MON year and smiling pastures; it is closed in at its upper within a square building of Gothic architecture. extremity by a semicircle of lofty peaks. Two The fourth spring, called the Magdalen's, rises of these are particularly worthy of attention, one of them being furrowed with the most frightful into a modern square building, in the middle of at the bottom of the Angle mountain, and flows ravines, and the other opposite to it presenting the Place-du-Pantheon, and is universally rean enormous volcanic rock, on which are elevated sorted to by those who come to drink the waters. a number of immense basaltic prisms. On the A large building, recently erected by government, other side it is enclosed by eminences, among unites within its enclosure all these springs, and which towers Mont-d'or, giving to the whole an air of grandeur and majesty seldom seen. is divided into three parts, affording accommodathe midst of the ravines rises the uppermost lishment is a newly made walk, planted with In tions for all classes. In the front of this estabpeak, supporting a bank of lava, from which a trees, at the lower end of which flow the united cascade precipitates itself, the waters of which streams of the Dor and the Dogne. In the form the small river that crosses the valley; the 1825 a grant was made from the public purse of red bottom of the ravine rendering more brilliant 100,000 francs for the building of a the silvery whiteness of the stream. This rich Mont-d'or, in which the poor may receive grascene would be admired even separate from the tuitously all the succors of nature and art. Two hospital on objects that surround it; but here it delights the of the springs are cold, and are generally used beholder, placed as it is in the centre of the val- for drinking; they are particularly suitable for ley, and forming the crowning feature of a mag- persons afflicted with pulmonary consumption; nificent picture. From the top of this noble the temperature of the warm waters does not exeminenee the Alps are visible, and its summit ceed 37°; they are used in baths, and produce may be seen from Nevers, which is ninety miles excellent effects on gouty and rheumatic persous. distant, and even from Montauban, at the dis- The season for taking the waters commences on tance of 120 miles. September. The fine roads that lead to this the 25th of June, and continues till the 20th of place render the communications safe and easy. It is twenty-seven miles south-west of Clermont, thirty-six west of Issoire, and twenty-one southeast of Rochefort. This mountain takes its appellation from a little brook called the Dor, which rises near the source of another called the Dogne; these two streams, after their union, form the river called the Dordogne. On the top, in the crater of an old volcano, is a lake called Paven, the waters of which are very clear, and at least 288 feet deep; it is surrounded with a curtain of verdure of 120 feet wide, which delightfully crowns its brink on every side. This enclosure, which is on a precipitous slope, is covered with short grass, and the greater part with wood; and, from a gap in the crater, the waters of the lake burst forth, flowing over a bed of lava, and precipitating itself into a channel, which it has hollowed out on the declivity of the mountain, until it reaches the vale that is crossed by the Couse, when it falls with that river into the Allier, between the Brionde and the Allier. MONT-D'OR, or MONTE ROTONDO, a high mountain of Corsica, situated almost in the centre of the island. From its summit the whole extent of Corsica may be seen, as well as the Sardinian coast, the Mediterranean, and several of its islands; while, in the distance, France and Italy are visible. It is covered with snow during a great part of the year. MONT-D'OR-LES-BAINS, a smal. town in the arrondissement of Issoire, department of the Puy-de-Dome, situated in the midst of a group of mountains, abounding in mineral springs and medicinal plants, and famous for its establishment of warm baths. The springs which supply these baths rise in the mountain called PuyDel'Angle, whence the waters issue in great quantities from different openings. The first, called St. Margaret's, pours its waters into a freestone basin, not far from which is another spring, more abundant, but of the same quality. The second, called Cesar's bath, rises a little below the top of St. Margaret's mountain, the small building, which receives its waters, being of a very high antiquity. The third, called the great bath, a short distance from the last, is contained VOL. XV. the north side of the island of St. Domingo. of the emperor's army, and one of the greatest F MON was restored to him in 1675, that he might MONTEGO BAY, a sea-port town on the north coast of Jamaica, in a bay of the same name. It was made a legal port in 1758, and is now a flourishing town, with about 250 houses. In 1795 it was greatly damaged by an earthquake. The loss sustained amounted to £200,000. 