each hair confifts of 5 or 6 others, wrapt up in a common tegument or tube. They grow as the nails do, each part near the root thrufting forward that which is immediately above it, and not by any liquor running along the hair in tubes, as plants grow. Quincy.

I. HAINAULT, AUSTRIAN, the N. part of the above province, (N° I.) was formerly divided into 330 communes. After the battle of Gemappes, the whole country fubmitted to the French; and on the ad March, 1793, it was, at the requeft of the inhabitants, annexed to the French republic, and erected into the department of GEMAPPES. See GEMAPPES, N° 1 & 2. Mons is the capital. 2. HAINAULT, FRENCH, the S. part of the above province, was acquired under the old French government, partly by the peace of the Pyrenees, and partly by thofe of Nimeguen and Ryfwick. Upon the revolution in 1789, it was erected, along with the ci-devant French Flanders, and Cambrefis, into the department of the NORTH. Douay is the capital.

(II.) HAINAULT, a forest of England, in Effex, fo named from its having been anciently stocked with deer from the above province, (N° 1.) There is a very large oak in it, called Fairlop, the branches whereof extend over an area of 300 feet in circumference, where an annual fair has been long held on the 22d of July. The Hainault Foreflers, a fociety of the principal gentlemen and ladies in the country, march round this tree in their uniforms.

(1.) HAINBURG, or HAIMBURG, a town of Auftria, on the Danube. In 1482, it was taken by Matthias K. of Hungary. It has a cloth manufacture, and lies 8 miles W. of Prefburg, and 20 SSE. of Vienna. Lon. 34, 6. E. of Ferro. Lat. 48. 6. N.

(2.) HAINBURG, a town of Bavaria, to miles NW. of Velburg, and 20 WSW. of Amberg.

HAINE, OF HAISNE, a river of the French republic, in the dep. of Gemappes, and ci-devant prov. of Auftrian Hainault, which it runs through from E. to W. pailing by Mons and St Ghilan, and falls into the Scheldt at Condé.

HAINFELDEN, a town of Germany, in Auftria, 20 miles SW. of Vienna.

HAINGEN, a town of Suabia, 21 miles SW. of Ulm.

HAINSTAL, a town of Auftria, 4 m. E. of Laab. (1.) * HAIR. n.f. {bær, Saxon.] 1. One of the common teguments of the body. It is to be found upon all the parts of the body, except the fules of the feet and palms of the hands. When we examine the hairs with a microfcope, we find that they have each a round bulbous root, which lies pretty deep in the kin, and which draws their nourishment from the furrounding humours: that

These hairs which thou do'ft ravish from my chin,

Will quicken and accufe thee. Shak. King Lear. Much is breeding;

Which, like the courfer's hair, hath yet but life,
And not a ferpent's poifon. Shak. Ant, and Cieop.
3. Any thing proverbially small.→
If thou tak'ft more

Or lefs than just a pound; if the scale turn
But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou dieft.

Shak. Merchant of Venice. He judges to a hair of little indecencies, and knows better than any man what is not to be written. Dryden. 4. Course; order; grain; the hair falling in a certain direction.-lle is a curer of fouls, and you a curer of bodies: if you should fight, you go against the bair of your profellion. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windfor.

