in the eighteenth century appears to have been deplorable. Queen Anne's Bounty should have helped them; but although the Act was passed in 1704, the fund, owing to the operation of one of the clauses, was not administered until 1714, and even then, if one may judge by contemporary literature, it does not seem to have reached the really necessitous. Parson Adams in Joseph Andrews has but twenty-three pounds a year; the Vicar of Wakefield but thirty-five in the first instance, in the second but fifteen; and the clergyman of the Deserted Village forty, the actual sum received by Goldsmith's brother Henry (see Dedication to Traveller, 1764). Cf. also a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1763, in which the writer, contending that the clergy should at least have a competence, modestly fixes it at eighty pounds per annum.

P. 95, 1. 6. Calicolo is supposed to have been John Hughes, a worthy and pious man, the friend of Addison, Steele and Pope. He was a contributor to the Tatler and Spectator, and also (anonymously) to the Poetical Miscellanies of 1714. To this,' says Carruthers, 'Hughes, the author of the Siege of Damascus, . . sent several pieces, but finding, before publication, that Pope's Wife of Bath and some other pieces, which were inconsistent with his ideas of decency and decorum, had been admitted, he immediately withdrew most of his own, and allowed only two small poems, and those without his name, to appear' (Life of Pope, 1858, p. 109). Hughes died in February 1720, just after the successful production of the above-named tragedy; and Steele wrote a kindly paper about him in the Theatre (No. 15).

1. 19. a great divine, Dr. Robert South (1633-1716).

P. 97, 1. 20. Cicero. See Tusc. Quæst. i. 17.

1. 29. 'he would rather be,' etc. 'Errare, mehercule, malo cum Platone... quam cum istis vera sentire. (Ibid.)

P. 100, 1. 21. a hack, i.e. a hackney coach. Cf. Pope, Dunciad,

ii. 23:

'From drawing-rooms, from colleges, from garrets,

On horse, on foot, in hacks, and gilded chariots.'

P. 101, 1. 15. Sir Walter Raleigh. See, for the ensuing quotation, History of the World, 1614, Bk. i, Ch. 4, Sect. 4.

1. 27. her incantation, charms, enchantments. Johnson gives this passage from Raleigh as one of his examples of the word.

P. 103, 1. 19. his country and his honour. It would be easy to illustrate this paper from Steele's correspondence, and it is probable that much of it reproduces difficulties he had experienced in his own domestic life. (See Introduction, pp. xxii-xxvi.)

P. 105, 1. 38. one of our famous lawyers. Henry de Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, Bk. i, Chap. 10.

P. 106, 1. 13. A friend with indignation, etc. See Xenophon's Symposium, Bk. ii.

II.

SOCIAL PAPERS.

P. 107, 1. 3. Sir Roger de Coverley. The original of Sir Roger is supposed to have been Sir John Pakington, a Tory knight of Worcester. But no importance can be attached to identifications of this kind, unless very well supported; and it is well to remember Fielding's words on this head in Joseph Andrews (bk. iii, chap. 1). To prevent, therefore, any such malicious applications, I declare here, once for all, I describe not men, but manners; not an individual, but a species. Perhaps it will be answered, Are not the characters then taken from life? To which I answer in the affirmative; nay, I believe I might aver that I have writ little more than I have seen.'

1. 4. that famous country-dance. This, according to Chappell (Popular Music of the Olden Time), was named after a knight who lived under Richard I. In Ashton's Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, 1882, ii. 268-9, where the music is given, there is a curious extract from an old tract of 1648 against one Sir Hugh Caulverley, Knight, which contains perhaps the earliest reference to the tune. On p. the writer says:-'I purposely to vex Sir Hugh, and his Champion Dod, sent for a fidler, and during the time my fellow Coursers were drinking a Cup of Ale, we having run our Match, I and my Fidler, rid up to Sayton, and from one end of the town to the other, I made the Fidler play a tune called Roger of Caulverley: This I did to shew, that I did not fear to be disarmed by them, and they may thank themselves for it, for if they had not first endeavoured to mischief me, I should not trouble myself to have vext them.'

1. 14. Soho square. The 'genteel' square of Soho was built in 1681, and in Sir Roger's day was still practically a new neighbourhood, though the name dated as far back as 1632, and perhaps earlier. 'So-ho' or 'So-how-says Cunningham-' was an old cry in hunting when the hare was found.' (Handbook of London, 1850, 456.)

