MONSTIER, MOUTIER, OF MOUSTIER, a town of France in the department of Mont Blanc, cidevant Savoy, near the conflux of the Isere and Doron. It was anciently called Forum Claudii, next Monasterium Centionum, from a monastery; hence Monstier. It has fine salt-springs and salt-works. It lies twenty-seven miles E.S. E. of Chambery, forty-five south-east of Geneva, and sixty-two north-west of Turin. Long. 6° 23′ E., lat. 45° 30' N.

MONSTIER EN DER, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, twelve miles from St. Dizier.

MONSTRELET (Enguerrand de), a famous chronicler of the fifteenth century, was born at, and governor of, Cambray. His History of his Own Times, from 1400 to 1467, was finished, as to the last fifteen years, by another hand. It contains a copious and faithful narrative of the contentions of the houses of Orleans and Burgundy, the capture of Normandy and Paris by the English, their expulsion, &c., and was published under the title of Chronique d'Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Gentilhomme, jadis demeurant à Cambrai, en Cambresis. The best edition is that of Paris, 1572, 2 vols. folio. He died in

1453.

MONTAGUE (Charles), earl of Halifax, was born in 1661. He was educated at Westminster and Cambridge, and quickly made great progress in learning. In 1685 he wrote a poem on the death of king Charles II., in which he displayed his genius to such advantage that he was invited to London by the earl of Dorset; and, upon his coming thither, he increased his fame, by a piece which he wrote in conjunction with Prior, published at London in 1687, entitled The Hind and the Panther transversed to the Story of the Country Mouse and the City Mouse. Upon the abdication of king James II. he was chosen a member of the convention, and recommended by the earl of Dorset to king William, who allowed him a pension of £500 a-year. Having given proofs of his abilities in the house of commons, he was made a commissioner of the treasury, and soon after chancellor of the exchequer. In 1698 he was appointed first commissioner of the treasury; and, in 1699, was created baron Halifax. In 1701 the house of commons impeached him of six articles, which were dismissed by the house of lords. He was attacked again in 1702, but without success. In 1705 he wrote An Answer to Mr. Bromley's Speech in relation to the occasional Conformity Bill. In 1706 he was a commissioner for the union with Scotland; and, upon passing the bill for the naturalisation of the house of Hanover, and for security of the Protestant succession, he was appointed to carry that act to Hanover. Upon the death of queen Anne, when king George I. had taken possession of his throne, his lordship was appointed first commissioner of the treasury, and created earl of Halifax and K. G. He died in 1715. His lordship wrote several other pieces, which, with some of his speeches, were published together in 1716, in 1 vol. 8vo.

MONTAGUE (Edward), earl of Sandwich, an illustrious Englishman, who, from the age of nineteen, united the qualifications of general, ad

miral, and statesman. He acted early against Charles I.; he persuaded Cromwell, whom it is said he admired, to take the crown; and he was zealous for the restoration of Charles II.! Upon general Monk's coming into England, he sailed with the fleet to Holland, and soon after he convoyed king Charles II. to England. For this service he was created knight of the garter, baron Montague, viscount Hinchinbrooke, and earl of Sandwich; made a member of the privy council, master of the king's wardrobe, admiral of the Narrow Seas, and lieutenant admiral to the duke of York. He performed some very essential services in the Dutch wars, and lost his life by refusing to quit his ship, after it was on fire. His body was interred with great state in Henry VII.'s chapel. His lordship's writings are, 1. The Art of Metals, translated from the Spanish of Alvaro Alonzo Barba, 8vo. 2. Several letters during his embassy to Spain, published with Arlington's letters. 3. A letter to secretary Thurloe. 4. Original letters and negociations of Sir Richard Fanshaw, the earl of Sandwich the earl of Sunderland, and Sir William Godolphin, wherein divers matters between England, Spain, and Portugal, from 1663 to 1678, are set in a clear light; 2 vols. 8vo.

