was no property in land: all the country, was open and common to any occupier; and no one assumed to himself a property in the soil, or considered as his own, the produce of any particular spot.

26. In Africa, among the native Americans, and in most parts of Asia, there exists to this day, no property in the land; hence, in those countries, there is little cultivation; and subsistence is precarious; notwithstanding the fertility of the soil, and the genial character of the climates.

27. The recognition and protection of property in the soil, is the basis of industry, plenty, and social improvement; and is, therefore, one of the most important steps in the progress of man, from the savage, to the civilized state.

28. As soon as any man could call a spot of ground his own, and could secure to his family the produce of it; he would carefully cultivate, sow, and plant it; knowing that he should reap the reward of his labour in the season of harvest.

29. Countries, however, in general, lie open; with nothing but banks and ditches to divide the land of every husbandman: but in England, each separate farm is divided from others, by hedges and fences; and the farms themselves, are broken into small enclosures.

30. In France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and most other nations, the lands still remain unenclosed, in large open fields; and those countries in consequence, present a dreary appearance to the eye of an Englishman; whose enclosures render England the garden of the world.

31. Enclosures greatly improve the climate of a country, by protecting it from inclement winds; they pleasantly subdivide the labours of the farmer; and, by restraining the exercise of cattle, they occasion them to get fat much Sooner.

32. Farmers are called arable farmers, when they are chiefly employed in raising corn; and pasture or grass-farmers, when they are engaged in rearing and fattening sheep, and other live stock.

33. Farms vary in size, from fifty to one thousand acres. Arable farms are generally smaller than those employed in pasture, or grazing. Those, from two to four hundred acres, are the most beneficial to the occupiers and the public.

34. Soils are divided into clayey, loamy, chalky, sandy, gravelly, peaty, and moory. The clayey and loamy are called stiff or strong soils; and the sandy and gravelly, light soils.

35. Soils are barren, when they consist of too much of one kind of material, do not hold moisture, or are too shallow. They are fertile, when they contain a due mixture of several primitive earths with vegetable and animal matter.

36. To render a barren soil fertile, it requires to be frequently turned up to the air, and to have manures mixed with it; which manures consist of animal dungs, decayed vegetables, lime, marl, sweepings of streets, &c.

37. In turning over the soil, the chief implements of the Gardener is the spade, the hoe, and

the mattock; and of the Farmer, the plough, the harrow, the roller, the scythe, and the sickle.

38. As a succession of the same crops tends to impoverish the soil, a rotation of different crops is necessary. Potatoes, grain, and white crops, are exhausting; but, after them, the soil is ameliorated by tares, turnips, and green or plant crops.

39. On stiff soils, clover, beans, wheat, cabbages, and oats, may be cultivated in succession; and on light soils, potatoes, turnips, pease, oats, or barley, may succeed each other. The general rule, is one crop for man, and one for beast.

Obs. This plan of varying the crops, is a new discovery. Formerly, land lay long in fallow; that is to say, was not worked every third or fourth year; but now, it is usual, by varying the crops, to get two, three, or four crops in a year from the same soil, without its being exhausted; and fallowing is, consequently, found to be unnecessary.-See Young's Farmer's Kalendar.

40. Wheat is sown in September or October; but the spring-wheat is sown in March. It ripens in August and September, when it is reaped, housed, and threshed. After being ground at the mill and sifted, wheat forms flour: the flour mixed with water and yeast, and baked in an oven, becomes Bread.

41. Barley is sown in April and May it is made into malt, by being heated to a state of germination, and then broken in a mill. If the malt be infused in hot water, the infusion, with the addition of hops, may be fermented into beer, ale, and porter.

42. Oats are sown in February or March;

when ground, they form oatmeal, and mixed with water the meal becomes oat-bread; but un. ground, they are the favourite food of horses.

43. There are other species of grain cultivated in England, as rye, peas, and beans. The former m kes black bread; and the latter are well known as delicious and wholesome food. Rice, a very nutritive grain, is much cultivated in warm climates; and preferred to other kinds of grain for the food of man.

44. Modern husbandry has subdivided Grass into nearly a hundred several kinds; of which, there are two principal divisions; natural grasses, and artificial grasses. 'The several sorts are sown and cultivated together, or separately; according to the nature of the soil, or the ob ject of the cultivator.

45. The natural grasses are very numerous in their kinds; and are preferred for lands intended to be kept in grass. The artificial grasses are ray grass, red clover, trefoil, sainfoil, lucern, tares, yarrow, turret &c..

46. On many farms, cows are kept for the milk they vield; and for the purpose of making butter or cheese. Butter is made from cream by agitating it in a churn; and is the oiley part of the cream, or a sort of a solid oil. Cheese is made from milk by curdling it with runnet; and the curd is then pressed, shaped, and dried.

Obs. The runnet is the inside of the stomach of a calf; and is kept in pickle for the purpose of setting the curd. The cheese would be white, if the milk were not previously coloured with Spanish arnetta. The largest cheese-farms are in Cheshire and Denbighshire; and on some of these, 500 milch cows are kept.

47. In England, of late years, selections have been made of breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., from among those which fatten the quickest, which have the best-flavoured flesh, best wool, &c.

48. Among oxen, the kinds that have been preferred, are the middle-horned, or Devonshire, for working; and the short-horned, the spotted, and the Alderney, for milking.

The long-horned, the Welch, the Kyeloe, and the Fifeshire, have also their separate purposes and recommendations.

49. Among the improved breeds of sheep, the favourite is the South Down; but the Tees. water, Dartmoor, and Romney-marsh-breeds, are the largest; the new Leicester and Lincoln are the next. The fleece of the Lincoln weighs 11 lbs.

50. Those sheep which produce the finest wool, are the Merino, the Ryeland, and the Shetland; but their fleeces weigh only from 2 to 3 lbs.

A male sheep is called a tup or ram; and a female, a ewe. They are usually shorn in June; and are called one-shear, two-shear, or three, shear sheep, according to their ages.

51. Horses are divided into blood.horses or racers; hackney or riding-horses; coach-horses; Cleaveland-bays; Suffolk-punches; Clydesdales; and heavy Blacks: each of them adapted to distinct purposes of use or pleasure.

52. Hogs are severally of Berkshire, Hampshire, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Chinese, white, and swing-tailed Breeds; all different in their shapes and character.