'Or when in 1645, he had taken Leicester, if then he had speedily marched for London, I know not who could have refifted him but his camp was fo overcharged with plunder and Irish whores, there was no marching. -Many have curiously enquired who it was that cut off his head: I have no permiffion to speak of fuch things; only thus much I fay, he that did it, is as valiant and refolute a man as lives, and one of a competent fortune*." The foregoing Memoirs, and Obfervations of Mr. Lilly on the life and death of king Charles, though they are not to be ranked in the higher claffes of hiftorical compofitions, are well worth reading, as they contain feveral anecdotes, connected with affairs of ftate, and many particulars of a more private nature, which are not to be found in any other place. Lilly, in the memoirs of his Life, afferts, that it was lieutenant colonel Joyce. A new Theory of Canine Madness, with an infallible Method of preventing, and of curing that Disorder. T Never before printed. Dublin, May 1, 1774. HE madness arifing from the bite of a mad animal, is a moft terrifying difeafe. The idea alone is enough to make the ftouteft tremble; and it is the more dreadful in so much as no certain method of cure hath been yet made public. Every writer on this melancholy fubject hath given us rather conjectures than realities; hypothefes than proofs; and the most vaunted medicines have hitherto proved in equate to our hopes. Not one of thote learned phyficians or anatomifts who have made this diforder the fubject of their researches, have been able even to guefs at the real caufe, or to point out any rational method of relieving those who are so unhappy as to be attacked therewith. The falt water (confecrated by the *Miferrimum Morbi Genus. CELSUS. + Ex iis qui hoc vitium fenfiffent neminem unquam fervatum vidi. DIOSCORIDES, almost unanimous consent of all nations, and in which the public have had always the greatest confidence, as a preferver against the direful effects of the bite of a mad animal) has frequently proved ineffectual; and thofe, who from their proximity to the fea, have been enabled to plunge therein, even the day after their being bit, have, nevertheless, been attacked by the Hydrophobia, and have died raving mad before the end of forty days. For this reafon it would not be prudent to truft to a remedy which has fo often, if not always, proved fallacious, and we should have recourse to thofe which medicine affords ; for nature is so rich and bountiful, that we fhould do an injury to its author, to doubt a moment that we may find one therein |}. It is not that remedies are wanting to the phyfician, but rather a physician is wanting to apply them. Find out but the true indications, and there is not an apothecary's 'prentice but, in a quarter of an hour, can find remedies fit to anfwer them §. Before Multi fe in mare immerfere, nec tamen inde adverfus rabiem quidquam adjumenti fenfere, quare non eft in illi remedio fidendum, ad ea currendum potius quæ libris Medicorum, prodita experientia certa, et multiplici comprobata funt. PAREUS, 1. 20. c. 14. || Nullus tamen dubito quin in exundanti illa plenitudine qua turget natura diffluitque ita jubente optimo maximo rerum omnium conditore; in fingulorum prefervationem profpectum pariter fit, de curatione malorum magis infignium quæ homines vexant. SYDENHAM. § Ei qui rem attente perpenderit fatis liqueat precipuum Medicine defectum non in eo verti quod nefciamus quo pacto huic aut illi intentioni fatisfacere debeamus, fed quod non fatis fciamus qu enam fit illa intent o cui fatisfaciendum cft cum vel Rudiffimus quifpiam Pharmacopolæ fervulus intra dimidium hræ quadrantem certum nec faciet quomiam medicamento vomitionem, purgationem, vel fudores provocabo, vel refrigerabo æftuantem; at vero in Palæftra medica probe exercitatus fit oportet, qui pari certitudine me docere queat, ubi hoc vel illud remediorum genus in ufum revocare debe am Before we can find what remedies are proper for any disease, we must firft endeavour to ascertain its nature and cause. The knowledge of them will lead us to the indications; and then the medicines which will anfwer them, will not be hard to difcover *. This precept is juftly applicable to the madness of which we now treat, and if we believe Lifter, it is only incurable because we are ignorant of its true caufe +. To acquire this neceffary knowledge, I propose to divide this treatise into five chapters. I. The defcription of canine madnefs, and its fymptoms. II. An account of the appearances on the diffection of animals who had that diforder. III. Reafons drawn from analogy. IV. Obfervations on the good or bad fuccefs of divers remedies; and V. A plain, eafy and certain method of cure or prevention; drawn from the foregoing confiderations, and from experience. Before I proceed, it may not be improper to obferve, that these methods are highly preferable to all the efforts of imagination to explain this madnefs; to all thofe ideas of faline fermentations, which have filled fo many differtations, and are now regarded