a number of just fifths in uninterrupted succession without operating in two different modes. All the possible modes of passing from one mode to another are reducible to five with respect to the major mode, and to four with respect to the minor; which, in the Musical Dictionary, plate B fig. 8, will be found implied in a fundamental basis intended for each modulation. If there be any other modulation which cannot be resolved into some one of these nine, unless that modulation be enharmonic, it must infallibly be illegitimate. See MUSIC.

MODULE, n. s. Lat. modulus. A model. The word is redundant in our language.

My heart hath one poor string to stay it by, Which holds but till thy news be uttered; And then, all this thou see'st, is but a clod And module of confounded royalty. Shakspeare. MO'DUS, n.s. Lat. modus. Strictly a mode; but used particularly for the compensation or mode by which tithes, or an equivalent for them, are paid.

One terrible circumstance of this bill, is turning the tithe of flax and hemp into what the lawyers call a modus, or a certain sum in lieu of a tenth part of the product.

Swift.

MOEHSEN (John Charles William), M. D., was born at Berlin in 1722, and studied at the universities of Jena and Halle. Taking the degree of M. D. at the age of twenty, he returned to Berlin, and succeeded his grandfather, M. Horch, as physician to the gymnasium of Joachim. In 1778 he was appointed physician to Frederick the Great, whom he attended in the war of the Bavarian succession. He now became a member of various learned institutions, and in 1795 was chosen an associate of the royal academy of arts and sciences at Berlin. His death took place in the same year. His works relate to the history of medicine and its professors, including De Medicis Equestria Dignitate ornatis, 1768, 4to.; A Catalogue of a Collection of Engraved Portraits of celebrated Physicians, 1771, 4to.; A Description of Medals or Jettons struck in honor of Physicians, with Memoirs explaining the Coinage of the Ancients, as connected with Medical History and Literature, 1773, 2 vols. 4to.; and Remarkable Experiments to Determine the Utility of Inoculation for the Small-Pox, 1782, 8vo.

MERIS, a king of Egypt, the last of 300, who are said to have reigned between Menes and Sesostris. He ordered the lake to be dug which bears his name, and reigned sixty-eight years.

MERIS, a celebrated artificial lake of Egypt, said to have been 220 miles in circumference, intended as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile during its extraordinary overflowings. There were two pyramids in it, one half of which lay under water.-Herodot. lib. ii. c. 12.

MOGADOR, or MOGODOR, SO named from Sidi Mogodol, an Arab saint, called also Suerah,

a town of Morocco entirely built since 1760, has a handsome appearance from the sea, the houses being of stone. Like those of all Mahometan towns, however, the streets are very narrow, and standing on a desert spot of sand nearly surrounded by the sea; the town has no water but what is brought from half a mile distance: for its vegetables it is obliged to send from four to twelve miles. There are, indeed, two towns here; one, which may more properly be called the citadel, containing the custom-house, treasury, the residence of the Alkaid, and the houses of the foreign merchants; and an outer town lately inhabited by the Jews who are not foreign merchants: but this part of Mogador is also walled and fortified. The houses of the foreign merchants are spacious, having from eight to twelve rooms on a floor, opening into a gallery which surrounds the house inside, and encloses an interior space, generally used as a warehouse. The roofs are flat and serve as a walk in the evening, far preferable to those on the ground, which present nothing but barren sands drifting before the wind. The port is within a little island a mile in circuit, and a quarter of a mile from the main; it can only receive small vessels: several good batteries defend its entrance. It is the emporium of the foreign, and indeed of the entire trade of Morocco, and has 10,000 inhabitants. The exports in 1804 were,

Besides gold-dust, mats, carpets, mules, and minor articles; total value £128,000.

The imports in the same year (including £25,000 in Spanish dollars) amounted to £150,000 in ship timber, arms, ammunition, woollens, linens, cottons, lead, bar iron, hardware, tea, sugar, spices, trinkets, &c. The ports with which Mogador principally trades are London, Amsterdam, Leghorn, Lisbon, Cadiz, and Teneriffe. The population is estimated by Mr. Jackson at 10,000. Long 9° 20′ W., lat. 31° 50′ N.

