benumbed vegetation no longer produces any at fome diftance from the fummit of the mountain: this fummit is naked, and prefents only a cap of fnow and ice, on which it is impoffible to fuftain one's felf and walk. It is not aftonishing that the Greeks have placed the abode of the gods on an eminence which mortals cannot reach. "Thus it is at leaft, that we faw the high, vaft, and luminous Olympus, as it was called by the ancients. It was the middle of July: the heat was extreme towards the base of the mountain as well as in the plain, and the mafies of fnow which were condenfed near its fummit, did not appear to be on the point of melting. How ever, an English traveller has advanced that in the month of September no more fnow is feen on Olympus. We are tempted not to believe the affertion of Brown, when we have visited the mountain during the hottest part of the fummer, and have heard the testimony of the Greek monks, who have fucceeded the gods on this great elevation of the globe: they confirmed to us, indeed, what we could fcarcely doubt, the perpetual permanence of fnow and ice on the top of the moun tain. "The reader may eafily conceive the immenfe extent of different countries which our view embraced from the top of Olympus; it feemed to us to touch Pelion and Offa, which form another chain of mountains; and the vale of Tempe, of which the ancient poets have spoken as a place of delight, appeared to us a very narrow gorge, and the river Peneus which waters it, a streamlet of water fcarcely perceptible. However, we there remarked every thing that takes place on very lofty eminences; a very fharp cold, waters ftill colder, enormous shelves of rocks heaped the one on the other, and alike threatening heaven with their point, and earth with their fall; and at our feet big clouds, which, by feparating us from the abode of men, feemed to place us in the habitation of the gods. "When we had admired all thefe objects whofe afpect elevates the foul, we agreed to return to our companions, whom we had left at fome dif tance above the laft monaftery; and as, on thefe rugged and fteep rocks, there neither are paths, nor tracks to follow, each of us took the way which appeared most convenient to him to defcend, and most frequently to let ourselves flide down, fufpended to branches. But fuch is the habit of travelling in difficult places, that I foon ceafed to hear my companions, and I reached the place of rendezvous, upwards of two hours before them. "M. de T..... had a fever on arriving at the convent of St. Dennis, and it manifested itself with fuch violence as to give me fome inquietude. Two days of reft did not calm it: a monk propofed to difpel it in an inftant; and as the queftion was not to fwallow any fpecies of drug, I prevailed on M. de T..... to fuifer him to operate. He took hold of both his arms, the one after the other; and leaning his thumb ftrongly on the artery at the wrift, he ran it along the vein, still prefling it violently with his thumb, and not without occafioning pain to the patient, almost up to the fhoulder, I fhall not attempt to explain what may be the effect of this reflux of blood in the arteries; but what I attest is, that the fever ceafed, and we were able the next day to defcend to the monaftery of Skala. "When one arrives at the frozen fummit of Olympus, one finds many charms in the fituation of this convent; the temperature there is mild, vegetation vigorous, and the number of animated beings greater. With the exception of bouquetins, active inhabitants of the rocks, and a few bears, there are hardly any quadrupeds to be feen beyond the half of the height of Olympus; fearcely do birds pafs this limit, where the heat of the atmosphere begins to be loft, and where the cold increates in proportion as one approaches the fuminit." P. 539. &c. Chiefly defigned to explain EXTRACT FROM THE ADVERTISE “IT MENT. T was fuggefied, fome years ago, to the compiler of the follow ing pages, that a work, containing an account of the manners and cuftoms of the Greeks, upon a plan fomewhat fimilar to that of Dr. Adam, in his very ufeful book on the Ronan antiquities, would be a profitable companion to the ftudents of literature. riety of their games and feftivals, their majestic and flowing drefs, the peculiarity of their entertainments, and whatever has diftinguished them from other nations. "The compiler of the prefent work has therefore endeavoured to introduce what is most inftructive and interefting in the