found is propagated by means of undulating air (we explain also why this propagation is flower than that of light). As to what really takes place in the interior of the ear, anatomifts will please to recollect that we are addreffing ourselves to perfons who are deaf and dumb, confequently that phyfical exactnefs is out of the cafe. "We now inform our students, that if they do not hear, it is because they have not in their ears this hammer; or elfe because it is too much enveloped for the motion of the air to make an impreffion; or, laftly, because, if it does move and ftrike, the part upon which it acts is in a manner paralytic. "The explications I have given at various times on this fubject, have produced very different effects upon dif. ferent pupils; fome being highly gratified at knowing what it is to hear, others profoundly dejected at not having the hammer in their ears, or at its being enveloped. The first two that attended this lecture, having given an account of it at home, could not supe prefs their chagrin, upon learning that the house-cat and canary-bird had both. the little hammer in their ears. "From the above it will be easy to guefs the notion which the deaf and dumb form refpecting our faculty of hearing. "When all my fcholars are in my study, their whole attention engroffed by a picture which they have not feen before, if I ftamp on the floor, every one, without exception, whatever their number, immediately turns round; the pulfation they feel at their feet being a fufficient notice that I defire them to look towards me. "A few minutes after, I let them know that twenty perfons are in my antichamber, who cannot perceive me, nor I them, whom nevertheless I fhalf cause to enter, that they may have the pleasure of looking at the fame picture. I call them aloud, and they enter immediately. The deaf and dumb comprehend that these perfons have experienced a vibration in the ear fomething fimilar to what they themselves felt at the feet when I ftamped upon the floor. "The faculty of hearing, therefore, appears to them, an internal difpofition of our ears, rendering us capable of fenfations there, of which their own ears are incapable, because the door is fhut fo as to prevent the air from penetrating, or becaufe they are without the little hammer to ftrike, or without the drum which it is to ftrike upon: and as they perceive that the ftamping of the foot on the floor produces more or let's motion at their feet, in proportion to the force of the ftroke, fo they conceive that the motion produced in our ears is more or lefs felt in proportion to the degree of violence with which the air enters: they have nearly the fame idea of it as of a wind blowing with more or lefs ftrength. "But as we can give no diftin&t idea of the difference of colours to a per fon born blind, neither can we give the deaf and dumb a diftinct idea of the difference of founds produced in our ears by the different articulation of letters," P. 80. C. Experiments upon the Circulation of the Blood throughout the vascular Syftem; on languid Circulation; on the Motion of the Blood, independent of the Action of the Heart; and on the Pulfations of the Arteries. By the Abbé SPAL LANZANI. With Notes, and a Sketch of the literary Life of the Author: By J. TOURDES, M.D. of the University of Montpellier,. and one of the Physicians to the French Army in Italy, &c. &c, Tranflated into Englith, and illuf trated with additional, Notes. By R. HALL, M. D. &c. 8vo.. PP 44 9s. Ridgway. CONTENTS. SKETCH of the literary Life of Spallanzani-Phenomena of the Circulation throughout the vafcular System explained; being the Refuits of various Experiments on. Salamanders, Lizards, and other Ani. mals; divided into twelve Sections, EXTRACT FROM THE LITERARY LIFE “LAZARUS Spallanzani was born at at Scandiano, on the 12th January 1729. His father, John Nicholas Spallanzani, had practifed as an advocate with confiderable diftinction, and died regretted by his countrymen at the age of eighty-five years. His mother, Lucia Cigliani, was a native of Colorni, in the Dutchy of Parma. Lazarus Spallanzani completed his elementary ftudies under his father's roof. At the age of fifteen he was fent to Reggio, where he studied rhetoric and philofophy, under the direction of the Jefuits. The rapidity of his progrefs foon attracted the attention of his tutors, and likewife that of the Dominicans, both of whom thought him well qualified to fuftain the glory of their order; but the pupil refused to contract any engagement with either. "From this feminary he proceeded to the university of Bologna, where experimental philofophy was then taught by that celebrated woman Laura Baffa. She was coufin to Spallanzani, and treated him with all the regard of an affectionate relative, a fincere friend, and an enlightened tutorefs. The pupil was not ungrateful, and he foon juftified the warm expectations which had been entertained of him. A fplendid thefis, which he maintained amidst the applaufes of a numerous audience, foon raised him above his clafs-fellows: the profeffors of that celebrated school admitted him into their fociety; and fome of them even employed him to fill the chair in their abfence. "During this period, Spallanzani ftudied the Greek and French languages, under Doctor Bianconi. The former was the object of his more particular attention; and he was foon capable of reading Homer and Demofthenes with ease. Convinced of the justice of Horace's precept, Exemplaria Græca Nocturna verfate manu, verfate diurna,' every moment that he could spare was occupied