2 vols.), but his opinions on colonial matters were severely criticised. About this period Howitt and his wife became believers in spiritualism, but, as in the case of their friends Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall, their regard for the Christian religion did not diminish (see The Pyschological Review, 1882 v. 36. 293, 410, 510, 1883 vi. 13, 88; A. M. II. WATTS, Pioneers of the Spiritual Reformation, 1883, 157-325). Settling at West Hill Lodge, flighgate, in 1857, Howitt continued his indefatigable literary labours, and occupied much of his leisure in arranging séances with D. D. Home [q. v.] (Spiritual Mag. February 1860 and October 1861; HOME, Incidents in my Life, 1863, p. 189). He contributed to the 'Spiritual Magazine' upwards of a hundred articles describing his personal experiences. On 19 June 1865 he received a pension from the civil list of 1407. a year. Between 1856 and 1862 he wrote five large volumes of a Popular History of England' (from the reign of Edward II) for Messrs. Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, which passed through seven editions. It was sold originally in weekly numbers, and reached a circulation of a hundred thousand. Lord Brougham and, Dr. Robert Chambers highly commended it. From 1866 to 1870 he lived at The Orchard, near Esher. In 1870 he settled at Rome, where on 16 April 1871 he celebrated his golden wedding. During the summer he lived at Dietenheim in the Tyrol, returning to Rome for the winter and spring. At Rome he interested himself in the formation of a Society for the Protection of Animals, and in a project for planting the Campagna with the Eucalyptus globulus, well known for its power of destroying malaria. He died of bronchitis and hemorrhage at 55 Via Sistina, Rome, 3 March 1879, and was buried in the protestant cemetery on 5 March. Among his children were Alfred William Howitt, Australian traveller, and the discoverer of the remains of the explorers Burke and Wills, which he brought to Melbourne for burial; Herbert Charlton Howitt, who was drowned while engineering a road in New Zealand; Anna Mary Howitt, wife of Alfred Alaric Watts, the biographer of her father, and author of Art Work in Munich,' who died at Dietenheim 23 July 1884; and Margaret Howitt, the writer of the Life of Fredrika Bremer,' and of the memoir of her own mother. In conjunction with his wife he wrote or edited besides the works mentioned above: 1. "The Desolation of Eyam, and other Poems,' 1827. 2. The Literature and Romances of Northern Europe,' 1852. 3. 'Stories of English and Foreign Life,' 1853. 4. 'Howitt's 6 Journal of Literature and Popular Progress,' 1847–9. 5. The People's and Howitt's Journal,' 1849. 6. Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain,' 1862, 1864, two series. His principal works, in addition to those already mentioned, were: 1. 'C'olonisation and Christianity: a History of the treatment of Natives by Europeans,' 1838. 2. 'The Student Life of Germany,' by Dr. Cornelius, i.e. W. Howitt, 1841. 3. Peter Schlemihl's 'Wundersame Geschichte,' a translation, 1843. 4. Wanderings of a Journeyman Tailor,' by P. D. Holthaus, a translation, 1811. 5. The Life and Adventures of Jack of the Mill,' 1844. 6. German Experiences,' 1844. 7. Life in Dalecarlia,' by F. Bremer, a translation, 1845. 8. The Hall and the Hamlet, or Scenes of Country Life,' 1848, 2 vols. 9. 'The History of Magic,' by J. Ennemoser, a translation, 1854, 2 vols. 10. 'The Man of the People,' 1860, 3 vols. 11. The History of the Supernatural in all Ages and Nations,' 1863, 2 vols. 12. 'Woodburn Grange; a Story of English Country Life,' 1867, 3 vols. 13. The Northern Heights of London, or Historical Associations of Hampstead, Highgate, Muswell Hill, Hornsey, and Islington,' 1869, 8vo. 14. The Mad War-Planet, and other Poems,' 1871. 15. 'The Religion of Rome,' 1873. 