MONTAGUE (lady Mary Wortley), was eldest daughter of Evelyn, duke of Kingston, and the lady Mary Fielding, daughter of William, earl of Denbigh. She was born at Thoresby in Nottinghamshire, about 1690. Under bishop Burnet she acquired considerable knowledge of the Greek, Latin, and French languages. In 1712 she married Edward Wortley Montague, who was sent ambassador to the Porte in 1716, whither she accompanied him. Here we find, from her correspondence, that she had added an acquaintance with the German, Italian, and Turkish languages to her other acquirements. After her return she introduced inoculation for the smallpox into this country, as she had seen it practised with success in the east. Her wit and literature led her to form intimacies with all the eminent poets and scholars of her brilliant era. Her health declining, in 1739, she went to Italy, where she remained till 1761, when her husband died. She then returned to England; but she survived him only till the 21st of August, 1762. In 1763 a collection of her letters was published, which had been surreptitiously obtained; but her grandson, the marquis of Bute, gave her entire works to the public, in 5 vols. 12mo. containing her Life, Letters, Translation of the Enchiridion of Epictetus, Poems, and Essays.

He ex

MONTAGUE (Edward Wortley), commonly known as the Turk, was the son of the preceding. From Westminster school, where he was placed for education, he ran away thrice. changed clothes with a chimney-sweeper, and followed for some time that sooty occupation. He next joined a fisherman, and cried flounders at Rotherhithe. He then sailed as a cabin-boy to Spain; where he had no sooner arrived than he ran away from the vessel, and hired himself to a driver of mules. After thus vagabondising it for some time, he was discovered by the consul, who returned him to his friends in England. They received him with joy, and a private tutor

was employed to recover those rudiments of learning which a life of dissipation and vulgarity might have obliterated. Wortley was sent to the West Indies, where he remained some time; and on his return to England was chosen a member of parliament, and served two successive sessions. His expenses exceeding his income, he became involved in debt, and quitted his native country. Having visited most of the eastern countries, he contracted a partiality for their manners. He drank little wine; a great deal of coffee; wore a long beard; smoked much; and, even whilst at Venice, was habited in the eastern style. He sat cross-legged in the Turkish fashion from choice. With the Hebrew, the Arabic, the Chaldaic, and the Persian languages, he was as well acquainted as with his native tongue. He published several pieces. One on the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. Another on the Causes of Earthquakes. He had seraglios of wives; but the lady whom he married in England was a washerwoman, with whom he did not cohabit. When she died without leaving issue to him, being unwilling that his estate should go to the Bute family, he set out for England to marry a young woman already pregnant, whom a friend had provided for him; he died on his journey.

MONTAGUE (Richard), D.D., a learned English prelate, born in Bucks, about 1577, and educated at King's College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. In 1616 he was made dean of Hereford; and in 1621 published an answer to Selden's History of Tithes. He afterwards engaged in a controversy with the Papists, and published a piece, entitled Appello Cæsarem, for which he was summoned before the house of commons, in the first parliament of Charles I., and subjected to £2000 bail. The king, how ever, made him bishop of Chichester in 1628, and translated him to Norwich in 1638, where he died in 1641. Besides controversial tracts, such as An Answer to the Gagger of the Protestants, in 1624, &c.; he wrote several learned works, on the doctrines and discipline of the

church.

An

MONTAGUE (John), fourth earl of Sandwich, born in 1718, studied at Eton, whence he removed to Trinity College, Cambridge. He set out on his travels at about twenty years of age, and visited Sicily, Malta, Turkey, and Egypt, bringing horne a valuable collection of antiquities, particularly a marble vase obtained at Athens, which he presented to Trinity College. account of his Voyage round the Mediterranean, drawn up by himself, with memoirs of his life, by the Rev. J. Cooke, was published after his death, in 1799, 4to.; a second edition appeared in 1807. On his return home he became a lord of the admiralty; and in 1746 was despatched as minister plenipotentiary to the congress of Breda. He was engaged also in negociating the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and on his return to England was made first lord of the admiralty. Though removed in 1751, he twice afterwards held the same office, and died in 1792.

MONTAGUE ISLAND, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, near the west coast of North America, about fifty miles long, and ten broad,

and situated at the west side of the entrance into Prince William's sound. Long. 147° to 148° W., lat. 59° 50′ to 60° 30' N.

MONTAIGNE (Michael de), a French gentleman, born in Perigord in 1533. His father educated him with great care, and made him learn Latin as other children learn their mother tongue. His tutors were Nicholas Gronchi, who wrote De Comitiis Romanorum; William Guerenti, who wrote on Aristotle; George Buchanan; and Anthony Muret. He was also taught Greek by way of recreation; and was awakened every morning with the sound of music. He was a counsellor in the parliament of Bourdeaux, and afterwards mayor of Bourdeaux. He published his celebrated Essays in 1580. He had a great deal of wit and subtlety, but no small share of conceit and vanity. The learned are much divided in their opinions about his works. He died in 1592.