customs and manners of the ancient Greeks; without the knowledge of which, the ftudy of the Greek claffics would be dull and unprofitable. The Greek words are added to the particular cuftom to which they relate; and thus, by connecting words with things, the ftudent may at once unite his knowledge of the country by the language, and of the language by the country. "It would be ufelefs to enumerate the variety of learned authorities to which he has referred: he will only acknowledge, that in the long catalogue of authors which he has confulted, he has freely borrowed, from every quarter, whatever could be felested for the utility and illuftration of the fubject, "On this fubject, the work of Archbishop Potter has been confulted; but it is found to be fo encumbered with hiftorical and mythological digreffious, and with long quotations from the claffics, that the labour of inquiry is not always without difficulty repaid. The work alfo of Lambert Bos, profeffor of Greek in the univerfity of Franeker, although enriched with the notes of Frederick Leifner, is executed upon a plan too compendious to fatisfy the inquifitive Blair's Chronology'." P.v. fcholar. It is hoped, however, that the prefent compilation will be deemed equally free from thefe objections; comprehending much that will inftruct, as well as amufe. "In the account of the coins, weights, and measures, Arbuthnot has been his chief guide. But M. D'Anville's 'Mefures Itinéraires' may be confulted with great advantage. "The Chronology of remarkable Events has been felected from the "To render the perufal of the ancient Greek claffics more profitable and delightful, a previous acquaintance with the cuftoms and manners of that celebrated people is obviously neceffary and in these refearches, it cannot be doubted but that he fcholar will contemplate with admiration, their magnificent edifices, their naval and military affairs, the myfterious folemnities of their religion, the va 'Fafti Attici,' from Archbishop Uther's 'Annales,' and from Dr. EXTRACTS. MILITARY FUNERALS, AND TREAT MENT OF THE SLAIN. "THE bodies of the dead enemies were anciently treated with much indecency and barbarity, disfigured, ftabbed, and expofed to ignominy and fcorn. In the Trojan war, this favage cuftom was not entirely abolifhed; (Hom. Schol. H. x. 398 and 367-Statius, Theb. 9. 380.-Vng. En. 10. and 11. v. 9.—Herod. Call.) It had been ufual for the conquerors to prevent their enemies from interring their dead, until they had paid large fix the oar he ufed to row with upon his tomb, and to caft his arms into the funeral pile; (Hom. Ody. 2. v. 74.-Virgil, Eneid. 6. v. 232.) The Spartan matrons examined the bodies of their dead fons; and those who had received more wounds behind than before, were conveyed privately away, or left in the common heap; but thofe who had a grea er number of wounds in their breasts were carried away with triumph, to be buried among their ancestors; (Ælian. Var. Hift. lib. 12. cap. 21.) They were carried home upon their bucklers; (Plutarch. Apoph.-Aufon. Ep. 24.) large fums for their ranfom; (Hom. Il. w. Lycophr. Caff. v. 269.—En, 9. v. 213.) If the body was not ranfomed, it remained unburied; (Hom. Il. a. 4.) though this practice was not always ftrictly obferved; (Hom, II. 2. 414.-Iliad n. v. 408.-Elian. Var. Hijt. lib. 2. cap. 27.-Plutarch. Thef) and in fucceeding ages wholly difcontinued. The Athenians were anxious to inter honourably the bodies of their foldiers who fell valiantly; and the neglect or omiflion of it was deemed highly criminal; (Xenoph. Græc. Hift. lib. 1.) Nicias even renounced all title to the victory which he had obtained, when it appeared that, by an overfight, two of his men were left dead upon the field; fending a herald to the enemy for leave to remove them; (Plutarch. Niei.-Diodor. Sicul. lib. 15.) When they carried their arms into diftant countries, they reduced the bodies of the dead to afhes, that they might be conveyed to their relations, and depofited in the tombs of their anceftors; (Hom. Schol. Iliad a. v. 52. Iliad n. v. 332.) The Lacedemonians buried their dead in the country where they died; their kings were embalmed with honey, and conveyed home; (Plutarch. Agefl.) The foldiers always attended at the funeral folemnities, with their arms reverfed: where it was usual to wear long hair, the mourners fhaved; and where others fhaved, mourners wore long hair; (Virg. En. 11. 92.