150 vessels clear out here annually. Long. 77° 50′ W., lat. 18° 29′ N. MONTE LEONE, a large town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, near the gulf of Eufemia: though almost overthrown by the earthquake of 1783, its present population is 8000, and it has manufactures of silk, and is the see of a bishop. Twelve miles N. N. E. of Nicotera, and twenty-five south-west of Squillace. 66 MONTELIMART, a well built town of the department of the Drome, and the principal place of a subprefecture, having an inferior court of judicature and a communal college. It is a post town, with 6500 inhabitants, situated at the foot and on the side of a hill near the confluence of the little rivers Roubion aud Jabron, which, after uniting their streams just below its walls, mingle with the waves of the majestic Rhone. It is overlooked by an ancient castle, and surrounded with rich and fertile plains, and hills abounding in vines, mulberry trees, olives and orange trees, which grow here in the open field. Environed and intersected by various canals, this town offers great advantages for the establishment of manufactories. Round the walls both within and without there is a double road, by which carriages may make the entire circuit of the town. Four gates form an entrance to it, which front the four cardinal points of the compass. tures are carried on here of linens, liqueurs, basManufackets, tanned leather, and highly esteemed morocco. There is also a considerable commerce in grain, flour, vegetables, fruit, wax, honey, walnut, and olive oil, silk wrought and in twist, earthenware, cattle, &c. This is the mart of forty or fifty towns, which bring hither their fruits and provisions and other produce of their industry. In the valley below the town the system of irrigating the meadows is carried to a degree of perfection that deserves particular attention. There is in this town a library of 3000 volumes. Faujas de St. Ford, the learned geologist, was born here. It is thirty-six miles south of Valence, and 472 south-east of Paris. MON MONTELOVEZ, a city of Mexico, the capiand is about a mile in length; having two pubtal of Cohahuila, is situated on a small stream, lic squares, seven churches, powder magazines, tary depôt for the provinces of Cohahuila and mills, and a hospital. It is the principal miliTexas, and its population is about 3500. tom celebrated at Eton school every third year, MONTEM. The origin of the singular cuson Whit Tuesday, cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, but the custom itself seems to have been coeval with the foundation of the college. Bath road, which has acquired the name of SaltThe procession is made to a tumulus, near the hill. The chief object of this ceremony, which has of late years been conducted with more decorum than formerly, is to collect money for salt, as the phrase is, from all persons travelling on the road. The scholars who collect the money habits. are called salt-bearers, and are dressed in rich silk way of pass word, are given to such persons as Tickets, inscribed with some motto, by have already paid for salt, as a security from any further demands. The procession has been frequently honored with the presence of his majesty and the royal family, whose liberal contributions, added to those of many of the nobility and others, attend the meeting, have so far augmented the who have been educated at Eton, and purposely collection, that it has been known to amount to to the senior-scholar, who is going off to Cammore than £800. The sum so collected is given bridge, for his support at the university.'-Lysen's Magna Britania. Greece, having Albania to the south, and the MONTENEGRO, a mountainous district of province of Herzegovina to the north. Its territorial extent is about 3000 square miles, surrounded by a chain of lofty mountains. The interior contains very little level ground; but is occasionly enlivened with beautiful verdant plains. The soil is altogether pretty fertile, but agriculture is sadly neglected. The common objects of culture are, corn, potatoes, and vegetables: but the chief subsistence of the inhabitants are their flocks and herds. It is calculated that 120,000 sheep, large quantities of cattle, and about 300 in the rivers and lakes is also a large source of tons of cheese, are exported annually. Fishing support. Game is abundant; and the timber of the forests valuable; though but little present advantage is derived from it. independent race; their friendships are firm and The inhabitants are a rude, courageous, and inviolable, and their hospitality frank. Montenegro has for more than a century withThough included in the pachalic of Scutari, into the field 10,000 