3. Occasionally it is repeated before two nouns or pronouns, to connect them in an emphatic manner, corresponding to the English king shall be, &c. 1 Sam. 12:14, 25.; and with a negative, to neither— Lord answered him neither by dreams, nor by the Urim, nor by the prophets, 1 Sam. 28:6. It also commences a sentence having at the beginning of the second clause, thus - as-so, e. g. we receive good from God, so shall re הָאֱלֹהִים וְאֶת־הָרָע לֹא נְקַבֵּל TT not receive evil? Job 2: 10. 4. It is also placed before a term to point it out as more emphatic than a preceding one, and thus assists to form a climax; in which case it may be rendered by the English even: it appears thus with verbs, e.g. has sinned, they have even transgressed my covenant,.... and they have even taken of the accursed thing, &c. Josh. 7:11. Ps. 95: 9. Lam. 4:15.; as) drought) צִיָּה גַם־חֹם יִגְזְלוּ מֵימֵי שֶׁלֶג וגו' .and also with nouns, e. g and even (as) heat consume snow-water, &c. Job 24:19. In like manner it is placed at the head of a sentence or of a clause, to point it out as אֶרֶץ רָעָשָׁה גַם־שָׁמַיִם נָטְפוּ .more emphatic than the preceding one, e. g the earth trembled, even the heavens dropped, the clouds even dropped water, Judg. 5: 4. 1 Sam. 28: 20. 2 Sam. 19: 31. Mal. 3:15. 5. This particle is sometimes used to give additional emphasis to the construction of the infinitive with a finite verb (§ 1020. 2.), e. g. E and I will surely bring thee up, Gen. 46: 4., bless them at all, Num. 23:25. 6. When the verb of the second clause is placed in antithesis with that of the first, becomes equivalent to but, yet, e. g. ; many a time have they aflicted me from my youth מִפְּעוּרַי גַּם־לֹא יָכְלוּ לִי yet they have not prevailed against me, Ps. 129: 2. * § 1097. The conjunction has very nearly the same force as it being also employed to connect emphatically the word or sentence before which it is placed to a preceding one. 1. This particle connects a sentence or clause of a sentence to a preceding one, and at the same time renders emphatic the word before In the following instance the two particles are employed together for the sake of additional emphasis, 58, yet notwithstanding this, Lev. 26: 44. VOL. II. 38 .and also to thy maid וְאַף לַאֲמָתְךָ תַעֲשֶׂה־כֵן .which it is placed, e. g IT servant thou shalt do likewise, Deut. 15: 17. 2. It is thus placed like before an emphatic personal pronoun forming a repetition of the subject contained in a verb (§ 852. 1. b.), e. g. I too will declare my opinion, Job 32: 10.; and very rarely before one which forms the repetition of a pronominal I have taught thee הוֹדַעְתִּיךָ הַיּוֹם אַף־אַתָּה .suffix ($ 865. 2. a.), e. g this day, even thee, Prov. 22: 19. 3. a. This particle connects two or more predicates belonging to one subject which are employed to form a climax, e. g. 728 77AYON I will strengthen thee, yea I will help thee, yea I will uphold . מַשְׁפִּיל אַף־מְרוֹמֵם .10 : 41 .thee, Is : Jehovah (is) one who brings low and who also raises up, 1 Sam. 2:7.; and occasionally it connects a clause containing both a subject and a predicate to a pre the earth shook, yea the אֶרֶץ רָעֲשָׁה אַף־שָׁמַיִם נָטְפוּ .ceding one, e. g heavens dropped, Ps. 68: 9. b. In like manner it connects an entire sentence to what precedes, e.g. bpa Din-by then too ye overwhelm the fatherless, Job 6:27., furthermore, Esther has invited אַף לֹא־הֵבִיאָה אֶסְתֵּר.... כִּי אִם־אוֹתִי none but myself, Esth. 5:12. 4. a. This particle is also used to introduce statements in various emphatic relations to what precedes them, when it is frequently accompanied by the relative. It thus commences an emphatic condition, even though thou sayest thou shalt not see אַף כִּי־תאמַר לֹא תְשׁוּרֶנּוּ .e. g him, Job 35: 14. b. It also emphatically introduces a climax to a preceding assertion, behold, he put no trust הֵן בַּעֲבָדָיו לֹא יַאֲמִין.... אַף שׁוֹכְנֵי בָתֵּי־חֹמֶר .e. g in his servants,.... how much less (in) the inhabitants of houses of clay! Job 4: 18, 19.; but more frequently with, e. g. N how much less shall I answer him! Job 9:14. 