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BAHUSEN, (Benedict,) an "arithmetician" of Amsterdam, about the middle of the seventeenth century, a great collector of theological books. He published various works of ascetic divinity by other persons, but wrote nothing himself. His books were sold by auction in 1670, a year after his death. (Biog. Univ.)

BAIADUR, (Abulghazi Khan,) a celebrated Tartar historian, descended in a direct line from Jaghatai, the second son of Jenghis Khan, lived about the middle of the seventeenth century. He composed a work, in Turkish, on the history of his nation, of which the original MS. is preserved in the imperial library of Petersburg, and a copy of it in the library of Göttingen. A translation of this work, into French, was made by the Swedish officers, who were sent prisoners to Siberia after the battle of Pultova, and was published under the title, Histoire Généalogique des Tatares, traduite du Manuscrit Tartare d'Abulgazi Baadur Chan, enrichie d'un grand Nombre de Remarques sur l'Etat présent de l'Asie Septentrionale, par D. *** (de Varennes), 8vo, Leyden, 1726, with maps. From this French translation a Russian one was made by Vasili Nikitich Tatischew. The latest German edition is a translation from the original Turkish, by Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, Petersburg, 1780. Abulgazi derives the Tartars from an ancestor Tatar, the seventh from Japheth. BAIANUS, (Andreas,) called also Baiaon, an Indian from Goa, perhaps born of Portuguese parents, who took the degree of Baccalaureus at Coimbra, and went subsequently to Rome, where he published, Oratio de S. Joanne Evang. habita coram Paulo V. in Sacello Vatic. Romæ, 1610, 4to; Panegyricus de Joanne Samoscio Cancell. Polon. Romæ, 1617, 4to; and some other works. Baianus composed subsequently many poems in praise of the men who had contributed

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towards the spreading of his works, which were also collected and published. Leo Allatius mentions also many of his manuscripts.(Leonis Allatii Apes Urbanæ. J. N. Erithreus elog. Baiani in Pinacotheca.)

BAÍARDI, or BAIARDO, the name of two old Italian writers.

1. Andrea, a poet of Parma, who flourished at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, and enjoyed the favour of Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan. He was rich, possessing the castle of Albari, in the Parmesan, which was taken and dismantled in 1482. His poetry possesses no great merit: his principal work, entitled Libro d'Arme e d'Amore nomato Philogine, &c., went through numerous editions at Parma and Venice. (Biog. Univ.)

2. Ottavio Antonio, an ecclesiastic and antiquary, born at Parma about 1690, and employed by Charles III. king of Naples, to publish the description of the antiquities then recently discovered in the city of Herculaneum. He was a man of great learning, but little judgment; and his Prodromus to the great work, in five vols, 4to, yet unfinished, is a signal example of ill-arranged erudition. He had more or less share in all the earlier volumes of the great work, Le Antichità di Ercolano esposte; but his vanity led him to quarrel with the Neapolitan government, and he returned to Rome, where he had previously shone as an ecclesiastic, and where he held several high offices. The date of his death is not known, but it was posterior to 1760. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAIDHAR, or BAISSAR, according to some Arab authors, was a king of Egypt, who divided his kingdom amongst his four sons, Cabth, Ishmoum, Atrib, and Ssa. The time at which he reigned does not appear quite clear. (Champollion, l'Egypte sous les Pharaons.)

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BAIDHAVI, (Nassereddin Abusaid Abdallah ben Omar,) the author of a celebrated commentary on the Koran, entitled, Anwar Attanzil va asrar attawib, was a native of the town of Beidhah; was Cadi of Shiraz, and afterwards of Tebriz, where he died in the year of the hegira, 685; or, according to other accounts, 692 (A.D. 1286 or 1293). Of his commentary the sieur Du Ryer made great use, in his French translation of the Koran, and in some instances he has interwoven passages of it into the text. Baidhavi wrote several other works, among which was one entitled Attavaleh, On the foundations and principal doctrines of the Mohammedan religion. The author of the Lebtarikh quotes a work by him, entitled Nezàm Attawarikh, A general history.