MONTALEMBERT (Marc Rene, marquis de), a French general and mathematician, was born at Angouleme in 1714. At the age of eighteen he entered the army; was at the siege of Kehl in 1733, and at that of Philipsburg in the following year. He afterwards served in Bohemia, and at the peace devoted himself to the study of the exact sciences. He constructed in Anjou and Perigord forges for casting cannon. In the seven years' war he was on the staff of Russian and Swedish armies. In 1761 he announced his celebrated work on Fortification, which the government prevented him from committing to the press for some years. It is entitled L'Art defensif superieur à l'offensif, par une nouvelle maniere d'employer l'Artillerie, ou la Fortification Perpendiculaire, Paris, 1793, 11 vols. 4to. He was besides the author of several papers in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, and other works. His death took place in 1800.

MONTANINI (Peter), or Petruccio Perugino, an eminent landscape painter, born at Perugia in 1619. At first he was instructed by his uncle Peter Barsotti; but was afterwards placed as a disciple with Ciro Ferri. Yet he did not long adhere to the manner of either of these masters, choosing to study under Salvator Rosa; whose style he imitated with great success. His landscapes were much admired; the rocks, torrents, and abrupt precipices, were designed with spirit; and his figures had very uncommon correctness, propriety, and elegance. He died in 1689.

MONTANISTS, a sect which sprung up about A.D. 171, in the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. They were so called from their leader, the heresiarch Montanus, a Phrygian by birth; whence they are sometimes styled Phrygians and Cataphrygians. They formed a schism, and set up a society under the direction of those who called themselves prophets. Montanus, in conjunction with Priscilla and Maximilla, was at the head of the sect. These sectaries made no alteration in the creed. They only held, that the Holy Spirit made Montanus his organ for delivering a more perfect form of discipline than what was delivered by the apostles. They refused communion for ever to those who were guilty of notorious crimes, and be

lieved that the bishops had no authority to reconcile them. They held it unlawful to fly in time of persecution. They condemned second marriages, allowed the dissolution of marriage, and observed three lents. The Montanists became separated into two branches; one of which were the disciples of Proclus, and the other of Æschines. The latter are charged with following the heterodoxy of Praxeas and Sabellius concerning the Trinity. See MONTANUS. MONTANUS, a heretic of the second century, born in Phrygia. He embraced Christianity, in hopes of rising to the dignities of the church. He pretended to inspiration; and gave out that the Holy Ghost had instructed him in several points, which had not been revealed to the apostles. Priscilla and Maximilla, two enthusiastic women of Phrygia, presently became his disciples; and in a short time he had a great number of followers. The bishops of Asia, being assembled, condemned his prophecies, and excommunicated those who dispersed them. Afterwards they wrote an account of what had passed to the western churches, where the pretended prophecies of Montanus and his followers were likewise condemned.

MONTANUS (Benedict Arias), a learned Spanish theologian, born in the diocese of Badajoz, about 1528. He assisted at the council of Trent with great reputation; and his merit and writings recommended him to Philip II. of Spain, who employed him in publishing a new polyglot bible after the Complutensian edition, which was printed under the care of cardinal Ximenes. This bible was printed at Antwerp, whither Montanus went in 1571; and on his return to Spain he refused the bishopric which Philip offered him for his reward, but spent the rest of his days at Seville, where he died about 1598. Montanus had vast erudition, loved solitude, was very laborious, never drank wine, and seldom ate flesh.

MONTANUS (John Baptist), an eminent Italian physician, styled the Galen of his country. He was born at Verona, in 1488; and studied at Padua, where he displeased his father by preferring physic to law; but, though deprived of his assistance, he soon made such progress that he was promoted to the professor's chair at Padua, after having practised physic with great success in several other cities. His fame became so great that he was invited to Paris, Florence, and Vienna, by Francis I., duke Cosmo, and Charles V., but preferred his professorship at Padua; where he died of the stone, in 1551. He wrote many medical and some poetical works.