MOGULS, a celebrated nation of Asia, whose conquests were formerly most rapid and extensive. They deduce, we are told, their origin from Japhet, or, as they call him, Japhis, the son of Noah. His son Turk, they say, was the first king, or khan, of those nations afterwards known by the separate names of Turks, Tartars, and Moguls; and the Tartars, especially, assert that their proper designation is Turks. To this prince is attributed many of those inventions which barbarous nations commonly ascribe to their first sovereigns. He was succeeded by Taunak; in whose reign the whole posterity of Turk were divided into four large tribes, called the ordas of Erlat, Gialiar, Kaugin, Berlas or Perlas; of which last came the famous Timur Beg, or Tamerlane. From this time to that of Alanza khan we meet with nothing remarkable. In his reign the Turks, being immersed in all kinds of luxury, universally apostatised into idolatry. Having two sons, Tartar and Mogul, he divided his dominions among them, and thus gave rise to the two empires of the Tartars and Moguls.

The two nations had not long existed before they began to make war upon each other; and, after long contention, Il Khan, emperor of the Moguls, was totally overthrown by Siuntz Khan, emperor of the Tartars; and so great was the defeat that the Mogul nation was almost exterminated. Only two of Il Khan's family survived. These were Kajan his youngest son, and Nagos his nephew, who were both of an age, and had both been married the same year. These two princes, with their wives, had been taken prisoners by Siuntz Khan, but made their escape to their own country. Here they seized upon all the cattle which had not been carried off by the Tartars; then, stripping some of the slain, they took their clothes, and retired into the mountains. They passed several mountains without much difficulty; but at last advanced to the foot of one exceedingly high, which had no way over it but a very small path made by certain animals, called in the Tartar language archara. This path they made use of, though it was so strait that only one could pass at a time, and he was in the most imminent danger of breaking his neck at the least false step. Having ascended the mountain on one side by this path, they descended by the same on the other side; and were agreeably surprised to find themselves in a most delightful tract, interspersed with rivulets and meadows, abounding with a vast variety of fruits, and enclosed on all sides by inaccessible mountains, so as to shelter them from all future pursuits of the Tartars. Here they lived some time, and gave this beautiful country the name of Irgana-kon, from its situation; Irgana, signifying in the old language of the Moguls, a valley, and Kon, a steep height. In process of time these two families very much increased. Kajan, whose posterity was the most numerous, called his descendants Kajath but the people springing from Nagos were divided into two tribes; Nagoster and Durlagan. These two Mogul princes and their descendants lived in this place for niore than 400 years; but the latter then finding it too narrow for them, meditated a return to the country whence their

ancestors had been expelled. For some time however they found this impracticable, as the path that conducted their ancestors had long been destroyed. At last they discovered that one part of the high mountain above mentioned was not very thick in a certain place; and that it consisted of iron ore. To this, having first set fire to a layer of wood and another of charcoal, laid along the foot of the mountain, they applied seventy large bellows, and at last melted the mountain in such a manner that an opening was made, large enough for a loaded camel to pass; and through this passage they all marched out.

