Strength and State of which it imports us so much to be well acquainted as Sardinia, whofe Power, under the late King, was exerted for the nobleft Purposes, in preferving the Freedom and Independency of his own Subjects and bis Allies; we apprehend the following Sketch of his Tranfactions, compiled from the beft Authorities, will not be unacceptable to our Readers.

VICTOR AMADEUS, the firft King of Sardinia, fucceeded his father, Charles Duke of Savoy, in the year 1675, and that by a very furprifing accident. He was then a boy, and had just begun his exercifes. His father, who had a true forefight of his great qualities, was extremely fond of him; and, coming one day to fee him ride, the young Prince had the misfortune to be thrown from his horse with fuch violence, that those about him cried out he was killed; which affected the Duke to fuch a degree, that he fainted upon the fpot, and died in a few days of the fright. His mother, the Dowager of Savoy, governed his dominions during the minority of Victor Amadeus, who foon after efpoufed Anna Maria of Orleans, only daughter to Lewis XIV, by Henrietta Maria, daughter of our King Charles I; fo that he became nearly allied to our Royal Family, and his fon, the late King of Sardinia, was the first Prince of the Popish line after the heirs male of the Houfe of Stuart, but excluded from this fucceffion by the act of fettlement.

Charles Emanuel was born at Turin the 27th of April, 1701; and gave fingular proofs of poffeffing uncommon abilities during the early part of his life. In the year 1722, he married the Princefs Ann of Neubourgh, who died a few months after. In compliance with the commands of his father, in the year 1724, he entered into a fecond matrimonial union with Polixena, Princefs of Heffe Rhinfels, by whom he had iffue Victor Amadeus Duke of Savoy, born the 26th of June, 1726, who now poffeffes the throne of Sardinia; Eleonora Therefa, Maria Gabrielle, and Maria Felicia. Whilft Prince Emanuel

bility, and perfons of diftinction, in his dominions. He referved to himself an annuity of one hundred and fifty thoufand livres per ann; and, having recommended moderation to his fen, and fidelity to his fubjects, refigned his Crown with the utmost appearance of fatisfaction.

Emanuel mounted the throne (which his father had quitted) in his thirtieth year; and, a fhort time after, was not a little embarraffed at the efforts Victor Amadeus made to recover the reins of government, which he had fo folemnly refigned. The old King, at the instigation of the Lady he had married, grew diffatisfied with his private condition, and began to form defigns of refuming his dignity, which he profecuted in a manner fuitable to so wild and inconfiftent a project, and to the character of the perfon at whofe instance he was weak enough to attempt it. The young King acted a very wife and difcreet part. He called together the great Officers of state and the Nobility, and, having acquainted them with the neceffity he was under to fecure his father's perfon, he demanded their advice: And they were unanimoufly of opinion, that, as well for the fake of his fubjects as himself, he should continue to administer affairs with the fame fpirit, œconomy, and prudence, which he had fhewn from the time he had mounted the throne.

In following their advice, he fhewed himself a true father to his country; for there is nothing more certain, than that it was with the utmost reluctance and concern that he took the only measure that was left for him to take, that of confining the old King to the palace of Montcalier, where he remained to the day of his death, which was the last of October, 1732, in the 67th year of his age,

In confequence of a rupture between the Houfes of Auftria and Bourbon, which happened on the death of Auguftus King of Poland, in the year 1733, his Sardinian Majefty figned an offenfive and defenfive alliance with France, to which Spain afterwards acceded. The true defign of this wife Prince in making this treaty was that expreffed in his manifefto, viz. reftoring the balance of power in Italy, where he thought the House of Auftria had acquired too great an afcendancy.

It is at leaft certain, that many of the Italian Potentates had just reafon to complain of the conduct of the Court of Vienna; and that, notwithstanding this, their complaints were very little regarded, which, joined to his own particular grievances, induced his Sardinian Majefty to believe, that, if the plan laid down in this alliance could be carried into execution, the affairs of Italy would not only be put into a better condition for the prefent, but that all things might be properly fettled, on a right and folid bafis, for the future. When the French army began to pafs the Alps, Count Traun, at that time Governor of Milan, was fo little apprifed of the true ftate of things, that he offered his Sardinian Majefty all the affiftance in his power, to impede their paffage; to which the King answered coldly, that they did not come as enemies.