6 A. M. H. Watts's Pioneers of the Spiritual Reformation, 1883, pp. 157-325; The Naturalist, April 1839, pp. 366-73, with portrait; Cornelius Brown's Nottinghamshire Worthies, 1883, pp. 355-60; Horne's New Spirit of the Age, 1844, i. 177-98; Wilson's Noctes Ambrosianæ, No. xxxix. November 1828, No. lvi. April 1831; S. C. Hall's Retrospect of a Long Life, 1883. ii. 126-31 Times, 4 March 1879, p. 10, 6 March, P. 5; Allibone's Dict. of English Literature, i. 905-8 Spencer T. Hall's Remarkable People whom I have known, 1873, pp. 311-15; Illustrated London News, 29 March 1879. pp. 297, 298, with portrait.] G. C. B. HOWLAND, RICHARD, D.D. (1540– 1600), bishop of Peterborough, the son and heir of John Howland, gentleman, of the city of London, and Anne Greenway of Cley, Norfolk, was born at Newport Pond, near Saffron Walden, Essex, and baptised 26 Sept. 1540. He was admitted pensioner at Christ's College, Cambridge, 18 March 1557-8,whence he migrated to St. John's College, where he graduated B.A. 1560 1. He was elected a fellow of Peterhouse 11 Nov. 1562, and proceeded M.A. in 1564. His subsequent degrees were B.D. 1570, D.D. 1578. He was incorporated M.A. of Oxford 9 July 1567. In 1569 he became rector of Stathern, Leicestershire, on the presentation of the master and fellows of Peterhouse. In his earlier years Howland was an adherent of Thomas Cartwright (15351603) [q. v.], and signed the unsuccessful petition to Burghley in 1571 imploring that Cartwright might be allowed to return to Cambridge (STRYPE, Annals, I. ii. 376, II. i. 2, 415). He subsequently changed his opinions, and on a violent sermon being preached in St. Mary's by one Milayn, a fellow of Christ's, in favour of the antidisciplinary faction, on a Sunday morning in October 1573, he ably and successfully controverted its teaching on the same day in the same place in the afternoon (STRYPE, Whitgift, i. 98). Howland gained the confidence of Burghley, then chancellor of the university, who made him his chaplain. By Burghley's influence he was appointed to the mastership of Magdalene College, then almost in a state of bankruptcy, in 1575-6. When Whitgift resigned the mastership of Trinity in June 1577, on his election to the see of Worcester, he strongly recommended Howland, who was his personal friend, to Burghley, as his successor. The queen, however, had already selected Dr. Still, the master of St. John's, and it was arranged that Howland should be transferred from Magdalene to St. John's as Still's successor, being 'a man of gravity and moderation, and of neither party or faction.' He was admitted master 20 July 1577, the whole society of St. John's sending a letter of thanks to Burghley for the great moderation of the most worthy master set over them' (ib. i. 153, 156). The college had been for some years distracted by dissensions between the puritan and anglican factions, to heal which a new body of statutes had been given enlarging the power of the master and defining his authority. Howland successfully gave effect to the new statutes (ib. 1.c.: BAKER, Hist. of St. John's Coll. ed. Mayor, pp. 173 sq.) In 1578 he served the office of vice-chancellor, in which capacity he, at the head of the university, waited on the queen on her visit to Audley End, 27 July 1578, and presented her with a Greek Testament and a pair of gloves, making a suitable oration (STRYPE, Annals, II. ii. 203). In 1583 he was again vice-chancellor. The following year Whitgift, by this time archbishop, recommended his old friend for either of the vacant sees of Bath and Wells or of Chichester, or, failing these, for the deanery of Peterborough (STRYPE, Whitgift, i. 337). When Burghley advised Elizabeth to confer the deanery on him, she replied that he was worthy of a better place, and in 1584 nominated him to the see of Peterborough on the translation of Bishop Scambler to Norwich. He was consecrated by Whitgift at Lambeth, 7 Feb. 1584-5 (STRYPE, Annals, III. i. 336). The fellows lamented Howland's departure from St. John's, although his frequent absence from Cambridge had caused some dissatisfaction (cf. ib. bk. ii. pp. 166-71). The choice of a successor threatened to involve the college in a fierce internal struggle; to avert strife it was arranged that Howland should continue to hold the mastership with his poorly endowed bishopric. But in February 1585-6 the strain of the double responsibility determined him to resign the mastership' (ib. pp.642-4). On finally quitting Cambridge Howland obtained Burghley's permission to take some young members of his college of good birth with him to Peterborough for health and recreation in the summer. Among these were the Earl of Southampton, Burghley's