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structures should have perished. Be fides, their houses, with fome exceptions, adapted to their general habits, would be rude, and low, and small.

"After the Conqueft, our native forefts remaining with little diminution, the ufe of wood in the conftruction of houfes continued to be general; and the firft deviation from this prac tice was introduced by the practice of kernelling and embattling manor houfes, of which more hereafter. It is difficult to affign with exactnefs the era of buildings which have no infcribed dates, and of whofe erection there are no records. But perhaps we may refer the oldeft fpecimens of architecture in wood, now remaining among us, to the time of Edward I. Inftances of this ftyle are found alike in the halls of fome ancient manor houses, and their gigantic barns, which are little lefs rude than the other. The peculiar marks by which they are dif. tinguished are thefe: the whole ftructure has been originally a frame of wood-work, independent of walls; the principals confifting of deep flat beams of maffy oak, naturally curved, and of which each pair feems to have been fawed out of the fame trunk. These fpring from the ground, and form a bold Gothic arch overhead; the fpars reft upon a wall plate, as that is again fuftained by horizontal fpurs, grooved into the principals. It was then of no importance that fuch erections confumed great quantities of the fineft thip-timber; and indeed the appear ance of one of these rooms is precifely that of the hull of a great ship inverted, and feen from within. Specimens of this moft ancient ftyle, in perfection, are the Old Hall of the Manor Houfe, at Samlesbury, and the Lawfing Stedes Barn, at Whalley*. In the reign of Henry IV. we have a fpecimen in the hall at Radcliff, of a deviation from this primitive model; there the principals have two springers, one from the ground, another from a rude capital, about eight feet from the ground; but the fquare of the building is confiderably raised, and the arch encroaches lefs upon the apartment within. The ftyle of architecture in wood evidently kept pace with that in stone; and when

in the time of Henry VII. the arch in ftone-work became broader and more deprefied in the centre, a correfpondent change was introduced in our ancient timber buildings. Wooden pafterns indeed ftill defcended to the ground, but they were now become perpendicular, and fquare, and fluted; from the top of thefe, elegant and ornamental springers received horizontal roof beams, while all was ftill open to the roof above, and the rafters continued to reft on a wall plate. Thus the idea of a complete frame, independently of the walls, was ftill preferved; but the low bafement ftory of ftone, fometimes to be observed in our moft ancient buildings, now advanced to the fquare, though the cross pikes are generally of wood. This precisely defcribes the hall of Little Mitton, and another noble specimen of somewhat later date, the weft wing of Samlesbury Hall, built by Sir Thomas Southworth, A. D. 1532, of which the outer wall, however, is brick, and the earliest fpecimen of that material with which I am acquainted in the compass of this work. The wood employed in the conftruction of this last mansion, must almoft have laid proftrate a forest; and while the principal timbers were carved with great elegance, and the compartments of the roof painted with figures of faints, while the outsides of the building are adorned with profile heads of wood, cut in bold relief within huge medallions, it is curious to observe that the inner doors are without a pannel or a lock, and have always been opened, like thofe of modern cottages, with a latch and ftring. I am not fure that pannelling in wainscot was introduced before the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is alfo remarkable, that in this houfe the boards of the upper floors, which are indeed maffy planks, inftead of croffing, lie parallel to the joyfts, as if difdaining to be indebted to the other for fupport.

"Immediately on the difufe of tim ber buildings, the obtufe arched roof was exploded, and a flat roof, divided into fquare compartments by contigna tions of wood, was introduced, and continued in halls more than a century after. Here, however, for a time, the

"Here, instead of walls, there are nothing but oak boards fixed diagonally, like a Venetian blind.”

crofs

crofs timbers were fluted, and the light perforated fpringers occafioned the transition to be lefs obferved. Thefe were afterwards fucceeded by plain corbels of ftone, and the mouldings omitted.

"The general decay of native woods, occafioned an universal disuse of this material in buildings about the latter end of Henry VIII's time: the first

inftance of an entire hall houfe, of brick and ftone, is Stubley, near Rochdale, unquestionably of that peried; and in the reign of Elizabeth, which was a new era in domeftic architecture, numbers of old timber halls having gone to decay, were replaced by ftrong and plain manfions of stone, yet remaking." P. 472.

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POETRY

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