MONTARGIS, an ancient town of the department of the Loiret in France, and the principal place of a subprefecture of the same name. It has an inferior court of judicature, and a chamber of commerce, and is a post town with 6500 inhabitants. Pleasantly situated near a beautiful forest, at the foot of a mountain, on the river Loing, where it forms a junction with the canals of Briare and Orleans. This town is surrounded with walls, and rather badly built, though its general appearance is pleasing. It was in ancient times a very strong place, and

defended by a good castle; the English besieged it without success in 1427, but in 1431 they took it, and it remained in their possession until 1438. The inhabitants manufacture common cloths, cotton yarn, and leather, and in the suburbs there are some fine paper-mills. A considerable trade is carried on in corn, wine, saffron, wax, honey, wool, leather, iron, and cattle. The church of the Magdalen is remarkable for the beauty of its architecture, and the boldness and loftiness of its pillars. This town is fifty-one miles E. N. E. of Orleans, thirty-nine south of Fontainebleau, and eighty-four south of Paris.

MONTAUBAN, large and handsome city, the principal place of the department of the Tarn-et-Garonne in France, having a royal court at Toulouse, an inferior court of judicature, a chamber of commerce, a board of trade, societies of arts and sciences, agriculture, and belles lettres, a faculty of theology belonging to the reformed church, a communal college, and a free drawing school. It is a post town with 25,000 inhabitants.

Its ap

This city stands in a fine situation, on a hill at the foot of which flows the Tarn, dividing the town into several parts, and working a great number of manufacturing establishments for the making of coarse cloth, serge, flannel, silk stockings, soap, pasteboard, and delf ware, brandy distilling, wool spinning, cloth dressing, dying, brass founding, tanning, &c. pearance is magnificent, its air wholesome, and the suburbs present a most agreeable scene, with pleasant country houses scattered on all sides over a verdant country. It is generally well built, and the streets are extremely clean. The public edifices are respectable, particularly the cathedral, built in 730, and the town-hall; the architecture of the town gates is very fine, and there are two beautiful walks, the Allée de Carmes, and the superb avenue de Coussarde, besides a fine platform, from which, in clear weather, there is a most beautiful view of the Pyrenees, which are more than 150 miles dis

tant.

Montauban was built in 1144, by Alphonso, earl of Toulouse, near the ancient monastery of Mons Albanus. The inhabitants, having embraced the reformed religion, fortified it; it was besieged by Louis XIII. in the year 1622, but without success, and it did not submit till 1629, when its fortifications were soon afterwards destroyed by order of cardinal Richelieu. In the reign of Louis XIV. it was depopulated by the dragonnades, and in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution raised against the protestants by an infuriated and bigotted rabble.

A considerable trade is carried on here in corn, flour, leather, cloth, wool, oil, goose-feathers, drugs, and spices; this place is indeed the mart of several towns of the kingdom, especially for grain. Among the objects worthy of particular notice are the fountain of Grison, and the public library containing 10,000 volumes. It is thirty-nine miles south of Cahors, sixty west of Alby, forty north of Toulouse, and 505 south of Paris; in N. lat. 44°, E. long. from Paris 1°.

MONTBELIARD, a post town, with 4500 inhabitants, and the chief place of a subprefecture of

the same name, in the department of Doubs, France, having an inferior court of judicature, and a communal college. This town is pleasantly situated in the centre of a valley, covered with meadows, watered by the Halle and the Luzine, and surrounded by hills, woody and planted with vines. It is generally well built, and the streets airy and adorned with fountains, while on an elevated rock stand the ruins of a castle, which in ancient times commanded the town, and from which there is a very fine view of the adjacent country. The walls were rased in 1677 by order of Louis XIV. This is the native place of Cuvier, the celebrated naturalist. There are manufactures here of clocks, pendulums, watch springs, iron and steel wire for clocks, silk hats, linen, cloth, scythes, agricultural instruments, &c. The inhabitants trade in corn, spices, cheese, &c.; and this place is the centre of considerable commerce with Switzerland. Among the public places may be mentioned the library containing 8000 volumes, the town hall, the church of St. Martin eighty feet long, and fifty broad, the market house, &c. Montbeliard is sixty-four miles north-east of Besançon, thirty-nine east of Vesoul, and 101 E.S. E. of Paris.

MONT BLANC. See BLANC, MONT.