grandson, and the grandson of Sir Anthony Denny (ib. p. 645). Howland pleaded the cause of his diocese against the excessive tax for furnishing light horse. As bishop he took the first place at the funeral of Mary Queen of Scots in Peterborough Cathedral, February 1587. The funeral cortège met at his palace, and after a great supper in his hall proceeded to the cathedral. On the death of Archbishop Piers in 1594, Howland was earnestly recommended for the see of York by the lord president (Earl of Huntingdon), though personally a stranger to him, and the council of the north, on the ground of Archbishop Whitgift's high opinion of him. He wrote to Burghley begging' a removal to a better support,' but Burghley declined his assistance and Matthew Hutton was appointed (ib. Whitgift, ii. 213; Lansdowne MSS. lxxxvi. 87, 89). The deprivation of Cawdry, vicar of South Luffenham, Rutland, for depraving the Book of Common Prayer,' by Howland led to a long dispute with that impracticable person' (ib. Aylmer, p. 92). Howland wltile bishop held the living of Sibson, Leicestershire, in commendam, and laboured under imputations of having impoverished his bishopric to gratify his patron Burghley (LAUD, Works, A.-C. T., VI. ii. 357, 374). He was also the object of the scurrilous attacks of Martin Mar-Prelate (Epistle, v. 21). He died unmarried at Castor, near Peterborough, 23 June 1600, and was obscurely buried in his cathedral, without any memorial or epitaph. He is said to have been 'a very learned and worthy man' (STRYPE, Life of Whitgift, ii. 213). [Strype's Annals, Whitgift, Aylmer, 11. cc.; Wood's Athenæ, ii. 802; Brydges's Restituta, ii. 243; Lansd. MSS. xlii. 56, 58, 1. 38, lii. 68, lxxii. 77, lxxvi. 87, 88, cxv. 36; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr.] E. V. appeared. For John Caley [q. v.] Howlett made drawings of about a thousand seals of English monastic and religious houses. Subsequently he fell into pecuniary difficulties, and died at Newington, 18 Dec. 1827, aged 60. HOWLET, JOHN (1548-1589), jesuit, was born in the county of Rutland in 1548. He entered at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1564, and graduated B.A. in 1566, becoming a fellow. He went abroad in 1570 with the permission of his college, intending to travel, to Rome, but, entering the college of Douay [New Monthly Magazine, June 1828; Notes in the same year, he was in 1571 received and Queries, 1st ser. i. 321, vii. 69, 5th ser. ix. into the order of Jesus at Louvain. At 488; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.] L. C. Douay he was a contemporary of Campion, and studied theology. He afterwards taught many different subjects, chiefly at Douay. In 1587 he proceeded to Poland to assist in the Transylvanian mission, and died at Wilna on 17 Dec. 1589. Howlet's name was well known in England because it was appended to the dedication to the queen prefaced to the tract by Parsons entitled, 'A Brief Discours contayning certayne reasons why Catholiques refuse to go to Church. Written by a learned and vertuous man to a frend of his in England, and Dedicated by J. H. to the Queenes most excellent Maiestie,' Douay (really printed at London), 1580. [Boase's Reg. of Exeter, pp. 45, 181, 207; Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 184; Wood's Athene Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 67; Hearne's Coll., Oxf. Hist. Soc.. 4 Sept. 1705; Reg. Univ. Oxon., (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 20: Henr. Morus, Hist. Provinciæ Anglicana Societatis Jesu, i. xv; Oliver's Biog. of the Members of the Soc. of Jesus, p. 119; Southwell's Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, ed. Rome, 1676, p. 461; Foley's Records of the Engl. Province, i. 376; Knox's Douay Diaries, pp. 4, 24; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. A. J. A. HOWLETT, BARTHOLOMEW (17671827), draughtsman and engraver, born in Louth in Lincolnshire in 1767, was son, by his first marriage, of Bartholomew Howlett, a native of Norfolk, who was settled at Louth. Howlett came to London and served as apprentice to James Heath [q. v. the engraver. He was mainly employed on topographical and antiquarian works. In 1801 he engraved and published A Selection of Views in the County of Lincoln,' with seventy-five