Marshal Villars commanded the French army, and, his Sardinian Majefty having joined his troops, the conqueft of the Milanefe was very foon atchieved. The King made this campaign in perfon, as he likewife did the next year; but, the Queen falling dangeroufly ill, he was conftrained to return to Turin in the latter end of the month of June, 1734; and during his abfence was fought the famous battle of Parma. Count Merci commanded the Imperialifts; he was extremely ill of the gout, but that did not hinder his taking poft on the right of the first line of his infantry, in his armed chair, where, with great coolness and intrepidity, he gave his orders till he was mortally wounded. The French General was Monfieur de Coigni, who having been lately deceived by the Imperialifts paffing the Oglio, and penetrating into the Parmesan, which he thought impracticable, he was the more concerned to recover his repu

tation by gaining a battle. This rendered the difpute very obftinate and very bloody; for fome people say, that there never was an action, in which the bufinefs was determined by small arms, that lafted longer than this, except the enfuing battle at Guastalla.

The Imperialifts were obliged to retire; but Prince Lewis of Wirtemberg, who fucceeded Count Merci in command, brought his forces in very good order to Reggio, and, the FieldMarthal Count Koningsegg coming to take the command, it was not long before he made the French fenfible of his fuperior capacity: For on the 15th of September, 1734, he'paffed the Secchia, furprized a part of the French army, and obliged Marshal Broglio, who was an horfe Officer, and ought to have known the fords better, to make his escape, without his breeches. This brought on the battle of Guaftalla, which was fought on the 19th, and therein the King of Sardinia commanded in perfon. He had already gained a great character in public and private life: He was the father of his family and of his people enjoyed in his Court the pleasures of a regular and amiable economy, at the fame time that he was revered and adored by his fubjects. He had fhewed a reach in politics much fuperior to his age, but his behaviour in the battle of Guastalla obfcured all that he had hitherto performed, and the fplendor of that victory, which was entirely owing to his perfonal courage and his conduct, threw his former great actions into fhade, fince all Europe rung now with his praises as a Hero.

In the beginning of the next year died his Queen, which however did not hinder the King from appearing again in the field, where Count Koninfegg found

imfelf obliged to yield to the great fuperiority of the Allies, and the skill of the Spanith General, the Duke de Montemar, one of the ableft proficients in the art of war then in Europe. All the Imperialifts had to do was to preferve their laft ftake, the important city and fortress of Mantua; and this they did till the preliminaries were settled and figned at Vienna.

On this occafion his Sardinian Majesty had a convincing proof of the fteddinefs," good faith, and upright intention of the Court of France; for, the British Mi

nistry

niftry having concerted with the Court of Vienna a plan of peace, by which Tortona and the Tortonefe, Novara and the Novarefe, together with the Vigevanafque, were to be detached from the duchy of Milan, and annexed for ever to Piedmont, the French Court, by a clandeftine negociation, deprived him abfolutely of one of these districts, and only left him his choice of the other two, in which fituation he preferred the former. These preliminaries were fignOctober 3, 1735; and were in every refpect favourable to France, injurious to her Allies, fatal to the Houfe of Auftria, and deftructive to the balance of Europe.

It was from this time that his Majesty purfued, with the greatest steddiness, his original fyftem of restoring and preserving, to the utmost of his power, the balance of Italy, by preventing the incroachments of either of the two great. families, whofe quarrels have fo long difturbed the peace of that country, and and indeed of all Europe.

At the preffing inftances of his fubjects he confented to a third marriage; and, in the month of March, 1737, espoused the Princess Elizabeth Theresa, filter to the late Emperor, then Duke of Tuscany, a Princefs who joined all the accomplishments that are amiable in her fex to all the virtues that were requifite to adorn her high station.

After the death of Charles VI, Emperor of Germany, new troubles arofe from the pretenfions of the Spaniards, who attacked part of the Queen of Hungary's dominions in Tufcany. Emanuel fupported her with great fpirit; and, when the Spaniards marched an army towards Turin, he defended his country fo effectually, that the enemy, after attempting to force his retrenchments at Villa Franca, were obliged to abandon their defign of penetrating through the country of Nice; and they were alfo defeated in another attempt they made through the valley of Barcelonetta. It is true, that in the winter they fell upon the duchy of Savoy, and made themselves mafters of it; but the King foon drove them out again, and covered that country till the close of the year, when, by dint of fuperior force, they became mafters of it again. By this time the face of affairs was fomewhat changed in Europe, and his Sardi

nian Majefty was more at liberty to avow his real intentions; which, when he found himself fecure of being fupported by his Allies, he did without fcruple; and his troops had a very confiderable fhare in the famous battle of Campo Santo, which was fought in February 1743, in which Count Afpremont, who commanded his forces in chief, loft his life. It is very true, that, after the Court of Vienna thought fit to recall Marthal Traun, and fent Prince Lobkowitz towards the frontiers of Naples, his Majesty did not appear extremely vigorous in fupporting that measure; but the reason is very plain, and was no other than this, that he sufpected his own dominions would be again attacked, as they accordingly were, in the most unlikely season of the year, by the French and Spaniards in conjunction.