MONTBRISON, a small, but ancient town, the principal place of a subprefecture of the same name, in the department of the Loire, France. It is a post town, containing 5000 inhabitants, with an inferior court, a communal college, and a society of agriculture and commerce. Its royal court is at Lyons. It stands in the midst of a fertile plain, commanded by a volcanic rock of a picturesque form, from the top of which the barbarous baron of Adrets forced the catholics, whom he had made prisoners, to precipitate themselves upon the points of the crags, with which the base is environed. It is generally ill-built, and the streets close; but, though not so populous and commercial as several other places in the department, its situation is very advantageous for the establishment of manufactories: the river Vizezy, which descends from the mountains and flows through the town, furnishing at all times of the year a sufficient supply of water for such purposes. In the neighbourhood are some mineral springs of considerable celebrity, and a few remains of Roman antiquities. There are manufactures here of linens, lawns, and cambrics, and a trade is carried on in corn, wool, and cattle.

Among the public institutions and buildings may be mentioned the fine library, the corn market, and the assembly room; the departmental nursery, and the newly planted boulevards, are also worthy of notice. This town is fortythree miles south of Roanne, fifty-eight W.S.W. of Lyons, the same distance north-west of St. Etienne, and 367 south-east of Paris, in N. lat. 45° 36', and E. long. from Paris 1° 44'.

MONT-DE-MARSAN, a well-built town, the chief place of a subprefecture, in the department of the Landes, France, having an inferior court of justice under the royal court of Paris, an agricultural society, a society of arts and sciences, and a communal college. It is a post

town, containing 3000 inhabitants, standing on an eminence, in a sandy plain, well cultivated and shaded with fine trees, at the confluence of the Douze and the Midon. This place has been much enlarged and embellished since the division of France into departments. The streets are clean and airy, adorned with several public fountains. A bridge thrown over the Douze, which begins to be navigable here, the prefect's palace, the barracks, and a court house built within these few years past, give it an importance to which it had few pretensions before the end of the last century; and it is surrounded with magnificent avenues and walks recently planted. There are some mineral waters here that are held in estimation. Manufactures are carried on of counterpanes, coarse cloths, linen for veils, and tanning. The trade of the town consists in the produce of the neighbourhood. It is the mart of commerce of Bourdeaux and Bayonne for wines, brandy and wool being furnished by the adjacent departments. There is a public library containing 12,000 volumes, an establishment of baths, and a bridge over the Midouze. Mont-deMarsan is situated in 2° 49′ E. long. from Paris, lat. 43° 54′ N. Eighty-four miles south from Bourdeaux, eighty-seven north-east of Bayonne, and 570 south-west from Paris.

MONTDIDIER, an ancient town of the department of the Somme in France, and the chief place of a department of the same name, having an inferior court of justice, a board of trade, an agricultural society, and a communal college. It is a post town, with 4500 inhabitants; and is built upon a hill near the river Don. It was formerly fortified, and the residence of several of the kings of France in the twelfth century. Some remains of its ancient fortifications are still to be seen. This is the native place of Parmentier, the celebrated political economist. The inhabitants carry on the manufacture of hats, calicoes, serge, and stockings; they have also cotton spinning factories, dye-houses, tan-yards, and curriers' shops; and trade in corn, vegetables, cattle, coal, and turf. This town is twenty-seven miles S.S. E. of Amiens, and sixty-nine north of Paris.

MONT-D'OR, a small chain of mountains, reaching from the Puy-de-dome to the gates of Lyons, and peopled with many villages the country round, which is excellently cultivated. There are fine pastures on them, feeding numerous herds of cows and goats, the latter of which yield the richest milk, of which fine cheeses are made, known by the name of Mont-d'or cheeses. These goats, to the number of from 18,000 to 20,000, are fed in the stable all the year round, and their hair is very valuable.

MONT-D'OR (the), one of the highest mountains in the department of Puy-de-Dome, which gives a name to a mass of mountains situated in the Lower Auvergne, about sixty miles in circumference. It is celebrated for its hot baths, which are supplied by springs that issue from the mountain of Puy-de-l'Angle, and is 3000 feet above the village of the baths, and 8868 feet above the level of the sea. Above the village a magnificent valley opens from south to north, of nearly five miles long and one broad, through which runs the Dordogne, along cultivated lands