of the rivers; are often embowered in trees, and generally at a confiderable diftance from any habitation.

"A whimfical and not unpleafing effect is fometimes produced by the coat of plaifter or lime with which they are covered. The body of the church is ufually whitened, occafionally alfo the tower; in fome inftances the tower is uncoloured, and in others the battlements only are whitewashed. This intermixture of colours is ingenioully accounted for by Effex in his remarks on ancient brick and ftone buildings in England: The Normans frequently railed large buildings with 'pebbles only, and fometimes with pebbles intermixt with rag-ftones. As this rough manner of building 'with rag-ftones and other irregular "materials, required a coat of plaiftering to make them fair without and 'neat within, we find that thofe fmall churches and other buildings which 'were built in this manner, were always plaiftered in the infide, and frequently on the outfide, with a compofition of lime and fand, the remains of which may be traced in many of the Saxon and Norman churches, and in 'fome more modern.'

.

"Thefe churches exhibit different ftyles of architecture; many of them, particularly in the mountainous diftricts, are very ancient; and it is probable that a few were conftructed by the Britons, fome by the Saxons, and feveral at an early period of the Norman monarchy, as is evident from the rounded arches and mouldings peculiar to those styles; but the far greater part were built fince the introduction of Gothic architecture.

"The firft are generally of a fimple form, of fmall dimenfions, fhaped like a barn, without any diftinction in the breadth or height between the nave and the chancel, and without a belfry, "The fecond fpecies is of fomewhat later date: the chancel is narrower and lefs lofty than the church; a small belfry is alfo placed over the roof at the western extremity, with one or two apertures for bells, the ropes of which defcend into the church.

"The third fpecies confifts of a

nave, a chancel, and a tower or belfry, which is fometimes placed at the weftern extremity, fometimes in the middle, and fometimes at the fide. The tower was at firft rude and maffive, afterwards increased in height and lightnefs, was ornamented with battlements, and in later times with pinnacles. A few, particularly those in the eastern parts of the county, are provided with fteeples, and are scarcely earlier than the 13th century.

"Many of the churches have undergone little change fince the era of the Reformation, and exhibit traces of the Roman Catholic worship, particularly in the niches for faints, the receptacles for holy water, and fometimes in the. veftiges of the confeffional chair.

"Many alfo contain remains of the rood loft; almoft all of the doorway and fide staircase, which led to it. In feveral churches I obferved the tranfverfe beams from which the cross was fufpended, and in that of Bettws Newydd almoft the whole loft remains. In many parts of this county, the poor of every perfuafion ftill retain the custom of begging bread for the fouls of the departed on All Souls' day; the bread then given is called Bara ran, or Dole bread.

"The fonts are in general remark able for fize and rudenefs of workmanfhip; circumftances which bespeak antiquity, and prove that they were formed when baptifm was performed by immerfion, and not by fprinkling.

"A remarkable cuftom of high antiquity, which greatly disfigures the churches, is prevalent in these parts. The infide of the church is often the common place of fepulture. When a corpfe is buried, the pavement is taken up, a grave raised in the fame manner as in common church-yards, and this heap of earth ftrewed with flowers and evergreens. As this custom is annually repeated, and confidered as a teftimony of remembrance, the ftones are feldom replaced, the faded plants rot on the furface of the grave, the floor is damp and dirty; and these tributes of affection, though pleafing objects in the church-yards, become offenfive and difgufting." Introd. p. *27. (To be continued.)

VOL. V.-No. XLV.

MONTHLY

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

AGRICULTURE-ARTS.

GLEANINGS from Books on Agriculture: felected from the general Views of the Agriculture of the different Counties, drawn up at the Defire of the Board of Agriculture; Tranfactions of the London and Bath Agriculture Societies; Marfhall's Rural Economy; Young's Tour, &c. &c. 8vo. 48. Smith, Johnson. A comparative Statement of the Food produced from arable and grafs Land, and the Returns arifing from each; with Obfervations on the late Enclosures, and the probable Effects of a general A&t for enclofing Commons or Waftes, Heaths, &c.: together with other Matters. Addreffed to John Fane, Efq. M.P. by the Rev. LUKE HESLOP, Archdeacon of Bucks. 4to. 23. 23. Reynolds. Communications concerning the Agriculture and Commerce of the United States of America; being an Auxiliary to a Report made by William Strickland, Efq. of York, to the Board of Agriculture, on the Queries wherewith he was charged on his Tour to that Continent. By W. TATHAM. 8vo. 35. 6d. Ridgway. Communications concerning the Agri- culture and Commerce of America: containing Obfervations on the Commerce of Spain with her American Colonies in Time of War. Written by a SPANISH GENTLEMAN in Philadelphia this prefent Year 1800. With fundry other Papers concerning the Spanish Interefts. Edited in London by WILLIAM TATHAM. 8vo. 4s. Ridgway.

Auxiliary Remarks on an Effay on the

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Harvey.

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HISTORY.

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fome ufeful Directions for the Clergy. Vol. II. 8vo. 148. Butterworth. A Poftfcript to an Arrangement of all the Acts of Parliament relative to Taxes; containing the Subftance of the last Acts relative to the Income Tax and Land Tax Redemption. By STEWART KYD, Barrister at Law, 8vo. IS. Butterworth.

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The