telling a lie. Some of the greatest hypocrites are very averse to telling a direct lie; they prefer to allow another person to get himself into trouble; they hold up their hands and look at you with astonishment, when asked not to repeat something, meaning to tell it to the very next person they meet; and, of course, they never said they were not going to repeat what had been told them. It creates a sense of fairness and justice, and a belief in right as right, and makes a person true to his own convictions, whatever they may be. Its motto is 'Right for right's sake'; that of secretiveness being 'Honesty is the best policy.' 34. Faculty of Hope. This faculty influences the mind to believe that circumstances will turn out as expected, and prevents a person from desponding when in trouble. When this faculty is very large its possessor is liable to fail in his undertakings, through being over-sanguine, and not taking sufficient pains to secure his success. 35. Faculty of Spirituality. This faculty causes a man to believe in the supernatural, and when it is large he readily believes in ghosts, and is very superstitious, attributing every occurrence, no matter how trivial, to an unseen influence. 36. Faculty of Veneration. This faculty inclines a person to worship and rever- ence. respect for those who are better off than ourselves, and for the great and magnificent. 37. Faculty of Benevolence. This faculty gives rise to a desire to benefit others, and is therefore the faculty of the true philanthropist. When large its possessor is of a very self-sacrificing disposition. CHAPTER VII REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION, AND RECOLLECTION REMEMBRANCE is the term applied to the process when ideas and circumstances occur to the mind without mental effort, as, for example, those which have become part of ourselves. Thus, the names Shakespeare, Milton, and Byron suggest to us definite ideas without mental effort. Still, it is only a process of memory; at one time, we did not know who they were, though we can hardly recollect the time. Recognition is applied to persons and objects, when we look at an object and feel that we have seen the same before and in association with certain ideas. Thus, we look at a picture, and recognise it as being painted by a certain artist. That is, we see in the picture some points which make us convinced from the style that this artist has painted it. We recognise Mr. Brown as being the man we met at Brighton under certain circumstances. Recognition is, therefore, a conscious association of a past with a present impression, special faculties perceiving that the impressions are similar, and conveying this idea to the mind. Impressions are brought before the mind whether the process of recognition takes place or not, but in the latter case they remain unassociated. Recollection is different from the above, insomuch as it is a process in which the mind is primarily engaged. Thus, a man is asked, 'Do you remember when it was we went for that trip up the river?' No,' he replies, I don't remember,' and then thinks. Oh! it was about the time I received that letter from R▬▬. Ah! now I remember; that was on a Monday, and we went up the river on the Wednesday.' Thus, by a mental reviving of previous impressions, an association is found, and the required date remembered. The relation of the mind to the centres of memory has already been discussed, and the seat of the sensory memory being entirely below the plane of consciousness, there are certain definite laws which govern the process of perception by the mind of the impressions in the sensory memory centres. First Law of Remembrance. All impressions tend to revive those of a similar character, previously received; but an impression in the sensory memory will not be brought before the consciousness if its psychical intensity does not reach a certain definite standard. This psychical intensity is attained by the association of impressions representing similar members of a psycho-physical series contiguously combined in a similar manner. Second Law of Remembrance. When an impression is received similar to one received previously, unless the previous impression be revived at the same time, both impressions will remain separate; whereas, if the previous impression be brought before the consciousness and recognised as similar, an association of the two impressions will take place. Third Law of Remembrance. The revival of a component of an impression tends to the revival of the remaining components, and the revival of any impression tends to the revival of other impressions received about the same time; but unless these reach the necessary standard of psychical intensity they will not be brought before the consciousness. The first law of remembrance governs the revival of an impression in the sensory memory by other impressions received at a subsequent date, either as fresh sensory impressions or by the action of the mind. The word 'similar,' as applied to impresions as perceived, is only relative, and depends upon the several psycho-physical series, each of which differs in individuals; thus, the psychophysical form series of a Turner or Cuvier is considerably greater than that of an average person. The addition of a large number of units to a series very much extends the number of possible combinations, and, therefore, possible similarities. When a person fails to perceive an obvious likeness between two photographs, it is because he is not able to perceive the individuality of form in which the likeness consists, as shown in the example of the circles (see p. 59). The great difference between impressions, as received by any individual, consists in the variety of the contiguous combinations, and as the number of similar combinations in two impressions increases, so does the probability of revival; thus, a man who was not able to recognise an acquaintance when he met him again in different attire, would probably have easily done so, had his friend had on the same clothes as he had previously worn. It will be seen, therefore, that if an individual has a large faculty of any kind, he |