1. 15. a perverse beautiful widow. This lady, like Sir Roger, has been identified with a real personage,-a Mrs. Catharine Bovey, to whom the second volume of the Ladies Library (see Introduction, p. xxxvi) is dedicated. She died in 1726, aged 57. There is a splendid monument to her in Westminster Abbey, erected by her executrix and confidante, Mrs. Mary Pope. (See also Spectator, No. 113.)

1. 18. Rochester. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1648-80), the profligate friend of Charles II, whose Life was written by Burnet.

Etheredge, the author of the comedies of the Comical Revenge. 1664, She Would if She Could, 1668, and the Man of Mode, 1676

(criticised by Steele in Spectator, No. 65), was born about 1635. The date of his death is unknown. Much hitherto unpublished information respecting him is contained in Gosse's Seventeenth Century Studies, 1883, pp. 233-65.

1. 19. bully Dawson was a noted sharper and swash-buckler of White Friars and its vicinity, who is supposed to have sat for 'Captain Hackum' in Shadwell's Squire of Alsatia, 1688. He is one of the correspondents in Tom Brown's Letters from the Dead to the Living.

P. 108, 1. 25. Aristotle and Longinus, etc. Longinus wrote 'On the Sublime;' Coke (the Chief Justice) commented Littleton's Tenures.

P. 109, 1. 6. New Inn, etc. New-Inn, was in Wych Street, Drury Lane; Russell Court leads from Drury Lane to Brydges Street; Will's Coffee-House and the Rose were both in Russell Street, Covent Garden. Suppose me dead; and then suppose

A Club assembled at the Rose:

Where, from discourse of this and that,

I grow the Subject of their Chat.'

(Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, Written by Himself: Nov. 1731.) i. 34. Captain Sentry is thought to have been intended for Colonel Magnus Camperfeld or Kempenfeldt, whose son, the Admiral, went down in the Royal George, August 29, 1782. Like Steele, Camperfeld entered the army as a volunteer; like Steele, too, he served in the Coldstream Guards, becoming Ensign in 1689, and Lieutenant in 1692. In May 1702 he was promoted to a company in the Fourth Foot, and must have afterwards become Colonel, by which title Steele, who had probably served under him, refers to him in Spectator, No. 544, p. 132 in this volume.

P. 110, 1. 32. Will Honeycomb, again, has his reputed prototype in Pope's friend, Cleland. But there were more Clelands than one; and Carruthers, who has carefully gone into the question (Life of Pope, 1858, pp. 261-3), seems unable to decide that either had any strong resemblance to the Spectator's fine gentleman. Steele, however, certainly knew a Cleland; for he refers to him in a letter to his wife dated September 8,

1714 (Epist. Corr. 1809, p. 358).

P. 112, 1. 28. a Jesuit. Speaking, with generous enthusiasm, of the 'many masterly strokes' which Steele added to the Spectator portraits, Mr. Forster especially selects this one:-'In the whole range of Addison's wit, is there anything more perfect than Steele's making the Spectator remember that he was once taken up for a Jesuit, for no other reason than his profound taciturnity?' (Historical and Biographical Essays, 1858, ii. 188.)

P. 115, 1. 17. tea-table talk. Steele brought out a paper called the Tea-Table in 1716. It only reached three Nos. (Drake's Essays, i. 127).

P. 117, 1. 20. a husband, i. e. an economist. Cf. the extract from Swift in note to p. 269, 1. 26.

P. 119, 1. 19. jetting-jutting, projecting.

P. 120, 1. 5. the coffee-house. In Fisher's Ground Plan of Whitehall, the Tilt yard is shewn facing the Banqueting House, and extending to the right (towards Charing Cross). Jenny Mann's 'Tilt Yard Coffeehouse,' to which Sir Roger refers, is said to have stood on the site at present occupied by the Paymaster General's Office, and still existed in 1819. It is the scene of Somervile's fable of the Incurious Bencher. Now (1885) the Paymaster General's itself is to be pulled down, and in a brief space of time, fresh structures will again arise upon the spot where the Knight's ancestor manipulated his adversary with such 'laudable Courtesy and pardonable Insolence.'