The Moguls, having thus issued as it were from a new world, overthrew the Tartars in their turn; and continued to be a very considerable nation, till the time of their great hero Temujin, afterwards called Jenghiz Khan, whom they extol in the most extravagant manner. It is difficult, however, to say how far their dominions extended at this time. It seems certain that great part of the vast region now called Tartary was then in a state of considerable civilisation, and extremely populous, as mention is made of many cities which the Moguls destroyed; and the incredible multitudes whom they slaughtered show the populousness of the country. On the cast the country of the Moguls and Tartars had the great desert which divides Tartary from China; on the west it had the empire of Karazm, founded by Mahmud Gazni; and on the south were the countries now named Hindostan, Siam, Pegu, Tonquin, and Cochin-China. Thus it comprehended the east part of modern Tartary, and all Siberia. The whole region was divided among a great number of Aymacks, or tribes; who had each one or more khans, according as it was more or less numerous, or divided into branches. Among these, that of the Karaites was the most powerful; their prince assumed the title of grand Khan, and the Moguls were tributary to him; but, according to the Chinese historians, both were tributary to the emperor of Kitay or Katay. China was divided into two parts: the nine southern provinces were then in the hands of the Chinese emperors of the Song dynasty, who kept their court at Hang-chew, the capital of the proaince of Che-kyang (see CHINA); the five north provinces, excepting part of Shensi, were possessed by the Kin, a people of Eastern Tartary, from whom are descended the Manchew Tartars, at present masters of China. This vast dominion was named Kitay, and was divided into two parts: that which belonged to China was properly called Kitay; and the part which belonged to Tartary Karakitay, in which some include the territories of the Moguls, Karaites, and other tribes, which are the subject of the present article. The west part of the empire of Kitay was possessed by a Turkish prince, who had lately founded a new kingdom there, called Hya; whose capital was Hya-chew, now Ninghya in Shensi, whence the kingdom took its name. On the west of Hya lay Tangut; a country of great extent, and formerly very powerful; but reduced to a low state, and divided among many princes; some of whom were subject to the emperor of Haya, and others to the emperor of China. All Tartary to the west as far as the Caspian Sea,

with the greater part of Little Bukharia, which then passed under the general name of Turkeston, was subject to Ghurkhan, Khurkhan, or Kavar Khan; to whom even the Gazni monarchs were tributary. This Ghurkhan had been prince of the west Kitan or Lyau; who, driven out of Kitay by the king, settled in little Bukharia, and the country to the north, where they founded a powerful state, about A. D. 1124. Thus the Moguls, properly so called, had but a very small extent of empire which could be called their own, if indeed they had any, when Temujin made his appearance. This hero is said by the Tartars to have been of divine origin, as his family could be traced no farther back than ten generations, the mother of whom became pregnant by a spirit. The names and transactions of his predecessors are equally uncertain and unimportant; but he himself was born in 1163, and is said to have come into the world with congealed blood in his hands; whence it was prognosticated that he would be a great warrior, and obtain the victory over all his enemies. This prediction, if any such there was, Temujin most literally fulfilled.

At the time of his father's decease, his subjects amounted to between 30,000 and 40,000 families; but of these two-thirds quickly deserted, and Temujin was left almost without subjects. When only thirteen years of age, he fought a bloody battle against these revolters: but either was defeated, or gained an indecisive victory; so that he remained in obscurity for twentyseven years longer. His good fortune at last he owed to the friendship of Vang Khan, who ruled over a great number of Tartar tribes north of Kitay, and was named Prester John among the Europeans. This prince took Temujin under his protection; and, a rebellion being afterwards raised against himself, Temujin was made his general, and the khan was kept in possession of his throne; soon after which, Temujin subdued the tribes which had revolted from himself, and treated them with the utmost barbarity. This happened in 1201; but Vang Khan, instead of continuing the friend of Temujin, now became jealous, and resolved to destroy him by treachery. With this view he proposed a marriage between Temujin's son Juji and his own daughter, and another between Temujin's daughter and his own son. Temujin was invited by the Vang Khan to celebrate this double marriage; but, receiving intelligence of his intention, he excused himself to Vang Khan's messengers, and desired that the ceremony might be put off to some other time. A few days after the departure of these messengers, Badu and Kishlik, two brothers, who kept the horses of one of Vang Khan's chief domestics, came and informed Temujin that the grand khan, finding he had missed his aim, was resolved to set out instantly, and surprise him next morning, before he could suspect any danger. Temujin, on this, quitted his camp in the night, and retired with all his people to some distance. He was scarcely gone when Vang Khan's troops arrived, and discharged an incredible number of arrows among the empty tents; but finding nobody there, they pursued Temujin in such haste that they fell into great