plates from drawings by Girtin, Nash, and others, of which a later edition appeared in 1805. He also executed plates for Wilkinson's 'Londina Illustrata,' Bentham's' History of Ely,' Frost's Notices of Hull,' Anderson's Plan and Views of the Abbey Royal of St. Denys,' the Gentleman's Magazine,' and similar works. In 1817 he made a number of drawings for a projected' History of Clapham,' of which one number only was published. When the Royal Hospital of St. Katherine, near the Tower, was pulled down in 1826, Howlett made a number of drawings, with a view to a publication, which never HOWLETT, JOHN (1731-1804), political economist, was doubtless son of John Howlett of Bedworth, Warwickshire. He matriculated from St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, on 10 Nov. 1749, aged 18, and graduated B.A. from St. John's College in 1755, M.A. in 1795, and B.D. in 1796. He was presented to the living of Great Dunmow, Essex, in 1771, and was also vicar of Great Badow. He died at Bath on 29 Feb. 1804. Howlett wrote much on the statistics and condition of the people, and severely criticised the theories and writings of Dr. Price. In contradiction to Price he maintained that enclosures resulted from the increase in population. As an economist he is wanting in originality. His merits as a statistician consist chiefly in the miscellaneous information which he brought together. His works, apart from separately published sermons, are: 1. An Examination of Dr. Price's Essay on the Population of England and Wales, 1781. 2. An Enquiry into the Influence which Enclosures have had upon the Population of England,' 1786. 3. An Essay on the Population of Ireland,' 1786. 4. Enclosures a cause of Improved Agriculture,' 1787. This is a rejoinder to the reviews of his previous work on enclosures. 5. 'The Insufficiency of the causes to which the Increase of our Poor and the Poor's Rates have been generally ascribed,' 1788. 6. At end of Wood's Account of Shrewsbury House of Industry a Correspondence with Howlett,' 1795. 7. An Examination of Mr. Pitt's Speech in the House of Commons on 12 Feb. 1796, relative to the condition of the Poor,' 1796. 8. Dispersion of the present gloomy apprehensions of late repeatedly suggested by the Decline of our Corn Trade, and conclusions of a directly opposite tendency established upon well-authenticated facts. To which are added Observations upon the first Report of the Committee on Waste Lands,' 1798. 9. The Monthly Reviewers reviewed in a Letter to those Gentlemen, pointing out their Misrepresentations and fallacious Reasonings in the Account of the Pamphlet,' &c., 1798. 10. An Inquiry concerning the Influence of Tithes upon Agriculture,' &c. (with remarks on Arthur Young), 1801. HOWLETT, SAMUEL BURT (17941874), surveyor and inventor, only son of Samuel Howlett of Gracechurch Street, London, and grandson of John Howlett of the Hall, Pulham St. Mary the Virgin, Norfolk, was born on 10 July 1794. He entered the corps of Royal Military Surveyors and Draughtsmen as cadet on 20 Aug. 1808, and became a favourite pupil of John Bonnycastle, the mathematician [q. v.] Howlett at the age of fourteen drew the diagrams for the fourth edition of Bonnycastle's Euclid. On becoming a commissioned officer he surveyed single-handed parts of Berkshire and Wiltshire for the ordnance survey. The corps being reduced in 1817, after the peace, he was on half-pay until 1824, when he was appointed assistant, and in 1830 chief military surveyor and draughtsman to the board of ordnance. In 1826 he was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, and in 1828 he published an ingenious treatise on perspective. As inspector of scientific instruments for the war department he was led to make improvements in the mountain barometer and in the stadiometer then used at the School of Musketry. He also invented an anemometer, and a method of construction, now widely adopted, for large drawing-boards, with compensations for moisture and temperature. Several papers written by him on these inventions and on cognate subjects were published in the 'Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers.' From early manhood he spent much time in promoting church schools and in charitable work among the poor. He retired at the age of seventy-one, and died at Bromley in Kent, on 24 Jan. 1874. His elder son, the Rev. Samuel Howlett, B.A. Cambr. (d. 1861), was mathematical lecturer at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. His younger son, Richard Howlett, F.S.A., is one of the editors of the Rolls HOWLEY, HENRY (1775?