skirmish occurred in which the Federals were driven back. This was but the forerunner of a general engagement which took place on July 21, 1861. In this battle success was at first with the Federals. Their right wing drove

back the left wing of the Confederates, which rendered

Stonewall Jackson in the Battle of Manassas

the situation full of peril. Seeing this General Bee of South Carolina rushed up to General Thomas J. Jackson,1

1 Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-1863), was born at Clarksburg, Va. His father died when he was but three years old. When he grew up he secured an appointment to the United States Military Academy, where he graduated in 1846. In the Mexican War he showed such daring and bravery in the assault on the castle of Chapultepec that he was highly praised by his superior officers. In 1851, he resigned from the army to accept a professorship in the Virginia Military Academy. In July, 1861, he was made a brigadier general in the Confederate army. He possessed a very strong individuality,

"Sir,

and exclaimed, "General, they are beating us back!" we will give them the bayonet," was Jackson's prompt reply. Bee went back to his men and rallied them, saying, "Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer." From that day General Jackson became known to fame as Stonewall Jackson.

The Confederates rallied after the day seemed about lost, and checked the advance of the Federals till Kirby Smith, who had been sent by General Johnston from the Valley, arrived with reënforcements which made Beauregard's army nearly equal in numbers to McDowell's. Then the tide of battle turned, and the Federals began a retreat which ended in a rout and a panic. The soldiers threw away their arms and fled toward Washington.

The Victory not Followed up. - The Confederates did not follow up their great victory. Indeed, they did not realize its completeness till the day after the battle. Had they pushed on with all speed after the terror-stricken Federals, they might perhaps have followed them over the bridge across the Potomac, for the destruction of which no preparations had been made, and taken possession of Washington. In not doing this, they lost an opportunity which never came to them again.

Situation at the End of 1861. As the year drew to a close, it became evident that the war would not end in a short time as many had supposed. Both sides now pre

and was one of the most remarkable men that fought on the Southern side. In his short but brilliant military career he won the respect and admiration of friends and foes alike. He was a man of deep moral earnestness and intense convictions, his motto being "Do your duty and leave the rest to Providence." It was said that he never entered upon a battle without first kneeling to invoke the aid and guidance of Almighty God.

pared for a prolonged contest. The Federal army at Washington, which was known as the Army of the Potomac, was greatly increased. General George B. McClellan was made its commander in place of General Scott; and during the autumn and winter his forces numbering nearly two hundred thousand lay around Washington. He was confronted by the Army of Northern Virginia about sixty thousand strong under General Joseph E. Johnston. After Manassas the Confeder

ates had advanced as far as Fairfax Courthouse, and the flags at their outposts were visible in Washington.

Gen. George B. McClellan

Resources of the Two Sections. - A brief comparison of the resources of the two sections is necessary to show the unequal character of the struggle in which the South was engaged. In round numbers the states that remained in the Union had a population of twenty-three millions, while the territory of the Confederacy contained only nine millions, of which, three and a half millions were negroes. So the North could put in the field more than three times as many soldiers as the South. Besides this, the North had factories of all kinds, and could manufacture all the war supplies, arms, and clothes that the soldiers would need. The South was almost without factories; and soon after the opening of hostilities, her ports were blockaded by the

North. Thus all help from abroad was cut off. But the victory at Manassas made the South believe that, in spite of her inferior resources, success would crown her arms. She had faith in her own prowess; and she hoped too that she would not have to contend against the United States unaided. England and France had promptly accorded her belligerent rights; and it seemed probable, early in the war, that these powers might even acknowledge her independence.

QUESTIONS

1. What action on the part of the Confederacy caused the cry of "On to Richmond!" to be raised by the North?

2. What preparations did the Federals make to invade Virginia? 3. How did the Confederates prepare to defend the state?

4. What incident caused the first bloodshed on her soil?

5. When and where did the first skirmish take place?

6. Give an account of the battle of Manassas.

7. How did Jackson receive the name of Stonewall?

8. Give the leading facts in the life of Stonewall Jackson.

9. What was the result of the battle of Manassas ?

10. Had the Confederates followed up this victory, what might have been the result?

II. What was the condition of the two armies at the end of 1861?

12. Compare the resources of the two sections.

CHAPTER XXV

CAMPAIGNS OF 1862

The Virginia. After the secession of Virginia, the Federal navy yard at Norfolk fell into the hands of the Confederates. Before the Federals left it, however, they burned and sunk a number of vessels. Among these was a frigate, called the Merrimac, which was only partly destroyed. This the Confederates raised and covered heavily with iron, thus converting the wooden ship into a most formidable ironclad, the first that was ever made. On March 8, 1862, just before the land campaign opened, this strange-looking craft, which had been renamed Virginia, steamed into Hampton Roads and attacked the Federal fleet. The heaviest guns were brought to bear upon her, but they produced no impression whatever on her iron sides. She speedily sunk the Cumberland and the Congress, while the Minnesota, in trying to escape, ran aground. The rest of the fleet scattered.

Battle between the Virginia and the Monitor. The Virginia, having won a complete triumph, went back to Norfolk when night came on, returning the next day to renew her attack on the Minnesota. But this time she was met by a formidable enemy that had arrived in the night. This was Ericsson's Monitor, an ironclad gunboat that looked like "a cheese box on a raft." A fierce engagement took place between the ironclads, but neither could seriously damage the other, and so the bat