15:16. 25:6. c. It is used with the particle of asseveration, to introduce an emphatic assertion, e. g. D yea truly, God does no evil, Job 34: 12.; and with to introduce an emphatic question, e. g. ON AND has God indeed said, &c. Gen. 3: 1. 5. When repeated with a negative particle, it becomes like they shall neither be planted, nor shall they be sown, nor shall אַף בַּל־נְטְעוּ אַף בַּל־זרָעוּ אַף בַּל־שרש .equivalent to neither-nor, C. g אַף אֵין מַגִּיד אַף אֵין מַשְׁמִיעַ .40:24 .their stock take root in the earth, Is there is neither any that tells, or any that אַף אֵין שׁוֹמֵעַ אִמְרֵיכֶם declares, nor any that hears your words, 41: 26. CHAPTER XX. INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. § 1098. An interrogation is a proposition which neither makes an assertion nor puts a condition, but which intimates a doubt respecting the occurrence of an event or the existence of a state of being, or respecting any of the modes thereof. As a question usually arises in consequence of a previous state of ignorance or of doubt, so also this doubt may exist either, 1. in reality, i. e. in the mind of the speaker or writer himself; or 2, factitiously, i. e. when made in lieu of an emphatic declaration for the purpose of argument, reproof, &c. to the party addressed. Again, a query may be propounded with regard either to the subject, object, or predicate of a sentence, or to its entire contents. In all cases the speaker indicates the interrogative nature of the proposition either objectively by means of a particle, or subjectively by changing the tone of his voice or the collocation of his words.* §1099. In Hebrew an interrogation is usually indicated by a slight initial breathing, or in other words, by prefixing the weak aspirate to the first word of the sentence (§ 641), which is usually one intended to be made emphatic. 1. a. This particle is used when the speaker himself is in doubt respecting a fact of which he wishes to be informed, e. g. wilt thou go with this man? Gen. 24:58. 1 Sam. 30:15. 2 Sam. 17:6. 1 Kings 22: 6., (is) your father well? Gen. 43:27., (is) he yet alive? 1 Kings 20:32. b. Or when the speaker propounds a question without entertaining any doubt on the subject in his own mind, which question, according to the answer which in the opinion of the speaker it should receive, supplies the place of an emphatic affirmation or negation (see § 1090. 5.). Thus, a. An interrogation whose proper answer is in the affirmative has the הַמִן־הַסֶלַע הַזֶּה נוֹצִיא לָכֶם מַיִם .force of an emphatic affirmation, e. g * In the ancient classical languages of Europe the former expedient is chiefly resorted to, and in the modern tongues the latter. must we fetch you water out of this rock? meaning, so we must fetch water, &c. Num. 20: 10., so appear to thy father's household? 1 Sam. 2:27., did I plainly B. And when on the other hand the answer in the speaker's opinion should be in the negative, it is equivalent to an emphatic negation, e. g. (am) I my brother's keeper? meaning, assuredly I am not, Gen. 49. 43: 7. Deut. 4:33. Judg. 11:25. 2 Sam. 23: 17., shalt thou build me a house? 2 Sam. 7:5. (the parallel passage 1 Chron. 17:4. is put in the form of a direct negation, do I delight at all in הֶחָפֵץ אֶחְפּץ מוֹת רָשָׁע (לֹא אַתָּה תִבְנֶה וגו' thus the death of the wicked? Ezek, 18:23. Joel 1:2. Job 4:17. 6:5. 8:3. 10:3.† 2. a. When the interrogation consists of two clauses, the second is generally introduced by the particle N (§ 1090. 4. a.), especially when הֲנַעֲשֶׂה אֶת־דְּבָרוֹ אִם אַיִן .it constitutes an antithesis to the first, e. g shall we execute his proposition, or not? 2 Sam. 17: 6., Sam-ON bab shall we go to Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall we forbear? 1 Kings 22:15.