-1803), Irish insurgent, was a protestant, and worked as a carpenter in his native place, Roscrea, co. Tipperary. He took part in the rebellion of 1798 and in Robert Emmet's insurrection. While engaged in the latter plot he was the ostensible proprietor of the store in Thomas Street, and to him was assigned the task of bringing up the coaches by means of which Emmet designed to effect his entrance into Dublin Castle. While engaged, however, in carrying out this part of the programme, and as he was passing along Bridgefoot Street, Howley stopped to interfere in a common street brawl, which unfortunately ended by his shooting Colonel Lyde Brown. Compelled thereupon to consult his own safety, Howley left the coaches to their fate and fled. To this untoward accident Emmet chiefly ascribed the failure of his plot. Howley's hiding-place was subsequently betrayed by a fellow-workman, Anthony Finnerty, to Major Sirr. In the scuffle to arrest him Iowley shot one of the major's men, and escaped into a hayloft in Pool Street, but was soon captured. He was condemned to death by special commission on 27 Sept. 1803, confessed to having killed Colonel Brown, and met his fate with fortitude. [Madden's United Irishmen, 3rd ser. iii. 141; Saunders's News-Letter, 28 Sept. 1803.] R. D. HOWLEY, WILLIAM (1766-1848), archbishop of Canterbury, the only son of William Howley, vicar of Bishops Sutton and Ropley, Hampshire, was born at Ropley on 12 Feb. 1766. He was educated at Winchester, where he gained the prize for English verse in 1782 and 1783. On 11 Sept. 1783 he matriculated at Oxford as a scholar of New College (of which he afterwards became a fellow and tutor), and graduated B.A. 1787, M.A. 1791, B.D. and D.D. 1805. Howley was appointed tutor to the Prince of Orange, his residence at Oxford. In 1794 he was afterwards William II of Holland, during elected a fellow of Winchester College, and on 2 May 1804 was installed a canon of Christ la Church, Oxford. In 1809 Howley was made regius professor of divinity at Oxford, an appointment which he resigned upon his elevation to the episcopal bench. He was instituted to the vicarage of Bishops Sutton on 8 Dec. 1796, to the vicarage of Andover on 22 Jan. 1802, and to the rectory of Bradford Peverell on 23 May 1811. He was admitted to the privy council on 5 Oct. 1813, and on the 10th of the same month was consecrated bishop of London at Lambeth Palace, in the presence of Queen Charlotte and two of the princesses. He took his seat in the House of Lords at the opening of parliament on 4 Nov. 1813 (Journals of the House of Lords, xlix. 666). In 1820 he supported the bill of pains and penalties against Queen Caroline from 'a moral, constitutional, and religious point of view' (Parliamentary Debates, new ser. iii. 1711), and is asserted to have laid it down with much emphasis 'that the king could do no wrong either morally or physically' (Times for 12 Feb. 1848). On the death of Charles Manners Sutton in July 1828 Howley was translated to the see of Canterbury, and on 2 April 1829 led the opposition to the second reading of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill (Parliamentary Debates, new ser. xxi. 58-67), but his amendment that the bill should be read a second time that day six months was defeated, after a debate of three nights, by a majority of 105. In October 1831 Howley opposed the second reading of the Reform Bill, 'because he thought that it was mischievous in its tendency, and would be extremely dangerous to the fabric of the constitution' (ib. 3rd ser. viii. 302-4); in the following spring, however, after much hesitation, he offered no further opposition to the measure. In 1833 he strongly opposed the Irish Church Temporalities Bill (ib. 3rd ser. xix. 940-8), and in the same year successfully moved the rejection of the Jewish Civil Disabilities Repeal Bill (ib. 3rd ser. xx. 222-6). In July 1839 Howley moved a series of six resolutions denouncing Lord John Russell's education scheme (26. xlviii. 