fighting men, and, calculatdrawn its allegiance from Turkey: it can bring ing on the aid of allies, the farther number of 5000. The country takes the name of Montenegro, or, as it is called by the natives, CzernaGora, from the dark appearance of its forestcovered mountains. There are seven small towns, each with nearly 2000 inhabitants: and 110 villages. Inhabitants altogether about 40,000. MONTEREAU-FAULT-YONNE, an ancient ment of the Seine-et-Marne, France. It is a town and chief place of a canton in the departpost town, with 4000 inhabitants, very pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Yonne and the Seine, over which there is a very fine bridge. On this bridge Jean-sans-peur, duke of Burgundy, was assassinated in 1419, and in 1814 the French, commanded by Napoleon, obtained a victory over the allied powers. There are some earthenware potteries in this town, and some tan-yards. A considerable trade is carried on in corn and cattle for the Paris market, for which the Yonne and the Seine afford great facilities. Near the town on the top of a hill stands the chateau of Surville, a fine building in the form of a crescent commanding a view over the whole town, the plain round it, and the surrounding roads. MONTE'RO, n.s. Span. montero. A horseman's cap. His hat was like a helmet, or Spanish montero. Bacon. MONTESQUIEU (Charles de Secondat), baron, a celebrated French writer descended from a noble family of Guienne, and born at the castle of Brede, near Bourdeaux, in 1689. He showed an early genius, and at the age of twenty had prepared materials for his Spirit of Laws, by well digested extracts from those immense volumes of civil law which he had studied. He became a counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux in 1714, and in 1716 was received president a mortier. In 1721 he published his Persian Letters; in which, under the screen of Oriental manners, he satirized those of France. He was received into the French Academy in 1728; and, having quitted his civil employments, he travelled through Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, and England, in which last country he resided three years. On his return he retired for two years to his estate at Brede, where he finished his work On the Causes of the Grandeur and Declension of the Romans; which appeared in 1734. The reputation acquired by this work only cleared the way for his great undertaking, the Spirit of Laws, which was printed at Geneva, in 2 vols. 4to. 1750. This was immediately attacked in a multitude of anonymous pamphlets. Montesquieu drew up a defence of it; which for moderation, and elegance of satire, may be regarded as a model. He died in Paris on the 10th of February, 1755. His conversation was spirited, agreeable, and instructive. Beside the above works, he wrote several small pieces, as the temple of Gnidus, Lysimachus, and an Essay upon Taste, which is left unfinished. His works have been collected since his death, and printed in Paris in a splendid edition, in 4to.; and have all been translated into English. MONTETH', n. s. From the name of the inventor. A vessel in which glasses are washed. New things produce new words, and thus Mon teth Has by one vessel saved his name from death. King. MONTE VIDEO, a town of South America, in the province of Buenos Ayres, situated on the north side of the river Plata, in a small bay, twenty leagues west of Cape Santa Maria, and entirely walled round. It derives its name from a mountain that overlooks the place, and on which is a light-house. The town is described by Mr. Caldcleugh, who was here in 1821, as in differently built, on a slope to the river; the houses are flat roofed, and formed in part of stone and burnt brick; the windows to the street strongly barricadoed. The streets had been lately paved by the Portuguese troops in the occupation of the town, at the expense of the inhabitants. There was, nevertheless, an air of desolation about them, which did not accord with the reported prosperity of the town. The cathedral presented an appearance but little imposing. It was thronged with ladies dressed in black, after the fashion of the country; and it was impossible not to be struck with their great personal charms. 'They were kneeling at their devotions on pieces of carpet, carried thither by their female servants, another proof that I had arrived in a more cleanly country, for this custom is not yet adopted in the north: the numbers of well dressed females in the streets was also a novel sight. In the evening I attended the play, and was introduced by one of the governor's staff to all the most celebrated beauties of the city, who were extremely polite, and, according to custom, pressed me to eat more sweatmeats than I could have wished. The theatre was small and ill-arranged; the actors, it may be supposed, not of the best. One of the farces exhibited, El Inglez con Splin, gave rise to many good natured, yet witty observations from the ladies, on our national character. 