(2.) HAIR, (§ 1, def. 1.) confits of imal! filaments iffuing out of the pores of the fkins of animals; and ferving moft of them as a covering. See ANATOMY, Index. Hair grows longeft on the head, chin, and breaft; in the arm pits, and about the privities. Hairs ordinarily appear round or cylin drical; but the microfcope alfo difcovers triangu lar and fquare ones; which diverfity of figure a rifes from that of the pores, to which the hairs always accommodate their form. Their length depends on the quantity of the proper humour to feed them, and their colour on the quality of that humour: whence, at different ftages of life, the colour ufually differs. Their extremities split into 2 or 3 branches, especially when kept dry, or fuffered to grow too long; fo that what appears only a fingle hair to the naked eye, feems a brush to the microfcope. The hair of a moufe, viewed by Mr Derham with a microfcope, feemed to be one fugle transparent tube, with a pith made up of fibrous fubitances, running in dark lines, in tome hairs tranfverfely, in others fpirally. The darker medullary lines, he obferves, were small fibres convolved, and lying cluler together than in the other parts of the hair. They run from the bottom to the top of the hair; and he imagines, may ferve to make a gentle evacuation of foine humour out of the body. Hence the hair of hry animals, may not only ferve as a fence against cold, &c. but as an organ of ingtible perfpiration. Citizen Monge has made fome curious obfervations of hair and wool. The furfaces of these bodies (he Pays,) are not smooth; they feem to be formed either of mail laminæ placed over each other in 3 flanting direction from the root towards the point, like the icales of fith; or of zones placed one upon another, as in the horns of animals. When a hair is laid hold of by the root in one hand, and drawn between the fingers of the other, from the root

towards

collection, gives a relation of a man hanged for theft, who, in a little time, while he yet hung upon the gallows, had his body ftrangely covered over with hair. Some, however, doubt the authenticity of these and fimilar inftances.

towards the point, fearce any friction or refiftance is praived, and no notle is heard; but, if graspMay it by the post, it be patied in the time manMirbtween the Gngers of the other hand, from * towards the root, a refiftance is felt, a Mauna Tout un is evident to the touch, and a stay be diftinctly beard. It is obvious therehot the texture of the furface of hair is not the same from the root towards the point, as it is this the poist towards the root. Thefe obferva ots are equally applicable to the filaments of The furface of thefe bodies is therefore med of rigid laminæ, laid upou each other like om the root to the point. And it is this Pre which is the principal cause of the difput to felting, which the hair of animals gery poffcis. See HAT-MAKING.

Ha, in farriery. See FARRIERY, PARTI, 41; PART III, Seď. XIV, ý I & III. 14. HAIR, ANCIENT AND MODERN OPINIONS OTECTING. The ancients held the hair a fort Amazement, fed only with excrementitious matand to proper part of a living body. They it generated of the fuliginous parts of xd, exhaled by the heat of the body to the 1ract, and there condenfed in paffing through The pores. Their chief reafons were, that the hair teng cut will grow again, even in extreme old when life is very low: that in hectic and a prive people, where the rest of the body is cay emaniating, the hair thrives; nay, that even grow again in dead carcafes. They at hair does not feed and grow like the her parts, by introfufception, i. . by a juice g within it; but, like the nails, by juxta 1.) But the moderns are agreed, that roy hair properly and truly lives, and restment to fill it like the other parts; they prove hence, that the roots do not ed perions fooner than the extre, but the whole changes colour at once; wow that there is a direct communication, that at the parts are affected alike. In fi& ty, however, it must be allowed, that the growth of hairs is of a different kind from if the reft of the body; and is not immedideed therefrom, or reciprocated therewith. Aather of the nature of vegetation. They at plants do, or as fome plants fhoot from the parts of others; from which though they draw ter fhment, yet each has, as it were, its sad ide and economy. They derive their food fme juices in the body, but not from the tous jnces of the body, whence they may though the body be ftarved. Wulferus, in Faprical Collections, gives an account of a buried at Norimberg, whole grave being ed 45 years after her death, hair was found kth plentifully through the clefts of the The cover being removed, the whole corps appeared in its perfect fhape; but, from the crow of the head to the fole of the foot, covered wer with thick-fet hair, long and curled. The fense going to handle the upper part of the head with his fingers, the whole fell at once, leaving sating in his band but an handful of hair: there wether full nor any other bone left; yet the hair was fond and ftrong. Mr Arnold, in the fame VOL, XL PART L.