1234-55), the first of which was carried by a majority of 111, and the others were agreed to. Howley died at Lambeth Palace on 11 Feb. 1848, in the eightyfirst year of his age, and was buried on the 19th of the same month at Addington, near Croydon. Howley was 'a very ordinary man' in Greville's opinion (Memoirs, 1st ser. 1874, ii. 263). He is said to have been remarkable for the equanimity of his temper, and for his cold and unimpressive character. He was neither an eloquent preacher nor an effective speaker. He took part in a great number of royal ceremonials, and lived in considerable state at Lambeth Palace. Accompanied by the lord chamberlain, he carried the news of William IV's death to Kensington Palace, where they had an interview with the young queen at five in the morning. A portrait of him by C. R. Leslie, which was engraved by II. Cousins, and his bust by Chantrey are in the possession of Mr. William Howley Kingsmill of Sydmonton Court. Reference is made to a number of engraved portraits of Howley in Evans's 'Catalogues,' and an engraving by W. Holl, after the portrait by W. Owen, appears in the second volume of Jerdan's National Portrait Gallery.' Howley married, on 29 Aug. 1805, Mary Frances, eldest daughter of John Belli, E.I.C.S., of Southampton, by whom he had two sons and three daughters. His elder son, William, was born on 11 Oct. 1810. IIe matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 17 Dec. 1828, graduated B.A. 1832, and died at Lambeth Palace on 16 Jan. 1833. George Gordon, his younger son, died on 3 Sept. 1820, aged 6. Mary Anne, his eldest daughter, VOL. XXVIII. married, on 16 June 1825, George Howland Willoughby Beaumont of Buckland, Surrey, afterwards a baronet. Anne Jane, the second daughter, became the wife of William Kingsmill of Sydmonton Court, near Newbury, on 16 March 1837. Harriet Elizabeth, the youngest daughter, married, on 12 Oct. 1832, John Adolphus Wright, rector of Merstham, Surrey. Mrs. Howley survived her husband several years, and died on 13 Aug. 1860, aged 77. Howley published several charges and occasional sermons. He also published A Letter addressed to the Clergy and Laity of his Province,' London, 1845, 8vo, and is said to have edited Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems by the late Thomas Russell, Fellow of New College, Oxford, 1789, 4to. His correspondence with Dr. Renn Dickson Hampden [q. v., relative to the appointment of the latter to the regius professorship of divinity in the university of Oxford, passed through several editions. IIowley bequeathed his library to his domestic chaplain, Benjamin Harrison [q. v.], and it now forms part of the Howley-Harrison library at Canterbury. [The Remembrance of a departed Guide and Ruler in the Church of God, a Charge by Benjamin Harrison, archdeacon of Maidstone, 1848; Gent. Mag. 1848 new ser. xxix. 426-8, 1860 new ser. ix. 330; The Georgian Era, 1832, i. 523; Annual Register, 1848, App. to Chron. pp. 214-15; Times, 12 and 21 Feb. 1848; Illustrated London News, 19 Feb. 1848, with portrait; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic. 1854, i. 31, ii. 306, 526, 530, iii. 511; Kirby's Winchester Scholars, 1888, pp. 16. 272; Alumni Oxon. pt. ii. p. 702; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ix. 207, 317, xi. 147, 236-7; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G. F. R. B. HOWMAN, JOHN (1518?-1585), abbot of Westminster. [See FECKENHAM, JOHN DE.] HOWSON, JOIN (1557 ?-1632), bishop of Durham, born in the parish of St. Bride, London, about 1557, was educated at St. Paul's School, whence he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, and was elected a student in 1577. He was admitted B.A. on 12 Nov. 1578, and M.A. on 3 March 1581-2, accumulating his degrees in divinity on 17 Dec. 1601 (Reg. of Univ. of Oxf., Oxf. Hist. Soc., vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 76). On 15 July 1587 he was installed prebendary of Hereford Cathedral, a preferment which he ceded in 1603 (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 534); became prebendary of Exeter on 29 May 1592 (ib. i. 421); was instituted one of the vicars of Bampton, Oxfordshire, on 7 July 1598; and was made chaplain to the queen. On 1 April 1601 he K |