‡ b. And also when the same question is emphatically repeated in the הָאֱנוֹשׁ מֵאֱלוֹהַ יִצְדַּק אִם־מֵעֲשֵׂהוּ .second clause of a parallelism, e. g IT shall a mortal be more just than God? shall a man be more pure than his Maker? Job 4: 17. 6:5, 6, 29. 8:3. 13:8. Though sometimes is omitted, and the second clause is simply connected הַלְאֵל תְּדַבְּרוּ עַוְלָה וְלוֹ .to the first by the conjunction ; and, e. g will ye speak wickedly of God, and talk deceitfully of him? Sometimes an interrogation of this sort is rendered still more emphatic by putting it in the negative form, which is done by prefixing to a negative particle, thee in Egypt? Ex, 14: 12. Num. 23:26. Deut. 31: 17. Judg. 9: 28., is not this the word that we told הֲלֹא־זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְנוּ אֵלֶיךָ בְמִצְרַיִם .e.g is there no woman among the daughters of thy brethren אַחֶיךָ וּבְכָל־עַמִּי אִשָּׁה וגו' កូ or among all my people? &c. Judg. 14: 3. 1 Kings 22: 7. Jer. 7: 17. To give greater emphasis, is occasionally prefixed to N, e. g. 2 ON shall we indeed be consumed by dying? Num. 17: 28.; once with a following, viz. 78 ONT is my help indeed not in myself? meaning, it most certainly is not, Job 6: 13. Occasionally two distinct successive interrogations are each introduced by will the men of Keilah deliver הֵיִסְגְרָנִי בַעֲלֵי קְעִילָה בְיָדוֹ הֲיֵרֵד שָׁאוּל וגו' .e. g , me into his hand? will Saul come down? &c. 1 Sam. 23: 11.; as also an emphatic repetition of the same question, e. g. by by wilt thou judge? wilt thou judge? Ezek, 20:4, Job 13:7. 15:7, 8. 38: 32, 39. 40: 26, 29, 31.; or by i or, e. g. has the rain a father ? or who has הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָב אוֹ מִי־הוֹלִיד אֶגְלֵי־טַל will he be pleased with thee ? or will he הֵירְצְךְ אוֹ הֲיִשָּׂא פָנֶיךָ .8 .6 begotten the drops of dew? Job 38: 28, 31.; seldom with repeated, accept thy person? Mal. 1:8. 3. When the question is put obliquely in dependence on a preceding verb, the particle is equivalent to whether, e. g. MORE T and I will see whether they have done according to the cry of it that has come to me, Gen. 18:21. Deut. 13:4., ask now whether there is any to answer thee, Job 5: 1.; accordingly when it consists of two clauses, correspond to whether-or, e. g. ,and let me feel thee, my son וַאֲמִשְׁךָ בְנִי הַאַתָּה זֶה בְנִי עֵשָׂר אִם־לֹא whether thou (be) indeed my son Esau or not, Gen. 27:21. Num. 13:18, 19, 20., as do also i, e. g. p is 730) Denn knows whether he will be a wise man or a fool? Eccl. 2:19.* who 4. Although the particles and are usually employed in Hebrew to indicate an interrogation; still they are not absolutely necessary, and hence are not always introduced: for in this language as in others the same end may be obtained by means of the tone of voice in which the question is put, aided by the collocation of the words. Thus, these particles are omitted, a. When the question arises from emotion or anxiety in the speaker, who then puts it in the briefest form without an additional syllable, e. g. שָׁלוֹם בּוֹאֶךָ,.3:1 .has God indeed said, &c. Gen אַף כִּי־אָמַר אֱלֹהִים וגו' (is) thy coming peaceful? 1 Sam. 16: 4., Dibujan ¬yb Dib (is) the young man Absalom safe? 2 Sam. 18:29., shall a man be put to death to-day in Israel? 19:23., (is this) Mephibosheth? 9:6. b. When an interrogation is made in antithesis with what precedes, in which case its nature is left to be understood from the context, e. g. of Israel has dispossessed, &c.; and shouldst thou possess it? Judg. EN. on pitied the gourd, and shall not I have pity on Nineveh? Jon. 4: 10, 11., thy hands have formed me; and wilt thou And thus when the question is a negative .... ... so now the Lord God וְעַתָּה יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הוֹרִישׁ... וְאַתָּה תִירָשֶׁנּוּ thou hast אַתָּה חַסְתָּ עַל־הַקִיקָיוֹן .... וַאֲנִי לֹא אָחוּס עַל־נִינְוֵה .11:23 destroy me? Job 10:8, 9. |