TEMA'SHIGHT VOCABULARY.

727

with Prayer, as elsewhere with Baptism. This word may have come from Christianity, since also sin in Temght and Ghadámsi is bekkad (once ebaket in Barth); which seems, like the Welsh pechod, bechod, to be the Latin peccata. It is curious to observe in Temght the root ibekket, he crouched or knelt, perhaps primitively as a religious attitude. (Hanoteau has ibekket of a lion crouching; and Barth gives asibaket for "sit with elbows on the legs against cold!") In this connection we may note that the Kabáíl name of God is Rabbi, which in Arabic is "My Lord;" but in Temght, besides A'manay, it is Mesina or Mesinak, which Barth takes for Four Messiah," a Christian importation.

66

At least

15. The prefix am before a substantive means in Kabáíl a possessor. Hodgson gives many illustrations of this. I do not know that it distinctly appears in Barth, though there are words thus explicable; as ahuyye, the chase; amahuyyen, a sportsman. But the Temght has, to express this sense, a very common prefix, ila, unknown to the Kabáíl, as far as I am aware.

One

Thus from Ehen, a tent; ilehen, tented (i. e. married). It, indeed, seems to me that this prefix has the wider sense of changing some other word into an adjective, nearly as the German suffix -ig. Thus from dar, behind (prep.), comes iladara, (one who is?), behind; from dat, before, iladata (one who is?), in front. may even suspect that ila here is the element of the verb "to be," from illa, he was; ili, be thou. (Barth also has ilē, "here;" and in Kabáíl and Shilha elli is the relative "who," as in vulgar Arabic.)

The general conclusion seems to be that Temght, Shilha, Ghadámsi, Kabáíl, etc., are distinct languages, related as (we will say) Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. It may be here added that Dr. Barth unfortunately has not been able (in the rude pronunciation to which he listened) to discriminate t from t, d from d, k from k, z from s (if there is any ), while gh was perpetually passing into g, k, or r. It appears to me still doubtful how many consonants there are in Temght; whether there is any Ain, and whether there is any such distinction as the ts and th of the Kabáil. If we knew the sounds accurately, certain families of words might be less confused and confusing.

In general, the pronunciation of words presented to us by Dr. Barth is softer than that of the Kabáíl, and has a fuller and clearer vocalization. In one combination, indeed, the Kabáíl is the softer, and it may deserve attention: it is the English tch (written ch by Barth) for which he has ksh or tk. Thus the Temght ikshe, he ate, itkar, it is full, are in Kabáíl ichche, ichchur. From Arabic kheshen, rough, the Kab. makes ichchen, he is ugly. Again: it has ichchah and ichcham, he was hot in anger (answering to Arabic and -), for which Barth gives the harsher sound itkar, meaning, perhaps, itkagh or itkakh. These cases are of interest, as pointing out that the Temght has sometimes an older form of the word than that found in Arabic. F. W. NEWMAN.

W

I have, nek ila rōri (ego, est mihi).
Thou hast, ke ila rōrik.

(fem.), kamak ila rorin (m. ?).

We, nekenet [nekenet ?]; fem. nekénetet He has, enta ila rōris, etc.

[nekénetet?].

Myself, imanin; by myself, simāni.
Ye, kawenit [kawenit?]; fem. kametet. Thyself, imannek; fem. imannem.
They, entenet [entenet?]; fem. enténetet Himself, herself, imannis.
[enténetet].

Ourselves, imannǎnagh.

[N.B.-We, ye, they, in Tuareg Yourselves, imánnawen; fem. imanekmet. [Temáshight] are given by De Slane Themselves, imannisen; fem. imannesnet. as Neknid, Kisnid, Entenid, with final d, He went, ígěle, yígěle.

and by Ben Musa with final or ] Thou wentest, tegelet [tegelet?].

Of me, mine, eni, ini, ino, in.

Of thee, inek; fem. inem.

Of him, enis, inis.

Of her, tenis, tinis.

of us, inǎnagh.

Of you, inawen; fem. inekmet.