(5.) HAIR, ANCIENT CUSTOMS RESPECTING THE WEARING or. By the Jews hair was worn naturally long, just as it grew; but the priests had theirs cut every fortnight, while waiting at the temple; they ufed fciffars only. The Nazarites, while their vow continued, were forbidden to touch their heads with a razor. See NAZARITE. The falling off of the hair, or a change of its colour, was regarded amongst the Hebrews as a fign of the leprofy. Black hair was esteemed by them as the most beautiful. Abfalom's hair was cut once a year, and is faid to have weighed 200 Mekels, or 31 07. The law of God gives no particular ordinances with respect to the hair. The hair of both Jewish and Grecian women engaged a principal fhare of their attention, and the Roman ladies feem to have been no lefs curious with respect to theirs. They generally wore it long, and dreffed it in various ways, ornamenting it with gold, filver, pearls, &c. On the contrary, the men amongst the Greeks and Romans, and amongst the later Jews, wore their hair fhort, as may be collected from books, medals, ftatues, fec. This formed a principal diftinction in drefs betwixt the fexes. This obfervation illuftrates a paffage in St Paul's epifle to the Corinthians, (1 Cor. gi. 4, 5, 6.) where he forbids the Corinthian women, when praying by divine infpiration, to have their hair dishevelled; becaufe this made them refembie the heathen priefteffes, when actuated by the pretended influence of their gods. Among t the Greeks, both fexes, a few days before marriage, cut off and confecrated their hair as an offering to their favourite deities. It was alfo cuftomary among them to hang the hair of the dead on the doors of their houfes previous to interment. They like wife tore, cut off, and fometimes fhaved their hair, when mourning for their deceased friends, which they laid upon the corpfe or threw into the pile, to be confumed together with the body. The ancients imagined that no perfon could die till a lock of hair was cut off; and this act they fuppofed was performed by the invisible hand of death, or Iris, or some other meffenger of the gods. This hair, thus cut off, they fancied confecrated the perion to the infernal deities, under whofe jurifdiction the dead were fuppofed to be. It was a fort of firft fruits which fanctified the whole. (See Virg. En. 4. 694.) Whatever was the fashion, with respect to the hair, in the Grecian ftates, flaves were forbidden to imitate the freemen. Their hair was always cut in a particular manner, called fę. ardeawoods, which they no longer retained after they procured their freedom. Both the Greeks and Romans wore falfe hair. The ancient Gauls efteemed it an honour to have long hair; whence the appellation Gallia Comata. Julius Cæfar, on fubduing the Gauls, made them cut off their hair as a token of fubmission. In imitation of this, fuch as afterwards quitted the world to live in cloifters had their beads tha ven, to fhow that they bid adieu to all earthly ornaments, and made a vow of perpetual subjection C

LO

to their fuperiors. The ancient Britons were proud of the length and beauty of their hair, and were at much pains in dreffing it. Some of them carried this to an extravagant height. A young warrior, who was taken prisoner and condemned to be beheaded, requested that no flave might be permited to touch his hair, which was remarkably long and beautiful, and that it might not be stain ed with his blood. We hardly ever meet with a defcription of a fine woman or beautiful man in Offian's Poems, but their hair is mentioned as one of their greatest beauties. Not content with the natural colour of their hair, which was commonly fair or yellow, they used wathes to render it fill brighter. One of these was a composition of lime, the athes of certain vegetables, and tallow. They ufed various arts also to make the hair of their heads grow thick and long; which laft was confidered as a mark of dignity and noble birth. Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, is defcribed by Dio with very long hair, flowing over her fhoulders, and reaching down below the middle of her back. The Britons fhaved their beards, all but their upper lips; the hair of which they, as well as the Gauls, allowed to grow to a very inconvenient length. In aftertimes, the Anglo Saxons and Danes alfo confidered fine hair as one of their greateft ornaments, and were at great pains in dreifing it. Young ladies before marriage wore their hair uncovered and untied, flowing in ringlets over their fhoulders; but as foon as they were married they cut it thorter, tied it up, and put on a head-drets. To have the hair entirely cut off was fo great a difgrace, that it was a punishment inflicted on women guil. ty of adultery. The Danith foldiers who were quartered upon the English, in the reigns of Edgar and of Ethelred II. were particularly attentive to the dreffing of their hair; which they combed at least once every day, and thereby captivated the affections of the English ladies. Gregory of Tours affures us, that in the royal family of France, it was long the peculiar mark and privilege of kings and princes of the blood to wear long hair, drefied and curled all others wore it polled, or cut round, in fign of inferiority. Some fay that there were different cuts for all the different qualities and conditions; from the prince who wore it at full length, to the flave or villain who was quite cropt. -To cut off the hair of a prince under the firft race of French kings, was to declare him excluded from the right of fucceeding to the crown. In the 8th century, people of quality had their children's hair cut the first time by persons they had a particular esteem for; who hence were reputed a fort of fpiritual parents or godfathers. And long before this, Conftantine fent the pope the hair of his fon Heraclius, as a token that he defired him to be his adoptive father.

