as make them up, by the particular names that ftand for them, than to trouble their memories by multiplying of complex ideas with names to them, which they fhall feldom or never have any occafion to make use of.

§ 6. Why Words in one Language have none answering

in another.

THIS fhows us how it comes to pass that there are in every language many particular words, which cannot be rendered by any one fingle word of another. For the feveral fashions, cuftoms, and manners of one nation, making feveral combinations of ideas fimilar and neceffary in one, which another people have never had any occafion to make, or perhaps fo much as take notice. of; names come of courfe to be annexed to them, to avoid long periphrafes in things of daily converfation, and fo they become fo many diftinct complex ideas in their minds. Thus isganicis amongst the Greeks, and profcriptio amongst the Romans, were words which other languages had no names that exactly answered, because they stood for complex ideas, which were not in the minds of the men of other nations. Where there was no fuch cuftom, there was no notion of any such actions; no ufe of fuch combinations of ideas as were united, and, as it were, tied together by thofe terms; and therefore in other countries there were no names for them.

§7. Why Languages change.

HENCE alfo we may fee the reafons why languages conflantly change, take up new, and lay by old terms; becaufe change of cuftoms and opinions bringing with it new combinations of ideas, which it is neceflary frequently to think on, and talk about, new names, to avoid long defcriptions, are annexed to them, and fo they become new fpecies of complex modes. What a number of different ideas are by this means wrapped up in one fhort found, and how much of our time and breath is thereby faved, any one will fee, who will but take the pains to enumerate all the ideas that either reprive or appeal stand for; and, inftead of either

of thofe names, ufe a periphrafis, to make any underftand their meaning.

68. Mixed Modes, where they exift.

THOUGH I shall have occafion to consider this more at Farge when I come to treat of words and their ufe, yet I could not avoid to take thus much notice here of the names of mixed modes, which, being fleeting and tranfient combinations of fimple ideas, which have but a fhort existence any where but in the minds of men, and there too have no longer any existence than whilst they are thought on, have not fo much any where the appearance of a conftant and lasting existence, as in their names; which are therefore, in thefe fort of ideas, very apt to be taken for the ideas themselves. For if we fhould inquire where the idea of a triumph or apotheofs exifts, it is evident they could neither of them exift altogether any where in the things themselves, being actions that required time to their performance, and fo could never exilt altogether; and as to the minds of men, where the ideas of these actions are supposed to be lodged, they have there too a very uncertain existence; and therefore we are apt to annex them to the names that excite them in us..

the com

§ 9. How we get the Ideas of mixed Modes. THERE are therefore three ways whereby we get plex ideas of mixed modes. 1. By experience and obfervation of things themfelves. Thus, by feeing two men wrestle or fence, we get the idea of wrestling or fencing. 2. By invention, or voluntary putting together of feveral fimple ideas in our own minds; fo he that first invented printing or etching had an idea of it in his mind before it ever exifted. 3. Which is the most ufual way, by explaining the names of actions we never faw, or notions we cannot fee; and, by enumerating, and thereby, as it were, feiting before our imaginations all thofe ideas which go to the making them up, and are the conflituent parts of them. For having, by fenfation or reflection, ftored our minds with fimple ideas, and, by ufe, got the names that ftand for them, we can, by thofe names, reprefent to another any com

plex idea we would have him conceive; fo that it has in it no fimple ideas but what he knows, and has with us the fame name for. For all our complex ideas are ultimately refolvable into fimple ideas, of which they are compounded and originally made up, though perhaps their immediate ingredients, as I may fo fay, are alfo complex ideas. Thus the mixed mode, which the word lie ftands for, is made of thefe fimple ideas : 1. Articulate founds. 2. Certain ideas in the mind of the fpeaker. 3. Those words the figns of thofe ideas. 4. Thofe figns put together by affirmation or negation, otherwife than the ideas they ftand for are in the mind of the speaker. I think I need not go any farther in the analyfis of that complex idea we call a lie. What I have faid is enough to show that it is made up of fimple ideas; and it could not be but an offenfive tediousness to my reader, to trouble him with a more minute enumeration of every particular fimple idea that goes to this complex one; which, from what has been faid, he cannot but be able to make out to himself. The fame may be done in all our complex ideas whatsoever, which, however compounded and decompounded, may at last be refolved into fimple ideas, which are all the materials of knowledge or thought we have, or can have. Nor fhall we have reafon to fear that the mind is hereby ftinted to too fcanty a number of ideas, if we confider what an inexhauftible ftock of fimple modes number and figure alone affords us. How far then mixed modes, which admit of various combinations of different fimple ideas, and their infinite modes, are from being few and fcanty, we may eafily imagine. So that be fore we have done, we fhall fee that nobody need be afraid he fhall not have fcope and compafs enough for his thoughts to range in, though they be, as I pretend, confined only to fimple ideas received from fenfation or reflection, and their feveral combinations.