in found practice, am, per omnem morborum ac curationem circuitum. SYDENHAM. Tra&t. de Hyd. * Medicus fi fuffecerit ad cognofcendum fufficiet et ad curandum, prima namque remediorum inventio eft cognitio morbi. GALEN. Si morbi cujuflibet naturam et caufas perfpectas haberem, huic per malo remedium nunquam non poffem adferre variis ejufdem phænomenes viam qua mihi incendendam foret haud dubium præmonftrantibus quæ quidam Phoenomena fi inter fe fedulo conferantur, manu quafi ducerunt ad indicationes illas maxime obvias, quæ ex intimo naturæ fenfu, non vero ex phantafiæ erroribus depromuntur. SYDENHAM. in Præfatione. +Quæri poteft cur Hyprophobia morbus fit infanabilis: Refpondeo 1. ob caufam fortaffe ignoratam; ideoque remedia recte adhiberi non potuerunt. LISTER.exercit, med, de Hydrophobia, as learned fables which dazzle reason, instead of guiding it. Those ingenious dainties on which the mind feeds, till it neglects the folid wholesome nourishment, which obfervation, experience and labour furnish 1. Sydenham obferves that great phyfiologifts are generally very indifferent practitioners. Who had a more extenfive imagination than Descartes, who created a new philofophy? Who could write or think better than Malbranche or Locke? Yet who would take either of them for his physician? Bacon juftly fays Non fingendum aut excogitandum fed inveniendum quid natura faciat aut ferat. The description of a disease should be faithful and exact; recounting all greater and leffer fymptoms; diftinguishing which are accidental; and which are infeparable; without taking part of 1yftem. Such a defcription is a great help to the difcovery of the cause, and to the establishing just indications. any Diffection is a kind of torture practiced upon dead bodies, to make nature confefs those truths which she refused to own during life. Analogy has been adopted by phyficians as an unfufpected means for difcovering the fecret myfteries of nature, and finding proper remedies for its diforders. Obfervations on the good and bad effects of medicines, are far preferable to mechanical demonstrations: And the best imagined ideas are vain, useless and fuperfluous when they are not built upon, or confirmed by obfervation. Laftly, experience puts the feal of I Accidit ut præclara quæque ingenia doctis et eruditis illis fabulis quafi delinita ad craffiorem ut aiunt, defcendere Minervam, hoc eft ad medicamentorum vires periclitandas defcendere non folum pigeat veram etiam pudeat. BAGLIVI, in praxi medica, lib. 2. Te tamen natura ad eas potius fubtilitates determinaverit quæ e praxi nafcuntur, quam ad inanes fpeculationes, quæ duo haud minori intervallo a fe invicem diftant, quam fapientum res feriæ ac maximi momenti a puerorum ludo et crepundiis difterminantur et fortaffe, nifi mea me fallat obfervatio, raro in eodem fubjecto conveniunt, SYDENHAM, Præfat. de Podagra. truth truth to all the ideas of medicine, which, without being ftamped therewith ought never to pass as currant. I fhall follow thefe five rules in diftinct chapters, to discover the true caufe of canine madnefs; and if I am fo happy as to bring it to light, I hope evidence will add a new proof. The true cause of a disease may be aptly compared to the folution of a riddle; as foon as it is found, every point of the enigma quadrates with it, and is mutually arranged without torturing the fenfe. So when the fource of a diforder is found, and you have forced the fecret from nature, the explanation of every symptom, and the operation of every remedy, becomes obvious. All is eafy, and every thing explains itself. CHAPTER I. the whole body; every time he drinks he falls into convulfions; he has a horror for all liquids; detefts water; the very fight of it makes him tremble; he foams at the mouth, a white flimy froth; he is tormented with continual priapifms and dies convulfed. These are the proper and pathognomic figns; principally the dread of water, which has caufed the name of Hydrophobia to be given to this madness. Here it is to be observed; first, that this dread of water does not come on, all at once. The patient begins with an indifference for drink; he then finds whenever he drinks, it produces a pain in the ftomach, a hiccough and convulfions; he then abhors water, fo as to tremble when it is even named. Of this phemomenon, I fhall give a fufficient reafon, when I come to the theory of A Defcription of Canine Madness and its this diforder. This madness is a contagious diftemper, moft generally communicated by the bite of an enraged animal. The wound heals of itself without any application, and in a very fhort time, but the hurt perfon does not thereby incur the lefs danger. Some days after the bite the patient begins to be penfive and melancholy. The imagination is carried to unufual ideas; the fleep is interrupted, and fatigued with frightful dreams; and he wakes fuddenly, full of terror. The converfation of his best friends, and fervants, become tiresome. His look is hideous; he hates the light, and feeks darkness and folitude. These symptoms are in the rank of