disorder. In this condition they were suddenly attacked and routed by Temujin; after which an oper. war with Vang Khan took place. By this quarrel almost all the princes of Tartary were put in motion, some siding with Temujin, and others with Vang Khan. But at last Vang Khan was overthrown in a battle, where he lost 40,000 men; and was obliged to fly for refuge to a prince named Tayyan Khan, who was Temujin's fatherin-law, and by whom he was ungenerously put to death. Temujin immediately began to sieze on his dominions, great part of which voluntarily submitted; but a confederacy was formed against him by a number of Vang Khan's tributaries, at the head of whom was Jamuka, a prince who had already distinguished himself by his enmity to Temujin; and even Tayyan Khan himself was drawn into the plot, through jealousy of his son-in-law's good fortune. But Temujin was well prepared; and in 1204 attacked Tayyan Khan, routed his army, killed himself, and took Jemuka prisoner, whose head he caused instantly to be struck off; after which he marched against the other tribes who had conspired against him. Them he quickly reduced; took a city called Kashim, where he put all to the sword who had borne arms against him; and reduced all the Mogul tribes in 1205. Temujin now, having none to oppose him, called a general diet, to be held on the first day of spring 1206. To this diet were summoned all the great lords, both Moguls and Tartars; and, in the mean time, to establish good order in the army, he divided his soldiers into bodies of 10,000, 1000, 100, and ten men, with their respective officers, all subordinate to the generals, or those who commanded the bodies of 10,000; and these were to act under his own sons. On the day of holding the diet, the princes of the blood and great lords appeared dressed in white. Temujin, dressed in the same manner, with his crown on his head, sat down on his throne, and was complimented by the whole assembly; who confirmed the Mogul empire to him and his successors, adding all those kingdoms which he had subdued, the descendants of whose vanquished khans were deprived of all right or title to them; after which he was proclaimed emperor with much ceremony. During this inauguration, a pretended prophet declared that he came from God to tell the assembly that thenceforth Temujin should assume the name of Jenghiz Khan, or the most great Khan of khans; prophecying also that all his posterity should be khans from generation to generation. This prophecy, which was no doubt a trick of Temujin's, had a surprising effect on his subjects. Jenghiz Khan, having now reduced under his subjection all the wandering tribes of Moguls and Tartars, began to think of reducing those countries to the south and south-west of his own, where the inhabitants were much more civilised that his own subjects, and the countries full of fortified cities. He began with the emperor of Hya, whose dominions he invaded in 1209, who at last submitted to become his tributary. But in the mean time Jenghiz Khan himself was supposed to be tributary to the emperor of Kitay; who, in 1210, sent him an officer, demanding the customary tribute.

This was refused with the utmost indignation, and a war commenced, which only ended with the dissolution of the empire of Kitay. In 1216 Jenghiz Khan resolved to carry his arms westward, and therefore left his general Muchuli to pursue his conquests in Kitay. In his journey westward he overthrew an army of 300,000 Tartars, who had revolted against him; and, in 1218, sent ambassadors, desiring an alliance with Mohammed Karazm Shah, emperor of Gazna. His ambassador was haughtily treated; however. the alliance was concluded, but soon after broken through the treachery of the Gaznian monarch's subjects. This brought on a war attended with the most dreadful devastations, and which ended with the entire destruction of the empire of Karazm or Gazna, as related under the article GAZNA. After the reduction of Karazm, part of the Moguls broke into Iran or Persia, where also they made large conquests, while others of their armies invaded Georgia and the countries to the west; all this time committing such enormities that the Chinese historians say both men and spirits burst with indignation. In 1225 Jenghiz Khan returned to Hya, where he made war on the emperor for having sheltered some of his enemies. The event was, that the emperor was slain, and his kingdom conquered, or rather destroyed; which, however, was the last exploit of this most cruel conqueror, who died in 1227, as he marched to complete the destruction of the Chinese.

