutions are moft fubject to them, and inftanceth in Alcman the Poet, and Pherecydes Syrius that died of the Pthiriafis, or Lowfy Difeafe. For which foul Diftemper, if Medicines are defired, Moufet de Infect. p. 262. may be confulted. Who in the fame Page hath this Obfervation, Animadverierunt noftrates ubi Afores infulas a tergo reliquerint, Pédiculos confeftim omnes tabefcere: atque ubi eas reviferint, iterum innumeros alios fubito o oriri. Which Obfervation is confirmed by Dr. Stubbs. V. Lowth. Abridg. V. 3. p. 558. And many Seamen have told me the fame.

fome in the

in the very Scales of Fishes (9); Nofe (10), fome in the Flefh (11); yea, some in

indr

the

(9) Fishes, one would think, fhould be free from Lice, by reason they live in the Waters, and are perpetually moving in, and brushing through them: But yet they have their Sorts

too.

Befides which, I have frequently found great Numbers of long flender Worms in the Stomachs and other Parts of Fish, particularly Cod-Fish, especially fuch as are poor: Which Worms have worked themselves deeply into the Coats and Flesh, so that they could not eafily be gotten out. So Ariftotle faith of fome Fishes, Ballero & Tilloni Lumbricus innafcitur, qui debilisat, &c. Chalcis vitio infeftatur diro, ut Pedicali fub Branchiis innati quam multi interimant. Hift. An. L. 8. c. 20.

(10) Of Infects bred in the Nofe of Animals, thofe in the Noftrils of sheep are remarkable. I have my felf taken out not fewer at a time than 20 or 30 rough Maggots, lying among the Lamina of the Noftrils. But I could never hatch any of them, and fo know not what Animal they proceed from: But I have no great doubt, they are of the Ichneumon-Fly Kind; and not improbably of that with a long Tail, called Trifeta, whofe three Briftles feem very commodious for conveying its Eggs into deep Places.

I have alfo feen a rough whitish Maggot, above 2 Inches within the Inteftinum rectum of Horfes, firmly adhering thereto, that the hard Dung did not rub off. I never could bring them to Perfection, but fufpect the Side-Fly proceeds from it.

(1) In the Backs of Cows in the Summer-Months, there are Maggots generated, which in Effex we call Wornils: Which are firft only a fmall Knot in the Skin, and I fuppofe no other than an Egg laid there by fome Infect. By degrees thefe Knots grow bigger, and contain in them a Maggot lying in a purulent Matter: they grow to be as large as the End of one's Fin ger, and may be fqueezed out at a Hole they have always open: they are round and rough, and of a dirty White. With my utmoft Endeavours and Vigilance, I could never difcover the Animal they turn into; but as they are fomewhat like, fo may be the fame as thofe in the Note before.

In Perfia there are very long flender Worms, bred in the Legs, and other Parts of Mens Bodies, 6 or 7 Yards long.

In Philof. Trans. Mr. Dent and Mr. Lewis relate divers Examples of Worms taken out of the Tongue, Gums, Nofe,

and