'During the winter months of June, July, and August, Montevideo enjoys,' according to this writer, a cool climate. The soil is productive, yielding remarkably fine wheat, beans, and Indian corn, with melons, and some of the fruits of Europe, such as apples and peaches, in abundance. The extensive plains are still covered with herds of cattle and horses, although not to the extent formerly the case; a circumstance to be attributed to the disturbed state of the country, previous to its occupation by the Portuguese. The principal objects of exportation are tallow and hides to England, and jerked beef to Brasil. Since the restoration of tranquillity the trade has considerably increased: such at one time was the unsettled state of Buenos Ayres, that it was more advisable to land cargoes at Montevideo and pay a regulated duty, than run the risk of a difficult navigation of 100 miles, and then pay an extravagant demand for customs, or a proportion of the cargo, for the expenses of smuggling. The chief imports are manufactured goods from England, and the products of a warmer climate, such as coffee and sugar from Brasil. The population has been rated at as much as 15,000 souls; but of late years it has decreased, from the unsettled state of the country. It scarcely reaches 10,000 at present, comprising a small proportion of blacks. The bay is protected by the Mount; and, although the water is occasionally low, yet, from the nature of the bottom, a soft mud, no mischief occurs by heavily laden vessels approaching the shore, and taking the ground. It is decidedly the best harbour in the river. In 1806 the British force, which was despatched to make an attack on the Spanish territories in this quarter, took Monte Video by assault, after a desperate conflict and a heavy loss, one-third of the troops engaged having been either killed or wounded. After the unsuccessful attack of Buenos Ayres by the British, in 1807, Monte Video was evacuated with all the other Spanish settlements. 120 miles E. N. E. of Buenos Ayres. MONTEZUMA, or MONTEÇUMA, was emperor of Mexico when Cortez invaded that country in 1518, and obliged him to acknowledge himself in public the vassal of Charles V.; in name of tribute for which homage, Cortez received 600,000 merks of pure gold. Montezuma soon afterwards fell a sacrifice to his submission to the Spaniards. He and Alvaro, the lieutenant of Cortez, were besieged in the palace by 200,000 Mexicans. The emperor proposed to show himself to his subjects, that he might persuade them to desist from the attack: but the Mexicans no longer considered him in any other light but as the slave of foreign conquerors. In the midst of his speech, he received a blow with a stone, and he expired soon after, A. D. 1520. See CORTES and MEXICO. This unfortunate prince left two sons and three daughters, who embraced the Catholic faith. The eldest son obtained from Charles V. lands, revenues, and the title of count de Montezuma. MONTFAUCON (Bernard de), a learned Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, famous for his knowledge of Pagan and ecclesiastical antiquities, was born of an ancient and noble family in Languedoc, in 1655. He served for some time in the army; but on the death of his parents, in 1675, he commenced Benedictine monk and applied himself to study. Though his life was long, healthy, retired, and laborious, his voluminous publications seem sufficiently to have employed the whole; exclusive of his greatest undertaking, for which he will be always memorable. This was his Antiquité expliqué, written in Latin and French, illustrated with elegant plates, in 10 vols. folio; to which he added a supplement of 5 vols. He died at the abbey of St. Germain in 1741. MONTFERRAT, a duchy of Northern Italy, and a part of the Sardinian states, is bounded by Piedmont, Genoa, and the Milanese. Its territorial extent is 900 square miles, containing a number of hills and small mountains. The climate is very salubrious, and the soil productive in corn, wine, vegetables, fruit, chestnuts, flax, and hemp. It has likewise extensive and wellstocked pastures. It is watered by the Stura, the Bormida, the Belbo, the Orba, the Erro, and the Po. Here are four towns of tolerable size, Casale, Acqui, Alba, and Trino, and nearly 180 small towns and villages. Besides the labors of agriculture the inhabitants employ themselves in silk-spinning and other domestic manufactures. The duchy is divided into the two provinces of Acqui and Casale. Population 186,000. MONTFORT (Simon), count de, descended from an illustrious and flourishing family, was lord of a small town of the same name ten leagues from Paris. He was one of the greatest generals of his