Of them, inĕsan; fem. inesnet.

I went, egělegh.

They went, tigelēn; fem. tigelēnet.
Ye went, tigelem; fem. tigelémet.

We went, negěle.

There is, eha [iha?=iga of Shilha]; ehan, there being.

There is to me, ehay, ehāhi; fem, ethāhe.

There is to thee, ehik, hīk; (there being On this side, *ilāhen, elādi.

[Compare Arabic root ayd, whence Where, diha, ihe (relative adv.)

All the world, rurret eddynia.
All the rivers, eghírriwan rarret.
All of us, iket énănagh.
All of you, iket énǎwen.
ehad All of it, iket enis.

That (ille), wuen (illa), tēn [indagh ?], Not, war. (So Kab. Shil.)

also, tetid and tet, fem.? Prodig. Only, ghas (so Shilha), war-har, non nisi. Son, (te)selsemastet, tegimastet, impo- But only, with the exception of, asal (aṣal, suistis ei eam.

• Initial ila seems to convert an adverb or sub

stantive into an adjective, like German -ig (root illa, he was? yet ile, here, crosses us); so ehen, tent; ilehen, tented.

+ Agel, perhaps, is Kab. aghel, arm, in the [Num? utrum? awagh, perhaps, 56.] sense of side or direction. Compare arila.

TEMA'SHIGHT VOCABULARY.

How often? merder úgĭda?
How much? ma ígède?

At what price? meder úgěda?
How many? men ekēt? (=menesht of
Delaporte's Kab.)
Too much, agōteni.

Many of them, awagōt daghsen.
Most of them, awagin daghsen.
[Somewhat, a little, in Ghadamsi, eket.]
A few, wafarōr; pl. wafarōren.

729

SAdhuc anne pervenimus, quò ibamus? {
Endi hi nussa, diha nikka?

[See also essi in 65, below; but neither hi nor essi in this sense is confirmed.]

Before, dat (datãi, dátak, etc.), [=Kab., zath.]

Behind, dar (dar anagh, etc.), [=Kab.,
daffir.]

[That which is] in front, iladata.
[That which is] behind, ilādara. Darret,
after (prepos.), in Prodigal Son.
At, d. At the side, dedis.

awandurren [andurren, a little]. imadröini [maḍrüin, B. M.]. [Comparing amaddaray, younger (amdaray in Ben Musa), and the Kabail By, s.

Of (partitive), degh.

Under, dau, eder [=Kab., edau].
Down, sedir [=sedau].

adrūs, a little (of it), we get the root, In, der, degh. Into, dag. dru or dru, for littleness.] Very, hullen. [Ghad., hála, much; halen, many; Hodgson's Kab.,* herla.] Little by little, sullen sullen. Generally, ordinarily, ennadir. [A little, giak. See 146.] One day, saagōdi.

Hitherto, har egōdi, 207 (usque ad nunc).
endi.

Now, egōdi? azarādar [=azal adagh
(this day?), amarādar (this time)].
Soon, agodedak [egōdi idagh].
Not yet, har egōdi war.

heregōdi; endi.

[Num? anne? hi.]

Inside, anaigesh [from egish].
Outside, ageme, dagăma [from egem].
Without, gema.

Between, ger [me gerassen, which betwixt
them? i. e. which of the two?].
For, ror [ghur of Kab.].
Upon, felle, safelle, fel.

ser? 139.

Over, ginněgis, ginněgish [ginněge, 147].
From Kab., ennig.

Around, terlaite (after noun).

Until, har [Kab., ar.].

VERBS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO CONNECTION.

1. Wuegh, I was born.

WITH NOTES BY PROFESSOR NEWMAN.

8. He has grown old, iwashar.
I grow old, washaragh.

Where wast thou born? Endegh akal wā

dagh wuit? (What land that thou-wast-9. He died, is dead, amut. (So Kab.) born?)

2. The woman is bearing (pregnant), temmat tören.

3. The woman gives suck, temmat tezedut [tesētut].

He sucks the breast, itātet [itātet].