At the death of Jenghiz Khan the Mogul empire extended over a prodigious tract of country; being more than 1800 leagues in length from east to west, and upwards of 1000 in breadth from north to south. Its princes, however, were still insatiable, and pushed on their conquests on all sides. Otkay was acknowledged emperor after Jenghiz Khan; and had under his immediate government Mogulestan (the country of the Moguls properly so called), Kitay, and the countries eastward to the Tartarian Sea. Jagatay his brother governed under him a great part of the western conquests. The country of the Kipjacks, and others on the east, and northeast, north, and north-west were governed by Batu or Patu the son of Juji, who had been killed in the wars; while Tuli or Toley, another son of Jenghiz Khan, had Khorassan, Persia, and what part of India was conquered. On the east side the Mogul arms were still attended with success; not only the empire of Kitay, but the southern part of China was conquered. On the west side matters continued much in the same way till 1254, when Magu, or Menko, the fourth khan of the Moguls, who was afterwards killed at a siege in China, raised a great army, which he gave to his brother Hulaku, to extend his dominions westward. In 1255 he entered Iran, where he suppressed the Ismaelians or Assassins (see ASSASSINS); and two years afterwards he advanced to Bagdad, which he took, and cruelly put the khalif to death, treating the city with no more lenity than the Moguls usually treated those which fell into their hands. Every thing was put to fire and sword; and in the city and its neighbourhood the number of slain, it is said, amounted to 1,600,000. The next year he

invaded Syria; the city of Damascus was delivered up, and, as it made no resistance, the inhabitants were spared; but Aleppo being taken by storm, a greater slaughter ensued there than had taken place at Bagdad, not even the children in their cradles being spared. Some cities of this country revolted in a year or two after; but falling again into the hands of the Moguls, they were plundered, and the inhabitants made slaves, or butchered without mercy. Hulaku died in 1264, and at his death we may fix the greatest extent of the Mogul empire. It now comprehended the whole continent of Asia, ex cepting part of Hindostan, Siam, Pegu, Cochin China, and a few countries of Lesser Asia, which had not been attacked by them; and during all these vast conquests no Mogul army had been conquered, except one by Jaloloddin. From this period, however, the empire began to decline. The ambition of the khans having prompted them to invade the kingdoms of Japan and Cochin-China, they were miserably disappointed in their attempts, and lost a great number of men. The same bad success attended them in Hindostan; and in a short time this mighty empire broke into several smaller ones. The governors of Persia, being of the family o Jenghiz Khan, owned no allegiance to any superior; those of Tartary did the same. The Chinese threw off the yoke; and thus the continent of Asia wore much the same face that it had done before Jenghiz Khan began his conquests.

The successors of Hulaku reigned in Persia till 1335; but that year Abusaid Khan, the eighth from Hulaku, dying, the affairs of that country fell into confusion for want of a prince of the race of Jenghiz Khan. The empire, therefore, was divided among a great number of petty princes, who fought against each other almost without intermission, till, in 1369, Timur Bek, or Tamerlane, one of these princes, having conquered a number of others, was crowned at Balkh, with the pompous title of Saheb Karan; that is, the emperor of the age, and conqueror of the world.' As he had just before taken that city, and destroyed one of his most formidable rivals, who had shut himself up in it, the new emperor began his reign with beheading some of the inhabitants, imprisoning others, burning their houses, and selling the women and children for slaves. In 1370 he crossed the Sihun, made war on the Getes, and attacked Karazm. Next year he granted a peace to his enemies; but, two years after, he again invaded the country of the Getes, and by the year 1379 had fully conquered that country as well as Korazan; and from that time he continued to extend his conquests in much the same manner as Jenghiz Khan had done, though with less cruelty. In 1387 he had reduced Armenia, Georgia, and all Persia; the conquest of which last was completed by the reduction of Ispahan, 70,000 of the inhabitants of which were slaughtered on account of a sedition. After the reduction of Persia, Timur turned his arms northward and westward, subduing all the countries to the Euphrates. He took Bagdad, subdued Syria, and, having ravaged great part of Russia, returned to