age, and he displayed his bravery in the wars with the English and Germans. The strength of his constitution enabled him to support the severest labors of the field, and his majestic stature distinguished him in battle. In the greatest dangers he possessed the utmost coolness and presence of mind: he observed every emergency; and was ready to bring assistance, while he himself was employed in attacking the bravest of his enemies; but he was guilty of great cruelties after victory. He was appointed to conduct the crusades against the Albigenses in 1209. He took Bezieres and Carcassonne, raised the seige of Castalnau, and gained a great victory in 1213 over Peter king of Arragon, Raimond VI. count of Toulouse, and the counts of Foix and Cominges. He was killed at the siege of Toulouse on the 25th of June 1218 by a stone thrown by a woman. His younger son afterwards made a great figure in England as earl of Leicester. MONTGERON (Lewis Basil Carre de), was born at Paris, A. D. 1686. His father was master of requests. He was scarcely twenty-five years of age when, he purchased the place of counsellor in parliament, where by his wit and external qualifications he gained considerable reputation. He was given up to irreligion and vice, when in 1731, he was converted by witnessing, according to his own account, miracles at the tomb of Deacon Paris. He had not long been the disciple of Jansenism when he suffered persecution. When the chamber of inquests was banished, in 1732, he was sent into the mountains of Auvergne, where he collected the proofs of the miracles wrought at abbé Paris's tomb, and composed a Demonstration of them, which in 1737 he presented to the king at Versailles, and for which he was confined till his death in 1754. MONTGOLFIER (Stephen James), the celebrated aeronaut, was a native of Amiens. He was first a paper-manufacturer at Annonay, where in conjunction with his brother in 1782 he made the first known experiments in AERONAUTICS, see that article. He also invented a kind of vellum paper, for which he was rewarded with a pension and the order of St. Michael. He died in 1799, at the age of fifty-two.-Joseph Montgolfier his brother was the inventor or improver of a machine which he denominated the hydrostatic ram, and died at the baths of Balaruc, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, in June 1810, in his seventieth year. MONTGOMERY (James), lord of Lorges in the Orleannois, one of the bravest men of his age and famous under the title of Loges in the wars of Francis I. In 1545 he succeeded John Stuart count d'Aubigny in the command of the 100 archers in the Scotch guard. He wounded Francis I. in the chin with a firebrand, in some frolic with that prince, and thus occasioned the wearing of long beards in France for fifty years. Loges died aged above eighty, a short time after Henry II. He obtained the title of count de Montgomery in 1553, which he claimed as belonging to his ancestors, and as being descended by the earls of Eglinton in Scotland, from a younger son of the ancient house of Montgomery in England. MONTGOMERY (Gabriel de), count Montgomery in Normandy, the son of the preceding, was remarkable for his valor and noble achievments, but still more so for occasioning the death of Henry II., by accidentally wounding him in the eye at a tournament, in 1559. After this un lucky accident, Montgomery visited Italy and other foreign countries; and did not return to France till the commencement of the civil wars, when he joined the Protestants, and became one of their principal leaders. In 1562 he defended Rouen against the royal army with great valor. The city being at length taken by storm, he stept into a galley; and having surmounted by dint of rowing a chain which had been thrown across the Seine at Caudebec, to prevent succors from England, he escaped to Havre. In 1569 he was sent to the assistance of Bearn, which the Catholics, under Terrides, had almost entirely wrested from the queen of Navarre. He executed his commission with so great despatch, that Terrides was obliged to raise the siege of Navarreins, and retire with precipitation to Orthez. Montgomery pursued him to this city, which he took by assault; and Terrides and his principal officers were taken prisoners. After this the rest of Bearn submitted. He was at Paris at the time of the massacre on St. Bartholomew's day 1572, and narrowly escaped. He took refuge with his family, first in the island of Jersey and afterwards in England. In 1573 he carried a considerable fleet, which he had armed and fitted out in England, to the relief of Rochelle, which was then besieged by the Catholics: but,'perhaps distrusting his forces, he left the road without fighting the Catholic fleet, and went to pillage Belleisle. Having disbanded his fleet, he returned to England to Henry de Champernon, his