4. The woman suckles her child, temmat tesánkas rōris.

He sucks, inukas.

5. I am alive, edargh.

He is alive, idăr. (So Kab.)

6. The boy is ripe (of age), aliad awad. The girl is ripe (of age), taliad tawad. Ripeness of age, tagat. An adult, amawad.

10. Look! enhi!

I have not found, war enhēgh.

Have you found my knife? aběsar eni
tenhet?

We have found him, menhet. (Prod.
Son.)

We have again found him (we have re-
peated the finding), nolis tahănait.
(Prod. Son.)

I see, aténhegh.

Sight, ahǎnay.

They see not, war tehinnen.

Nobody sees anything, war ihinne wādem harret.

I saw nothing, war inhegh harret.

7. The girl has a full bosom, taliad tis-11. I look at with attention, esagădagh.

taurat.

The commoner Kab. khiralla, many, much,

Look before you, sageréhe datak.

is explained by Brosselard as a religious extrav- 8. In Ghad msi, súr, old. agance, Kheir Allah, God is good. Perhaps he 10. Een Mesa of Ghadames gives ihen, he saw; has proof that I do not know; else it might seem and chèní, look! as Tuareg (emght). Eheni to be a mere development of herle, or compound- and enehi, according to Earth, are transpositions ed anomalously of khirhula, "good many." ad libitum; also two meanings, see and find, appear.

1. Yiwu, he was born? In hilha, yu, a son. 2. Arau, offspring, Kab.

3. Yesitet, she gave suck, Kab.; from iet, he sucked the teat.

4. Root inkus? he sucked.

11. Kab. isag, he looked at; ise' ed, he observed. Asijadan is for asinadan (partic.), attending. Esagrah is a compound verb, from isag, he looked, and irah, he loved.

I look at with pleasure, esagră hagh.
I listen [to thee], nek asijádǎnak.
[You] do not listen [to us], war hanagh
tesjadet.

I looked around, asanishlamagh.
Let us look around, sanishlámănagh.
12. I feel with my hand, tédishagh.
Feeling (subst.), tédisha.

13. I smell, insarghagh.

Let me smell (snuff at), disaraghagh.
I take a snuff, sárăghagh.

14. I taste, etalaghagh.

Taste (subst.), tālagh.

15. I have eaten, ikshēgh.

Give me (what) I-may-eat, ikfāhi awwākshēgh.

16. I am hungry, ilōzagh.

Restore to me my camel, sokalāhi ámenis ení.

I restore to you your thing, sókălagh harret enak.

They make them go back, isokalén-ten.
He did not return my salute, war hay isō-
kal essǎlām.

I replace the sword, esókalagh tákōba.
The copying (of a book), asăkal.
Shut the door, sókel tefalwat.

I shut the door, sókălagh tefalwat.
[Properly, turn the door.]

26. He does not speak distinctly, ital elis
enis [he has wrapt (or involved) his
tongue].

He rattles [stammers?], enta ahedendán.
She rattles [stammers?], tehádendán.

17. I have enough, iyuwanagh. (So Kab.) 27. Thou talkest much, ke hek takalt.

We have enough, naiwen.

Thou hast enough, tiyúwanat.

18. I drink, aswegh.

Drink! asu! (So Kab.)

Give me to drink, ikfähi deswagh. [We give you], nikfēk.

19. Thou gobblest, no stopping! ke tenséat war díkkěra.

20. Hunger kills me [smites me?], inákăhē lās.

I kill you, nek inrēkay [inghekay]. 21. Thirst overpowers me, inrāhi fat [fad] [or, inghāhi, kills me]. 22. 1 perspire, orafagh.

Perspiration (subst.), ímselha.

The water-carriers sweat, imsharrogen imsélhesan [(there is) sweat to them]. 23. Smoking, ubbok.

I smoke the pipe, rabăkagh eben.

sasagh eběni (I drink my pipe). 24. I say, ennēgh. (So Kab.)

You told me, tenahit, [she told it to me?]
Tell him, annas.