His Majefty took the command of the army upon this occafion in person, in the month of October; and, though he was feized with a violent cold, fo that his head and face were fwelled to a great degree, yet he vifited his retrenchments himself, and contributed not a little, by his princely prefence, to the defeat of the enemy at the village of Pont, where they lost five thousand of their best troops, and were obliged to abandon all hopes of penetrating into Piedmont for that year.

It was about this time that his Sardinian Majefty, as the Atrongest proof of his conftant and unalterable refolution to fupport the common cause and the Auftrian dominions in Italy, concluded, with that Princess and his Britannic Majefty, the famous treaty of Worms, the only clear and explicit alliance entered into during the war; by the eighth article of which he obtained certain conceffions in return for what he had already done, and in confideration of what, by the treaty, he undertook to do, and which he afterwards moft punctually and faithfully performed. The campaign of 1744 afforded new proofs of his Sardinian Majefty's abilities, and of the fignificancy of his friendthip. In the very beginning of the year, the Spanish and French army, commanded by the Infant Don Philip and the Prince of Conti, affembled on the frontiers, and, as foon as the feafon would permit, paffed the Varr, and took poffeffion of the town

of Nice, upon the first of April. His Sardinian Majefty's forces, under the command of the Marquis de Suza, remained in the retrenchments thrown up in the neighbourhood of Montalban, where, on the twenty-fecond of the fame month, the enemy attacked them, and bought, at a very dear rate, viz. the lofs of fix thousand men, exclufive of officers, a very small advantage. But, however, this enabled them to penetrate into Piedmont, and to lay all the country walte in their paffage; and yet they found fo many difficulties in the expedition, that, when they feemed to have in a manner accomplished it, they were glad to abandon all they had taken, rather than venture a battle; and, turning off into the French territories, took the route of Chateau Dauphine, which, in five feveral attacks, from the feventeenth to the nineteenth of July, they could hardly mafter; after which, however, they reduced Demont, and fo forced a passage on that side into Piedmont, in which country, when once they came into it, they lived with all the humanity and politenefs of Tartars. After a variety of military operations, Emanuel, by his prudent conduct, drove the enemy from all the posts they had poffeffed themfelves of; and, at the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which was figned the 28th of October, 1748, was eltablished in all the territories they made pretenfions to. From this period the happiness of his fubjects was the conftant object of his care; nothing, which could contribute to the improvement of the kingdom, appeared unworthy of his attention: He reftored order to the funds for paying the public debts, and convinced his neighbours, from the excellent schemes of economy which he adopted, that he was a perfect mafter of finance. One great art of governing is to produce felicity to the fubjects without retrenching the expences neceffary to fupport the throne with dignity. The King of Sardinia was eminently skilled in this art; and his adminiftration was a model for the neighbouring Potentates.

A ftriking proof of his wifdom was the exact neutrality which he preferved during the last war: This circumftance procured his fubjects ease and tranquillity in the midst of the great convulfions of Europe. This wife King not only July, 1774.

prevented the bloodfhed of his fubjects, but put an end to the rage of war, by becoming a mediator between the belligerant Powers.

The remaining years of his life he paffed with his people, like a father in the bofom of his family. His throne was open to the approach of the meanest citizen; every national matter was tranfacted under his own infpection, and the ftricteft juftice was done to all. His manner of living was fimple and modeft, but fuch as did not leffen the confequence of a Monarch. He loved and encouraged letters, and cultivated the fine arts with great affiduity. He was a found Philofopher and a good Christian. He died at Turin, the 20th day of February, 1773, aged 72, highly esteemed by all the crowned Heads of Europe, and univerfally lamented by his own subjects.

A

new Theory of Canine Madness, with | an infallible Method of preventing, and of curing that Disorder. Never before printed. (Continued from p. 318.) CHAPTER III. Reafons drawn from Analogy. NALOGY has been regarded in every

A

age as an unfufpected means of difcovering truth: It is by that, anatomy hath arrived to that degree of perfection in which we behold it at this day; and we are indebted, for the most important difcoveries, to comparative andtomy; that is, to the analogy of the bodies of brutes, with thofe of men.