son-in-law, coast admiral of Cornwall. On the renewal of a war in France, in 1573, Montgomery, then in Jersey, passed over into Normandy, and joined the Protestant nobility of that province. Matignon, lieutenant-general in Lower Normandy, to whom Catherine de Medicis had given a particular charge to endeavour to seize the count, came unexpectedly upon him in St. Lo, and laid siege to that city. On the evening of the fifth day of the seige Montgomery left St. Lo with between sixty and eighty horse, forced the guard in the suburbs, and escaped amid a shower of musket bullets, without losing a single man, leaving the command of the place to Coulombieres Francis de Briqueville. Montgomery arrived at Domfront May 7th, 1574, with only twenty followers, intending to make no longer a stay in that place than was necessary to recruit them after the fatigues of so rapid a march. The same day he was joined by several gentlemen with a company of forty horse. -Meanwhile Matignon, enraged at having lost his prey, flew at the head of a party of horse, and arrived on the 9th before Domfront. He blocked up the place and attacked it with such violence that Montgomery was soon obliged to retire into the castle with the garrison, amounting to only 150 men. He sustained a furious assault, fought with the greatest boldness and obstinacy, and exposed himself in the breach like one who wished for death. Perceiving, however, that his soldiers, partly by the fire of the enemy and partly by constant desertion, were reduced almost to nothing, he capitulated on the 27th of May: he was carried to Paris, tortured and beheaded in 1574. Montgomery married in 1549 Elizabeth de la Fouche, of a noble family in Brittany, by whom be left several children MONTGOMERY, a market and borough town and the chief town of Montgomeryshire, North Wales, is pleasantly situated near the Severn, on a rocky hill. It is in general well built, clean, and has an air of peculiar neatness. The ruins of the castle stand on an eminence north of the town. This was built in the time of William the Conqueror, and was the scene of various actions in the subsequent reigns. The church is an elegant building in the form of a cross. Near the castle stands a new county jail, and the guildhall, where the sessions are held alternately with Welsh Pool. The county courts are held here alternately with Machynleth. Montgomery sends a member to parliament, chosen by about eighty voters. It is governed by a high steward, two bailiffs, and a town-clerk. Population 932. Market on Thursday. Twenty-six miles southwest of Hereford, and 161 north-west of London. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in New York, bounded north by Hamilton's county; east by Essex, Warren, and Saratoga counties; south by Schenectady, Schoharie, and Otsego counties; and west by Oneida and Lewis counties. Its greatest length north and south is eighty-nine miles, and its greatest breadth is thirty-eight. The whole area is 2762 square miles, or 1,767,680 acres. The Mohawk runs eastward quite across the whole county; and to the south of this river the county is rich and fertile; that on the north is of little value. Montgomery sends five members to the house of assembly. Johnstown is the chief town. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in Pennsylvania, is bounded north-east by Buck's county, E. S. E. by Philadelphia county, S. S. W. by Delaware and Chester counties, and W.N.W. by Berks county. Chief town, Norriston. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in Maryland, bounded north-west by Frederick county, north-east by Anne Arundel county, south-east by Prince George county and the district of Columbia, and south-west by the Potomac. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in Ohio. Population, in 1810, 7722; in 1815 13,700. Dayton is the chief town. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in the south-west of Virginia, bounded N. N.W. by Giles and Monroe counties, E. N. E. by Botetourt county, south-east by Franklin and Patrick counties, and south-west by Grayson, Wythe, and Tazewell counties. The Spaniards had here very lately a military post, which they call a presidio, erected for the purpose of civilising the Indians; and in this benevolent task they exerted themselves with great prudence. The presidio was the residence of the governor of the province. 298 miles from Washington. Chief town Christiansburg. MONTGOMERY, a county of the United States, in the centre of North Carolina. Chief town, Henderson. MONTGOMERYSHIRE, a county of North Wales, is by the Welsh called Sir Tre Baldwyn, or the shire of Baldwin, after the name of a lieutenant of the Marches, who swore fealty and did homage to William the Conqueror for this part of Cambria. The district comprehending the present county of Montgomery, anciently among |