accidental, for they are not always the preludes of madnefs. Since the fear, terror, and confternation which ftrikes the minds of those who have been bitten, are capable of producing them. I have feen a lady who, having been bit by a mad dog, had all of them, and who was yet preferved from madness, as will be feen in the obfervations. The disease now makes rapid progrefs. The whole face becomes red, chiefly the eyes. Convulfions and delirium come on; a fharp pain is felt in the stomach, every time the spittle is swallowed. The patient mutters between his teeth; involuntary tremblings feize Secondly, the ordinary period for the manifestation of those symptoms is forty days. For although Schenkius, Etmuller, Sennertus, and others, give evidence of their happening after that term, nay after fome years, yet thefe are fingular cafes, rara non funt artis. Thirdly, that thofe who have the diforder proceed to the Hydrophobia, are never cured, Fourthly, those who think the diforder only exifts in the imagination, struck with horror, are deceived. Horses, mules, affes, dogs, &c. are not fufceptible of fuch terror, yet have died mad. Nay, we have inflances of those who have not thought of the bite, it having been fo trivial that they have forgotten the accident, and had no apprehenfions from it, yet, have, nevertheless, perifhed with a Hydrophobia. Fifthly. Authors have obferved, and experience hath confirmed, that those who have been bit in the face, particularly about the mouth, are in the greateft danger, and die mad fooner than thofe who are bitten elsewhere; and alfo that those who are bitten through the cloaths, ftockings, or any other covering, run lefs rifque than those who are bitten in any naked part. The reason of this diversity is that the venom lies in the faliva; it enters the blood by the opening which the enraged animal makes with its teeth; just as in the inoculation of the fmall pox, In bites in in the face the inoculation of the venom is more deeply made, because that part is fpread with an infinity of blood veffels, and very near to the brain. In any other uncovered part the progrefs of the venom is more retarded; and in bites in a part conftantly kept covered the danger is much lefs, for often the teeth, in penetrating through the cloaths have the faliva wiped off thereby, and the venom is left upon the covering, and does not reach the skin. Sixthly, It is evident that this mad being, perhaps, a native of Dalecarlia, repaid his careffes with smart and vigorous refentment. This is faid to have made fo deep an impreffion on him, that, in Poland, he abfolutely refused to fee the countefs of Koenigfmark, and for ever banished the ladies from his parties of pleasure and his prefence. Remarkable Anecdote of Signor Gafferelli and Gizzielo. nefs may be communicated without any WHEN Gizzielo firft fung at wound, if the faliva only touch the fkin. Galen says in rabido vero tanta fit bumorum commotio, ut fi vel ejus fputum bumanum corpus tetigerit, etiam rabiem excitare potuit. And there is a very remarkable cafe related by Cælius Aurelianus, of a fempftrefs, who in mend ing fome cloaths torn by the bite of a mad dog, bit off the thread with her teeth, contracted the diforder from the faliva left thereon, and died mad. [The Second Chapter in our next.] Anecdote of Charles XIIth of Sweden. TH HIS hero is well known to have been no admirer of the fair fex; but few perfons are acquainted with the chief caufes of his avertion. Soon after his acceffion to the crown, while he was breathing nothing but war, and continually revolving the readieft and mott expeditious means of waging it, an artist of Stockholm fhewed bim one day the defign of a piece of artillery of a new invention. The king was charmed with it, and ordered him to carry it into execution without delay. But, as his natural impatience made him think that the work went on but flowly, he one morning, having, as ufual, rifen before day break, walked alone to the artift's who had, from the preceeding day by a fever, been confined to his bed. Charles knocked fo hard and often as at length to gain admittance; and, having converfed with the artift on the fubject of his vifit, retired, and was lighted to the door by a handfome housemaid. Here a fancy came into the king's head that proved him to be not infenfible nor averfe to the fex: he attempted to take fome liberties with the girl, who Rome, his performance fo far enchanted every hearer, that it became the general fubject of converfation, which not only contributed to fpread his fame through that city, but to extend it to the molt remote parts of Italy. It is natural to fuppofe, that the account of this new mufical phenomenon foon reached Naples, and equally natural to imagine that it was not heard with indifference in a place, where fo powerful a propensity to mufical pleasure prevails. Cafferelli, at this time in the zenith of his reputation, was so far piqued by curiofity, perhaps by jealoufy, that he took an opportunity, the first time he could be fpared from the opera at Naples, to ride poft all night, in order to hear that at Rome. He entered the pit, muffled up in a pellice, or furgown, unknown by any one there; and after he had heard Gizzielo fing a fong, he cried out, as loud as he poffibly could "Bravo! Braviffimo! Gizzielli e Cafferelli che ti lo dice."