(6.) HAIR, CLERICAL ZEAL AGAINST WEARING LONG. Pope Anicetus is faid to have been the first who forbade the clergy to wear long hair: but the prohibition is of an older date in the churches of the eaft; and the letter, where in that decree is written, is much later than that pope. The clerical tonfure is related by Ifidorus Hifpalenfis, as of apoftolical inftitution. Long hair was anciently held fo odious, that there is a canon ftill extant, of 1096, importing, that fuch

as wore long hair fhould be excluded coming into church while living, and not be prayed for when dead. Luitprand made a furious declamation againft the emperor Phocas, for wearing long hair. The French hiftorians have been very exact in defcribing the hair of their kings. Charlemagne wore it very fhort; his fons fhorter; Charles II. had none at all. Under Hugh Capet it began to appear again; but the pricfts excommunicated all who let their hair grow. Peter Lombard expoftulated fo warmly with Charles VI. that he cut off his hair; and his fucceffors for fome generations wore it very fhort. A profeffor of Utrecht, in 1650, wrote exprefsly on the queftion, Whether it be lawful for men to wear long hair? and concluded for the negative.-Another divine, named Reves, who had written for the affirmative, replied to him. The clergy, both fecular and regular, were obliged to have the crowns of their beads, and keep their hair fhort, which diftinguifhed them from the laity; and feveral canons were made against their concealing their tonfure, or allowing their hair to grow long. The fhape of this clerical tonfure was the fubject of long and violent debates between the English clergy on the one hand, and those of the Scots and Pics on the other; that of the former being circular, and that of the latter only femicircular. Long flowing hair was univerfally esteemed a great ornament; and the tonfure of the clergy was confidered as an act of mortification and self-denial, to which many of them fubmitted with reluctance, and endeavoured to conceal as much as poffible. Some, who pretended to fuperior fanctity, inveighed with great bitterness against the long hair of the laity; and laboured to perfuade them to cut it fhort, in imitation of the clergy. Thus St Wulftan, Bp. of Worcefter, declaimed with great vehemence against luxury of all kinds, but chiefly against long hair as moft criminal and most universal. "When any of thofe yain people who were proud of their long hair, (tays William of Malmbury) bowed their heads before him to receive his blefling, before he gave it, he cut a lock of their hair with a little knife, which he carried about him for that purpose; and commanded them, by way of penance of their fins, to cut all the reft of their hair in the fame manner. If any of them refused to comply with this command, he denounced the most dreadful judgments upon them, reproached them for their effeminacy, and foretold, that as they imitated women in the length of their hair, they would imitate them in their cowardice when their country was invaded; which was accomplished at the landing of the Normans." This continued to be long a topic of declamation among the clergy, who even reprefented it as one of the greatest crimes, and moft certain marks of reprobation. Anfelm Abp. of Canterbury went fo far as to pronounce the then terrible fentence of excommunication against all who wore long hair, for which pious zeal he is very much commended. Seilo, a Norman bishop, acquired great honour by a fermon which he preached before Henry 1. in 1104, againft long and curled hair, with which the king and all his courtiers were fo much affected, that they confented to refign their flowing ringlets, of which they had been to vain. The prudent prelate gave

⚫ them