--Statius, Theb. 6.) "The Athenians placed the bodies of their dead in tents, three days before the funeral, that the relations might come and pay them the last honours. Upon the fourth day, a coffin of cyprefs was fent from every tribe, to convey the bones to their own relations; after which a covered hearfe followed, in memory of those whofe bodies could not be found. Thefe, accompanied with the whole body of the people, were carried to the public burial-place, and interred. One oration was delivered in praise of all; their monuments were adorned with pillars, infcriptions, and other honourable memorials. The oration was pronounced by the fathers of thofe who had behaved most valiantly; (Polemo in Argumento Tws επιταφίων λόγων.--Cicer. de Orator.. Thucyd. lib. 3. The names of the foldiers deceafed were marked with the letter 0, meaning favors, dead; thofe of the living with 7, meaning nga, preferved; (Ruffin. in Hieronym.-Ifidor. Hifpal. lib. 1. cap. 23.)”. P. 317. "The name, origin, and exploits were ufually infcribed on the tombs of women who died in childbed; and of foldiers, who loft their lives in battle, (Plutarch. Lycurg.) and who were buried with green boughs, and honoured with a funeral eulogium: thofe who were judged to be good warriors, were interred in their red coats; (Elian. Var. Hift. lib. 6. cap. 6.) Their arms were alfo fixed upon their tombs, as well as the badge of whatever other profeffion they had borne. Elpenor, appearing to Ulyffes. in the fades below, entreats him to fometimes xi, ovyuanlas, emixans. Thofe employed to invite the guests were called κλήτορες and δειπνοκλήτορες; λalgo, and algo, from shog, which is the name of the table, on which the provifion was placed in the kit chen; (Athena. lib. 4. cap. 21.) Sometimes to invite was called xx ygap, to write down, from the cuftom of inferibing the names of thofe to be invited on a tablet. The hour was fignified by the invitation; and as they numbered the hours by the motion of the fun, frequent ufe is made of ox, the fhade of the fun, and roxo, the letter of the dial; (Ariftoph. Concion.--Suidas.--Hefychius.) Relations often went uninvited; (Athena. lib. 4. cap. 26.— Hom. I. B. 408.) They who were brought by thofe who had been invited, were called ox, umbræ, fhades, from their following the guefts, as fhades do bodies; (Plutarch. Sympof. lib. 7. Quæft. 6.-Horat. lib. 2. Sat. 8. v. 22.2.-Lib. 1. Ep. 5. 28.) They who infinuated themselves into the company where they were not welcome, were called vas, mufcæ, flies; (Plaut. Pænul, act. 3. fc. 3. v. 76.-Plaut. Mercat. a&t. 2. fe. 3. v. 26.) Flies were deemed an emblem of a man of courage, because, when beaten away, they return again; (Iliad S. v. 570.) They were alfo termed Muzono, Myconians. from the poverty of that nation; (Athence. lib. 1. cap. 7.) and age, Paratites, (Athena. lib. 6. cap 7-Pollux, lib. 6. cap. 7.) It was however ufual for friends to vifit at the houfes of each other at the times of entertainment, without waiting for an invitation; (Euftath. in 11. 6.- Plato Sympof.) The number of guefts varied, as occafion offered, but feldom exceeded five; (Athena. lib. 1. cap. 4-Lib. 15. cap. 3.) though in later times it was not limited. At the cucchia, common meals, not more than ten were admitted; (Euftath. in Hom. I. 6. 126.) At public entertainments the number was not limited; (Droder. Sicul.) Afterwards, to prevent confusion, no perfon at Athens was al lowed to entertain above thirty at one time; to enforce which law, men called γυναικονόμοι, were obliged to go to entertainments, and to expel thofe who exceeded that number; and the cooks, employed to drefs the food at entertainments, gave in their names every time they were hired; (Athena. lib. 6. cap. 11.) Men and women were never invited together; (Cicer, Orat. 3. in Verr.-Cornel. Nep. Prafat. in Vit. Imp.) Before they went to an entertainment, they washed and anointed themfelves; (Ailene, lib. 4. cap. 27.) They who came off a journey wafhed and clothed fuitable to the occafion, in the houfe of the entertainer, before the feaft; (Hom. Odyff. d. v. 48.) They alfo wafhed their hands before they lat down to meat; (Hom. Odyf. §.) It was ufual alfo to wash between every courfe, and after fupper; (Homer.