25. Utterance, asókel [asókel?].

I answer, asókǎlagh el jawab.

Answer me, sokalāhe el jawab.

Sanishlam, frequentative from root shalam,

I prattle, nek et-hahe takalt.

28. I want to whisper, erhēgh asimmetik-
tikāgh.

29. I am eloquent, orādagh.
Eloquence, erkōd [eghrōd?].
A speech, meggĕred.

He is eloquent, israd elis enis [he made-
eloquent his tongue].

I praise, egeriddagh.

He harangues them, imeggĕred dassen. 30. I inquire, esistǎnagh.

Ask him the news, sistent fel isǎlen.
(Ar. saal, he asked.)

31. Seek thou, unmagh [Kab. ūnāg].
He sought for, yummagh, yesummagh.
I seek your advice, nek summaghekay
tanhad.

32. Give us advice, ager tanha(d?).
I advise you, egerākay tanhād.
Advice, tanhad.

takshit [secrecy].

I tell you this secretly, inneguak awādagh istakshit.

We confer between ourselves, neger tanhad gerēnagh.

You must not repeat it to any one, war tíntennit (or war tisellit) awadem.

which in Ben Músa's Ghadamsi is izlem, and also 33. I will, I like, irhegh. yellem.

12. Idish, he felt?

13. Isuregh, he smells (Temght of B. M.). If

26. Dendan, or tentan, to ring or rattle, is Kab.

this is a causative form, it implies a root, iregh, and Arab., and Lat., tinnio.

it has a smell; = Arabic rihh. But it must not
be too easily identified with irgha, it burned.
14. Yalegh, he tasted; so Ben Músa's Tuareg
(Temght).

15. Ekshe, in Kab. becomes echche.

27. Takalt is perhaps formed from Arabic. Awal (vox), for kul, is the Kabáil.

28. Root tiktik; the m is reciprocal, and s causative.

29. Perhaps from Arabic, ghered, he warbled, 18. Ikfa [Arab. it sufficed] is ifka of Kab. he the guttural suffering obliteration. gave. See 93.

32. Ger, throw, cast, in Kab. and Temght. 20. Elsewhere Barth has inakken, they beat. Neger tanhad, we cast advice. In the forms sum(Kab. has nugh, fight thou! engh, kill thou! sep-maghekay (31), egerakay (32), irhekay (33), yuarate verbs) Heb. Naka is either smite or slay.feke (35), we see that the Tawarek use the nom21. Inra (in Shilha, he overpowers, conquers) inative kay or ke for (thee) the accusative after a becomes irna (but see 129) in Kab., and unites verb [reserving the Kabáil suffix ak for the dative the senses superat and superest. (tibi) ?], and the final gh of the 1st pl. is absorbed

23. The present tense formed by initial r or ar by k. Thus, irhekayerheghkay. is rare in Barth, common in Kabail and Shilha. 33. Irha in Ghad. is frau, in Kab. is ira. 25. 1sókal, causative, from ikkal, he turned The word is evidently the Berber correlative of (neuter). Asokel, utterance, is like reddere voces Arab. ifrahh, he rejoiced; which the Kabáil diafor edere. lect uses side by side with ira.

TEMA'SHIGHT VOCABULARY.

34. Idob (he is able) must be inferred. Hence, 48. also, addbib, expert, pl. idúbaben; and a new verb, idúbab, he is expert.

37. Ken, do thon! fac! (Ben Músa's Temght.) 38. Ikna, it shone? Iken, he made?

39. Aj Shilha, iga, factum est; in Temght it is active, egit. The word seems to be lost in Kabáil. (See etagagh and ig in 47.)

is Ghadámsi for do thou! In

40. Yulagen, good, handsome, is participial; 48. Mus, move thou. For in Delaporte I find allied, I think, to yulehe, it suits, it is like; in itemmusu, s'agite; asemmusegh, je remue. In Kab., elhu, be thou good; with Venture, ilha, he the Prod. Son, mus semm, to name or call. The was handsome or good.