—It is Cafferelli who applauds and immediately quitting the theatre, he fet out on his return to Naples the fame night. Anecdote of Lord Howe. HE last war, Lord Howe was fud Tdenly weakened from his fleep by an officer, who, in hafte, told him the fhip was on fire, close to the powderroom: his lordship cooly replied, "If fo, Sir, we fhall very foon know it." Some minutes afterwards, the lieutenant returned, and told his lordship he had no occafion to be afraid, for the fire was extinguished. · Afraid! (replied Lord Howe haflily) what do you mean by that, Sir? I never was afraid in my life!" A Sketch Knight of the Garter, on the 18th of A Sketch of the Life and Character of the May, in the fame year; and was instalLate Earl of Chesterfield. PHILI led at Windfor, along with the late Duke of Cumberland, and the Earl of Burlington, on the 18th of June following; the Sovereign, and his royal highness the Prince of Wales, being prefent. He was next appointed Lord Steward of his Majefty's Houfhold; and in a fhort time returned on his embaffy to the Hague. HILIP DORMER STANHOPE, Earl of Chesterfield, was born on the 22d day of September, 1695; a period the most friendly to Liberty and Genius, of any in the annals of England. The Revolution had just taken place, and Good Tafle was beginning to dawn. Literature was honoured by But public affairs were now conducthe Great, and encouraged both by ex- ted fo iniquitoufly at home, and with fo ample and patronage. It was not yet little fpirit abroad, that his Lordship difhonourable for a Nobleman to be a was afhamed of being employed by such fcholar; little wonder, therefore, that a Miniftry; he therefore returned to a perfon of the finest natural capacity, England in Spring 1732, and immediand beft opportunities, was foon ac- ately refigned his place of Lord Steward quainted with whatever Antiquity has of the Houfhold. His political characleft us moft valuable, or Modern Timester, and in a great measure his capacity, produced moft elegant. Fame has not indeed told us, what prefages his Lordship's infancy gave of thofe virtues and talents for which he was afterwards fo remarkable: but we know, that he was diftinguifhed, very early in youth, by his wit and accomplishments; and that at a time when diftinction was not easily obtained; when Congreve, Addifon, Swift, and Pope, were at the head of literature; and when Halifax, Somers, Oxford, and Bolingbroke, were the ornament of the Senate, and the pride of the Court. He was elected member for the borough of St. Germains, in the last parliament of Queen Anne; and afterwards for Leftwithiel, which he continued to reprefent till the death of his father, in 1726, when he fucceeded to the Peerage. Before this time, he was one of the Lords of the Bed-chamber to his late majefty George the II. then Prince of Wales; and in 1727, when that prince afcended the throne, he was not only continued in his office, but admitted into the Privy Council. Soon after the acceffion of George II. (fome changes having taken place in the Miniary) Lord Chefterfield was appointed Ambaffador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the States General, and fet out for the Hague, on the 23d of April, 1728; where he diftinguifhed himself by the ability and integrity of his conduct, and continued till the beginning of the year 1730; when, reTurning to England, he was chofe a May, 1774. W only now began to be known. He had hitherto fupported the measures of the Court, without perhaps fufficiently confidering how far they were equitable; but henoeforth he acted the part of an intelligent, upright, and independant citizen of a free kingdom. Swayed only by the dictates of his head, and the impulfe of his heart, he was always ready to efpoufe good measures, and to oppofe bad ones, or what to him appeared to be fuch, unfeduced by party, and unawed by power. In fupport of this character, it will be proper to take a view of his Lordship's political conduct, which happily forms his most eloquent panegyric. Immediately after his refignation, he difplayed himself, both as an orator and a patriot, in an eloquent fpeech againft mifapplying the produce of the Sinking Fund; and, as he faw the influence of the Crown increafing, he formally affociated himself with the Oppofition, making every poffible attempt to ftem the tide of corruption, and preferve the liberties of the fubject. But the firft occafion on which Lord Chesterfield remarkably diftinguished himfelf was, the debate on the Playhoufe bill, in 137. His fpeech in oppofition of that hill, which has fince paffed into a law (by which all dramatic writers are obliged to fubmit their compofifions to the infpection of the Lord Chamberlain, and must obtain a licence for every piece before it can appear upon the ftage) will for ever en LI |