§ 10. Motion, Thinking, and Power, have been moft mo

dified.

IT is worth our obferving, which of all our fimple ideas have been moft modified, and had moft mixed modes made out

of them, with names given to them; and thofe have been thefe three Thinking and motion (which are the two ideas which comprehend in them all action) and power, from whence these actions are conceived to flow. These fimple ideas, I fay, of thinking, motion, and power, have been those which have been moft modified, and out of whofe modification have been made moft complex modes, with names to them. For action being the great business of mankind, and the whole matter about which all laws are converfant, it is no wonder that the feveral modes of thinking and motion fhould be taken notice of, the ideas of them obferved, and laid up in the memory, and have names affigned to them, without which laws could be but ill made, or vice and diforder repreffed. Nor could any communication be well had amongst men, without fuch complex ideas, with names to them; and therefore men have fettled names, and fuppofed fettled ideas, in their minds, of modes of actions diftinguished by their caufes, means, objects, ends, inftruments, time, place, and other circumftances; and alfo of their powers fitted for thofe actions, v. g. boldness is the power to fpeak or do what we intend before others, without fear or diforder; and the Greeks call the confidence of fpeaking by a peculiar name, wapinoia, which power or ability in man, of doing any thing, when it has been acquired by frequent doing the fame thing, is that idea we name habit; when it is forward, and ready upon every occafion to break into action, we call it difpofition. Thus teftiness is a difpofition or aptnefs to be angry.

To conclude, let us examine any mode of action, v. g. confideration and affent, which are actions of the mind; running and Speaking, which are actions of the body; revenge and murder, which are actions of both together; and we fhall find them but fo many collections of fimple ideas, which together make up the complex ones fignified by thofe names.

§ 11. Several Words feeming to fignify action, fignify but the Effect.

POWER being the fource from whence all action proceeds, the fubftances wherein these powers are, when

they exert this power into act, are called caufes; and the fubftances which thereupon are produced, or the fimple ideas which are introduced into any fubject by the exerting of that power, are called effects. The efficacy whereby the new fubftance or idea is produced, is called, in the subject exerting that power, action; but in the fubject wherein any fimple idea is changed or produced, it is called paffion; which efficacy, however various, and the effects almoft infinite, yet we can, I think, conceive it, in intellectual agents, to be nothing elfe but modes of thinking and willing; in corporeal agents, nothing elfe but modifications of motion. I fay, I think we cannot conceive it to be any other but thefe two: For whatever fort of action, befides these, produces any effects, I confefs myfelf to have no notion nor idea of, and fo it is quite remote from my thoughts, apprehenfions, and knowledge, and as much in the dark to me as five other fenfes, or as the ideas of colours to a blind man; and therefore many avords, which feem to exprefs fome action, fignify nothing of the action or modus operandi at all, but barely the effect, with fome circumstances of the fubject wrought on, or cause operating; v. g. creation, annihilation, contain in them no idea of the action or manner whereby they are produced, but barely of the caufe, and the thing done. And, when a country man fays the cold freezes water, though the word freezing feems to import fome action, yet truly it fignifies nothing but the effect, viz. that water that was before fluid, is become hard and confiftent, without containing any idea of the action whereby it is done.

§12. Mixed Modes made alfa of other Ideas.

I THINK I fhall not need to remark here, that though power and action make the greatest part of mixed modes, marked by names, and familiar in the minds and mouths of men; yet other fimple ideas, and their feveral combinations, are not excluded, much lefs, I think, will it be neceffary for me to enumerate all the mixed modes which have been fettled, with names to them. That would be to make a dictionary of the