— Ariftoph. Vefp.) To wash the hands before fupper was called of2; to wafh after fupper, arondartzi; and to wipe the hands, aropafasiz,, The rapεναπομαξασθαι, απόψεσαι. kin was called Expayer, Xesanter; inftead of which, in eary times, they ufed απομαγδαλιας, which were the foit and fine part of the bread, which they afterwards caft to the dogs; (Homer.) In wathing after fupper, they used fome fort of σμήγμα, απος gas xg, ftuff to fcour the hands; (Athene. lib. 10. cap. ult.) After wathing, the hands were perfumed with odours; (Athena. lib. 10. cap. ult.) "When the guests arrived at the houfe of entertainment, the mafter of the houfe faluted them, or one appointed in his place; which was called assages; (Schol. in Aifth. Plut.) The most common falutation was by joining their right hands, as a pledge of friendship. This ceremony was very ancient; (Hom. Odl. y. v. 35.) Hence digital is fonietimes joined with asagista; (drifoph. Plut.) Sometimes they kified the lips, hands, knees, or feet, in falutations. There was a particular fort of kifs, called xvigo, (Suides.) or xla, (Pollux.) the pot; when they took the perfon, like a pot, by both his ears; which was chiefly ufed towards children; (Tibull. lib. 2.) though fometimes by men and women; (Theocrit. Idyll. . v. 132.) When the guests were admitted, they did not immediately fit down to table, but spent fome time in viewing and commending the room and furniture; (Ariftoph. Vefp.-Athene. lib. 4. cap. 27.)" P. 422. CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. fon's back; the fecond perfon's head was below the bofom of the former, his feet being placed behind the third perfon's back; and in this manner four or five were placed; (Cicer. Orat. in Pifon.) At the beginning of the entertainment, it was ufual to lie flat upon their ftomachs, that their right hand might more easily reach the table; but afterwards they turned upon their fides; (Plutarch. Sympof. lib. 5. Quæft. 6.---Horat. lib. 2. Sat. 4. v. 37.) "THERE were feveral forts of feats used at entertainments: for the Grecians fat down at their meals; (Hom. II. x. 578.--. 315.) Agos, was a feat containing two perfons; and were commonly placed for the inferior guests: @govos, a feat, on which they fat upright, with gas, a footftool, under their feet; Kacpos, a feat, on which they fat, leaning rather backwards; (Athenee. lib. 5. cap. 4.) Afterwards, when luxury and effeminacy prevailed, they exchanged their feats for couches, that they might drink more commodioufly; (Plaut. Stich. act. 5. Sc. 4. v. 22.) In Macedonia, no one was allowed to fit at meals, before he had killed a boar without nets; (Athenæ. lib. 1. cap. 14.) It was the custom for children to fit at their meals; (Tacit. Annal. lib. 13.-Sueton. Arg. cap. 64. -Sueton. Claud. cap. 32.) at the bottom of the couch; where alfo fat people of meaner condition; (Plutarch. Sympof. Sapient.--Donat. Vit. Terent.) The table was placed in the middle, round which ftood the couches, covered with cloth or tapeftry; upon thefe they refted, inclining the upper part of their body upon their left arms, the lower part being extended at length, or fome what bent; their heads were raifed up, and their backs fometimes fupported by pillows. If feveral perfons reclined upon the fame bed, the firft was on the upper part, with his legs ftretched out behind the fecond per "The guests were ufually arranged according to their rank, the chief perfons holding the uppermoft feats; (Euftath. in II. 2. v. 498.) Afterwards at public entertainments there was crushniwg, a perfon appointed to call every gueft by name to his proper place. Heroes fat in long ranks, and the chief perfons were placed at the head of each rank on both fides of the table; which is the meaning of the word axgi, uppermost; (Euftath. in II. 2. v. 498.—— Hom. I. . v. 217.) Neptune entering the laft at an entertainment of the gods, yet fat in the middle; Jupiter was at the head of one rank, next to him, Minerva his daughter; who once gave place to Thetis; (Hom. II. a. v. 100.) Juno fat at the head of the oppofite rank; (Plutarch. Sympof. lib. 1. Quæft. 1.) That couch placed the firft or neareft to the table, was thought to be most honourable; fometimes the first place of the middle couch. Sometimes they were feated promifcuoutly, without regard to rank or character; (Plutarch. Timon. Sympof. lib. 1. Quel. 2.) It was ufual at Sparta, for the eldest to go before the reft to the couches at the common hall, unless the king called any one before him; (Extath. in II. 8) The table was accounted facred; through which means honour was paid to Jupiter, the god of friendship and hofpitality, (Syneftas Ep. 57.) who was called E and 105. Honour was alfo paid to Hercules, who was hence called To; and Aziga-3s. It was ufial to place the |