An Historical Geography of FranceThe industrial revolution, the development of transportation, and increasing centralization led to the emergence of agricultural and industrial specialization, and the appearance of hierarchically ordered urban networks. The homogenization of the top cultural stratum had been assured by the Counter-Reformation and the main royal routes, but beneath this there was a profound diversity of popular culture. The fragmentations caused by the traumas of revolution brought about a religious and electoral geography which had astonishing cultural stability. Maximum diversification was achieved between 1875 and 1914 despite political centralization. In the twentieth century the picture becomes simpler. |
Contents
The isthmus of Gaul | 3 |
landscapes The social structure and system | 17 |
Marseilles and the tin routes | 25 |
Copyright | |
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agricultural Alps already Alsace ancient Aquitaine Auvergne Basque Beauce became Bordeaux boundaries Breton Brittany Burgundy capital Carolingian Celtic centres cereal certainly chansons de geste cited communication constituted countryside cultivation cultural Dion divisions early economic eighteenth century Empire essentially established feudal framework Franche-Comté Francia French frontier Gallic Gallo-Roman Gascony Gaul geographical Géographie Germanic historical Ibid industry influence inhabitants invasions Jullian kilometres kingdom land language langue langue d'oc Languedoc less limits linguistic Loire Lorraine Lyons major Marseilles Massif Central Mediterranean Merovingian Middle Ages modern mountains natural nineteenth century Normandy northern France Occitan organization origin Orléans Paris Basin particular period Picardy plain plateaux political population produced Provence provinces Pyrenees railway region Revolution Rhine Roman routes rural Saône sectors settlements situated social southern territory took toponyms Toulouse towns traditional Treaty of Verdun urban Vendée villages vineyards western wines