Nature is uniform in all her operations. The generation of animals; their digeftion, life, and progreffive motion, as well as the caufes of their disorders, all follow general rules. Hence the confequences we derive from analogy are the more conclufive.-Let us defcend to particulars.

Whatfoever variety we obferve in the } generation of animals, nature still employs, in all, the fame means; namely, eggs. And although the hatches and vivifies them in different manners; yet through the varieties of nature in the fecret of their production, we may always behold a firit uniformity: that is to fay, an egg is always the principle, of generation. So that at prefent it is. a maxim, incontested by naturalists. Omne animal ex ovo.

But yet, although nature varies much
Bbb

in her manner of hatching thofe eggs, this variety is not the effect of whim or caprice, but is always guided by the jufteft reasons.

In birds, thefe eggs are obliged to be laid in nefts, for the convenience of fitting and brooding over them, in order to their being hatched; and they muft neceffarily have shut up in a hard fhell, not only the germ, but even the nourifhment of that germ, during the time of brooding. Without this wife and prudent difpofition what bird would be able to fly about, with fix, eight, ten, nay twelve fœtufes in her body? She must also be no less embarraffed in her motions neceffary in fearching for food, either for her own fupport, or for that of her young, and their growth to maturity.

The attention of nature to provide for the fuftenance of birds, has also obliged her to vary the number of the young of different fpecies. Those who lay their eggs on the ground, fuch as partridges, pheasants, quails, &c. lay a great number of eggs, because as foon as they are hatched, they may procure their nourishment from the ground itself, fince nature hath taken care that the time of their being hatched, fhould be precifely that when the harvest affords them fufficient provender. For thofe who make their nets in trees, as linnets, black birds, &c. or in the roofs of houses, as pigeons, fwallows, &c. nature has reduced the number of their young to two, or at moft to four; for as the mother is obliged to feed her young till they can y, nature hath abridged the number of the young to diminish in proportion the trouble of providing food for them; yet, at the fame time, not to leffen her views in the multiplication of fuch birds, fhe has made them to lay twice or thrice a year. In fish, which are deftined to compofe a great part of man's food, and to ferve alfo for food to one another, the multiplication of them must be infinite, to answer the above defigns; it was therefore impoffible for the mother to be able to brood over and hatch the multitudes of eggs which fhe lays on the coafts and banks of feas and rivers; fhe is obliged to truft that fervice to the heat of the fun, the grand refource of

nature.

Without this infinity of production,

the waters would foon be quite exhaufted of fish. It is aftonishing to think of the vast quantities that are taken on our coafts only, a sufficient proof of the fea's riches and abundance.

It will be ufelefs to carry this disquifition any farther; what has been faid is fufficient to fhew, that notwithstanding the different means which nature employs to hatch thefe eggs, yet fhe conftantly keeps her uniformity in their fecret and principal mystery of generation, that we may well conclude. Omne animal ex ovo.

This uniformity is not only apparent in the generation of animals, but is even continued in the production of all kinds of trees, plants, and the whole fpecies of vegetables. They all spring from feeds, which Ariftotle compares to eggs, as they truly are.

Having fhewn the conformity of nature in the generation and production of animals, I now proceed to fhew the is as uniform in their principles of motion, and preservation.

The loco-motive faculty of animals, whether the walking and running of man and beafts, the creeping of reptiles, the flying of birds and fome kinds of infects, and the swimming of fish; however different in their appearances, all teftify the uniformity of nature. Every one of these motions is executed by articulations and muscles.

So alfo digeftion, if we confider the organs thereof in divers animals, with attention and without prejudice, we shall find it performed in every one of them by trituration.

In birds, that powerful hollow muf. cle, called the gizzard (which Aristotle files the mill) is capable of a very strong degree of contraction; thereby it crushes the feeds which birds have fwallowed, and by the help of small stones which they have fwallowed alfo, grinds them to a pulp.

In ruminant animals, we find every apparatus proper for this trituration or grinding. Teeth, formed in a manner peculiarly proper for grinding the food; and four fiomachs. The first of these brings up the cud, bit by bit into the mouth, to be chewed and ground therein at leifure, as the beaft refts itself, or even whilft it is at work. The fecond flomach is formed with cells and wrinkles, into which the food goes, when

properly