Japan’s Trade Frictions: Realities or Misconceptions?

Action Programme agricultural areas balance of payments Bank of Japan bilateral billion cent of GNP chapter companies competition consumption containing added sugar cooperation Corporation Ministry countries current account dollar domestic demand Domestic finance International Economic Planning Agency efforts El-Agraa employment established European exchange rate exports finance Domestic finance finance International finance firms free trade GATT Godley government bonds Group growth Hence immature creditor implementation imports improve income increase industrial policy institutions interest rates International Economics International finance Domestic international trade Japan's trade frictions Japanese economy Japanese government Japanese market LDCs liberalisation long-term capital major manufactured measures ment Ministry Moreover OECD Okita overseas period problem promote protection protectionism reduce regard reserve ratio restrictions sector Short-term financial markets stage structure subsidies Table tariff tion Tokyo trade balance trade deficit trade surplus West Germany world economy yen/litre