in perufing thofe immortal productions; and to them, doubtlefs, are to be attributed that perfpicuity, energy, and eloquence, which characterize his own compofitions. "In compliance with that cuftom which deftines children to adopt the profeffion of their fathers, Spallanzani applied himself to the ftudy of jurif prudence. But the dryness of that ftudy was little calculated to captivate a mind lofty, independent, and already fufceptible of the boldeft conceptions. Accordingly, after a few years of labour and difguft, he refolved to abandon a profeffion for which he felt himfelf neither inclined nor adapted, and refumed his physical and mathematical ftudies, which he pursued for three years with all that ardour which is usually excited by the recollection of difficulties already overcome, and the view of fresh obftacles to be furmounted. Hence were derived that talent for analyfis, that acuteness of obfervation, which were to conduct him to the moft fplendid difcoveries; that found logic, which, admitting only the clearest premises, and the ftricteft conclufions, guarded him against the fallacies of hypothefis, and the illufions of felf-love and the imagination. "By this time his reputation began to fill a large sphere; his correfpondence was every where courted; and the fchool in which he had learnt the firft elements of fcience, eagerly ap pointed him to teach philofophy and the belles lettres. Spallanzani was only twenty-fix years of age when he was elected profeffor at Reggio, where he laid the foundation of the majeftic edifice of his glory. That city can boast of being the first which enjoyed the prefence of a philofopher, who muft be ranked amidst the greatest of those that have done honour to the Italian name. P. I. EXTRACTS. OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ORGA NIC REPRODUCTIONS. " VEGETABLES reproduce their ftems, which fhoot forth, increase, and bear bloffoms, leaves, and fruit. Is an animal, in like manner, endowed with the power of regenerating the organs of which it may have been de prived? Do the new organs prefent *"Scandiano is a fmall town, fituated north-eaft of the Appenines, about feven miles from Reggio, and fourteen from Modena. It contains a popula tion of about fifteen hundred perfons. The family of Vallifnieri came ongi nally from Scandiano." the the fame ftructure with thofe which they fucceed? and are they capable of performing the fame functions? This is, doubtlefs, one of the moft interefting fubjects of inquiry within the province of natural hiftory; and it has, accordingly, attracted the attention of feveral phyfiologifts. Yet, from the want of a fufficient number of obfervations and experiments, the theory of animal reproductions was ftill in a very obfcure state. Some denied the exiftence of a regenerative power, or admitted only the reproduction of inorganic parts, produced by the paffive operation of extravafated matter, without any regular and definite ftructure; and others alleged, that the example of a few animals of the moft fimple organization, was not fufficient to refolve a problem of a nature so complicated and extenfive." "It muft, indeed, be admitted, that the regeneration of the polypus, and a few small infects, cannot establish a general and common law with refpect to all animals; but if fuch as are furnished with perves, fibres, blood-veffels, a heart, ftomach, and brain, are found to poffefs the faculty of reproducing different organs, we must abandon ourselves to the moft ridiculous fcepticism, or give our affent to a regenerative power, whatever questions may arife as to its mode, its effence, and its means. No one has treated the subject of animal reproductions in a manner so varied and original as Profeffor Spallanzani. He confirmed the multiplied regeneration of the polypus and the common earth-worm; and difcovered that the fresh-water worm re produces itself ad infinitum; each part, into however many it may be divided, becoming a complete animal of its fpecies. Several animals of a fuperior mechanifm afforded results no lefs furprifing. Toads, of different kinds, recovered their paws, lizards their tails, the water-fnail its horns, and the landfnail almoft all its members. Our author had even afferted that the latter reproduced its head; but later and more correct refearches have shown that the brain of the land-fnail is not fituated in the part which was amputated. The experiment, however, is not the lefs wonderful. If it does not prove the renovation of a head, it prefents, at least, the regeneration of a member furnished with a very compli cated organic apparatus. "Every one must have heard of the wonderful powers which are attributed to the falamander. A fubtle, but mortal poison was fuppofed to flow in its veins, and it could live and multiply in the midst of the flames, which were regarded as its natural element. Sound philofophy has banished all these chimeras, and demonftrated the falsehood of fo many fuppofed properties. "Though defpoiled, however, of its imaginary prerogatives, the fala mander is ftill an object worthy of our admiration. Not only does it renovate its jaws, tail, legs, &c. but it even recovers all thefe members, after repeated amputations; fo that, cutting off its extremities in fucceffion, it will be found, that, in the space of two months, no less than ninety-nine bones have been completely reproduced." P. 14. able Additions and explanatory Obfervations. 12mo. 38. Rivingtons. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 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