BAIDU KHAN, son of Targai, and grandson of Hulaku, was placed on the throne of Persia by the Mogul nobles, A.D. 1295, (a.h. 694,) on the deposition of his cousin Key-Khatu, or Ganjatu. His reign, however, was short; after holding the supreme authority only eight months, he was dethroned and put to death by Ghazan, son of Arghun, and nephew of Key-Khatu. The brief rule of Baidu (who was the sixth of the dynasty of Hulaku,) presents no event of importance. (D'Herbelot. De Guignes. Malcolm.)

BAIER, (Ferdinand Jacob,) a celebrated physician, son of John James Baier, born at Altdorf, Feb. 13, 1707, and studied at that university, and at Weimar and Wurzbourg. He travelled into Holland, and remained some time at Leyden; he visited the mines of Saxony, and returned to his native country in 1730, when the degree of doctor of medicine was conferred on him at the university of Altdorf. He was also admitted into the College of Physicians of Nuremburg, and in 1732, elected a member of the Academy of the Curious in Nature, and became its president in 1736. He died at Altdorf, Oct. 23, 1788. He published several professional works, and edited vols 4, 5, 6 and 7, (from 1770 to 1783,) of the Acts of the Academy of the Curious in Nature, and wrote many papers inserted in those volumes.

BAIER, (Johann Wilhelm,) a learned theologian, was born at Nuremburg, in 1647, studied at Altdorf and Jena, and in 1674 was appointed tutor of theology and church history in the latter university. On the foundation of the uni

versity of Halle, he was appointed professor of theology there in 1694, a choice which he owed as much to his mildness, moderation, and aversion to controversy, (a rare quality in those times,) as to his known learning and ability. But a difference between him and his colleague, on the proper course of study to be pursued by their classes, shortened his continuance in this office, and in the following year he went to Weimar, where he held important ecclesiastical offices, but he died in the same year, (1695.) He wrote Compendium Theologiæ Positivæ, which appeared first in 1686, and was nine times reprinted between that date and 1750. He also composed Compendium Theologiæ Moralis, 8vo, Jena, 1697; and a vast num

ber of dissertations.

BAIER, (Johann Wilhelm,) eldest son of the above, was born at Jena, in 1675, studied there and at Halle, and was chosen professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Altdorf in 1704, obtained a theological tutorship in 1709, and died in 1729. His works consist chiefly of dissertations, and he edited several of his father's works.

BAIER, (Johann Jacob,) a celebrated physician and naturalist, was born at Jena in 1677, studied medicine, and graduated at the university of that city, and afterwards resided at Halle, where he divided his time between lectures and the practice of medicine; afterwards he removed to Nuremburg, and after that, (in 1704,) to Altdorf, as professor of physiology and surgery. He was also a member of the imperial academy of natural history, who elected him in 1729 director, and in 1730 president of their body. He died at Altdorf in 1735. His works are, Oryctographia Norica, 4to, Nuremburg, 1708; Sciagraphia Musei sui, 4to, Nurem. 1730; Monumenta Rerum Petrificarum præcipua, fol. 1757; Adagiorum Medicorum Centuria, 4to, Altdorf, 1718; Horti Medici Academiæ Altdorfianæ Historia; accedit ejusdem Auctoris Commemoratio celebr. Germaniæ Hortorum Botan. Medicorum, 8vo, Alt. 1727; Biographia Professorum Medicinæ qui in Academia Altdorfiana vixerunt, 4to, Nuremburg and Altdorf. 1728; Orationum varii Argumenti Fasciculus, 4to, Alt. 1727; Animadversiones Phys. Med. in Novum Testamentum, 4to, Alt. 1736; and a number of letters, which were published by his son with the answers. He wrote also many dissertations, often under other names,