1. 15. my grandmother appears. Planché, in his History of British Costume, 1874 (3rd edition), p. 351, has the following remarks on this and the preceding passage:-'In Sir Roger de Coverley's picture gallery, his great-great-grandmother is said to have on "the newfashioned petticoat, except that the modern is gathered at the waist." The old lady was evidently in the wheel fardingale, which projected all round, for the Knight adds—" My grandmother appears as if she stood in a large drum, whereas the ladies now walk as if they were in a go-cart; " the whalebone petticoat, on its first introduction, presenting a triangular rather than a hooped appearance. In the month of July in that year [i.e. 1711] we find it was swollen out to an enormous size, so that what the ladies had lost in height they made up in breadth; and a correspondent, speaking of the unfashionable country ladies at sixty miles' distance from London, says they can absolutely walk in their hooped petticoats without inconvenience.'

1. 21. a white-pot, according to Halliwell, is a dish made of cream, sugar, rice, cinnamon, etc., formerly much eaten in Devonshire. Gay, who came from that county, thus refers to it in the Shepherd's Week, 1714:

Pudding our Parson eats, the Squire loves Hare,
But White-pot thick is my Buxoma's Fare.'
(Monday; or, the Squabble.)

P. 121, 1. 35. an excellent husbandman. See note to p. 117, l. 20.
P. 122, 1. 19. the perverse widow. See note to p. 107, 1. 15.

P. 126, 1. 1. some tansy. A tansy was a popular seventeenth century dish, for which Halliwell gives a long receipt from the True Gentlewoman's Delight, 1676.

1. 15. that of Martial. Ep. 69, Bk. i. P. 127, 1. 10. the widow. See note to p.

107, 1. 15.

P. 128, 1. 21. We followed the sound, etc. A little water-colour sketch by Mr. Thackeray of this scene was not long since in the market. It is now in the possession of Sir Henry Thompson.

P. 131, 1. 4. that passage in your writings. The reference is to No. 410, supposed to be by Tickell, in which certain liberties were taken with the character of Sir Roger de Coverley. It has been thought that Addison's killing of the Knight was brought about by Tickell's indiscretion; but there is an interval of four months between No. 410 and the paper by Addison which announces Sir Roger's death.

P. 132, 1. 39. Colonel Camperfeldt. Kempenfelt. See note to p. 109, 1. 34.

P. 133. l. 17. A nobleman of Athens. See Tusc. Quæst. v. 35.

P. 134, l. 8. I am led, etc. Of this paper Mr. Forster says:—' In connexion with it, too, it is to be remembered that at this time [1709], as Mr. Macaulay observes in his Essay, no such thing as the English Novel existed. De Foe was as yet only an eager politician, Richardson an industrious compositor, Fielding a mischievous school-boy [as a matter of fact he was two years old-Ed.], and Smollett and Goldsmith were not born. For your circulating libraries (the first of which had been established some six years before, to the horror of sellers of books, and the ruin o its ingenious inventor) there was as yet nothing livelier, in that direction, than the interminable Grand Cyrus of Madame de Scuderi, or the long-winded Cassandra and Pharamond of the lord of La Calprenède, which Steele so heartily laughed at in his Tender Husband (Historical and Biographical Essays: Steele, 1858, ii. 138.)

1. 26. Mrs. Mary is now sixteen. 'Miss,' in Queen Anne's day, if not used of girls under ten, was a term of reproach, all young unmarried women being described as 'Mistress' or 'Madam.' Steele's letters to his wife before marriage, with one exception, are all addressed To Mrs. Scurlock.' Cf. Swift,-Mrs. Dingley and Mrs. Johnson in the Journal to Stella- and Spectator passim. But perhaps the best example is in Cibber's Lady's Last Stake, 1707, where there is a 'Mrs. Conquest' and a Miss Notable.' Both are unmarried; but the former is a woman, the latter a girl.

P. 136, 1. 8. her baby, i. e. her doll. In the Wentworth Papers, 1883, P. 451, under date of 1721, there is a letter from Lady Anne Wentworth, a child of eight, to her father, in which, speaking of a younger sister, she says Lady Hariote desires you to bring her a Baby.' Cf. also Spectator, No. 478:- These [Boxes] are to have Folding-Doors, which being open'd, you are to behold a Baby dress'd out in some Fashion which has flourish'd, and standing upon a Pedestal, where the Time of its Reign is mark'd down.' The best dolls, according to Mr. Henry Morley (Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair, 1859, p. 333), were the so-called Bartholomew Babies, which were elegantly dressed and carefully packed in boxes'; and he gives the following quotation from Poor Robin's Almanac for 1695:-'It also tells farmers what manner of wife they shall choose; not one trickt up with ribbens and knots like a Bartholomew baby.