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to receive his new levies without any risk of their being intercepted. Accordingly, he kept himself cautiously witnin ais trenches, and talked of the frost until all these supplies joined him, when he immediately pushed on to the attack of Dantzick,&c. The then apparently unaccountable inactivity of the Russians and Prussians was wondered at, but the cause of this, and of the loss of the general battle, was seen when the peace was concluded; it then appearing that the French army was greatly superior in number to them. This has invariably been Buonaparte's policy; in every battle that he has fought, he has been sure to exceed in numbers; the lives of a few thousands, more or less, have been of no consequence in his eyes, provided he gained the object he had in view; but, in the present instance, had the diversion in Pomerania been continued, he would have been effectually prevented from augmenting his army in the way he did; and, from the bravery displayed by the Russians, it is more than probable, that he would either have been obliged to retreat, or, if he had risked a battle, that he would have been defeated. This, however, is now all at an end, and the peace of Tilsit has again given a temporary and fallacious repose to the continent of Europe. The direful consequences of that treaty to this country are, I am afraid, not yet fairly appreciated; indeed they are only developing; the public articles of it were declared to the world, but the secret ones are only known as they are put into execution. Álready have we seen Cattaro, and the Seven Isles, delivered up to the French; a hasty and strange truce concluded between the Russians and the Ottoman Porte; the partial intercourse between this country and Holland completely stopt; and now we are told that the ports of Prussia are also to be shut against us, and that this will be followed by those of Russia being likewise closed. Meantime, the emperor of Russia, after having made peace with all the world, is busily increasing his army, and raising new levies. This last is certainly an extraordinary step, and our daily politicians bave been, of late, much engaged in endeavours to account for it. One party will have it, that he is already disgusted with his French friends, and is resolved to break the connection. The other party is as positive that he is going to strengthen the connection, by a joint adventure in Turkey. Now, sir, I differ in opinion from both. I am not sanguine enough to conceive, with the first, that he is already so sick of his new alliance as to run the hazard of a repetition of the disasters, defeats, and mortifications he has already twice undergone; and, therefore, I agree with the second, that he intends to continue the new firm, by entering into another speculation; but I do not think that Turkey is to be the destination of that adventure. He certainly never would have given up all his conquests upon a bare truce, had he any view of immediately resuming them, and therefore I conceive his designs are directed to another quarter. Before pointing out that quarter, however, it will be requisite to say a little upon Alexander's late conduct, which has been so much abused in this country, and in which, I am sorry to observe, you, yourself, have joined. Audi alteram partem is an excellent rule, and in appreciating a man's actions, the motives by which he has been actuated, ought always to be taken into consideration. In examining the Jate transactions of the emperor of Russia in this way, he does not appear to me at all blameable,

In former times, Austria and Prussia were the natural enemies of Russia, and a jealousy constantly subsisted between these three powers. When the preponderating weight of the French armis was like to overwhelm all Europe, and Austria was a second time exposed to an attack from them, Russia was induced to forget former animosities, and to come forward with assistance. But, before Alexander could bring up his troops, he found his new ally had already opened the campaign, and had been discomfited; and he just joined him in time to be a participator in another defeat, and to be a witness of his ally's making a separate peace, leaving him the alternative of retreating with his army, or continuing the contest alone. During this, Prussia looked on unconcerned. Just a twelvemonth after that, Prussia is attacked in turn, and Russia is again applied to; Alexander sends up his troops a second time, and, upon their arrival, they meet the Prussians retreating, and scattered over the face of the country, after having been defeated and broken up; in consequence, the whole weight of the campaign falls entirely upon him, and, after a hard struggle, he finds himself obliged again to make peace. On this occasion, Austria keeps aloof, and positively refuses to be concerned; and Britain, who had been, originally, the principal

means of bringing Russia forward, leaves her, both times, completely in the lurch. It is no wonder, then, that Alexander should have felt disgusted with these allies, and have availed himself of the first opportunity to get clear of them; nor is it any wonder, that these able Machevialists, Buonaparte and Talleyrand, finding him in this humour, should have availed themselves thereof, to work upon his feelings, to the utmost extent possible. Every thing was ready to their hands, they had only to work it up, and that they did so, most ably, the results of the treaty of Tilsit, that have come to light, may serve to convince us. Taking these things into consideration, it is my fixed opinion, that the emperor of the north has completely adopted the views of his brother of the west, and that, having determined that no other emperor, or independent kingdom, shall exist in Europe, they are only watching a fair opportunity to quarrel with, and to fall upon Austria, some of whose provinces will be given to Russia, to whom they lay very handy; the remainder will be erected into small independent states, under some of Buonaparte's relations and generals, and added to the confederation of the Rhine. Many circumstances will strike you at once in support of this conjecture. Austria has evidently incurred the jealousy and displeasure of both these potentates, and is only amused, at present, until she reduces her forces, which she has been pressed hard to do, whilst the French army is kept up in full force in Poland, from whence she can be attacked immediately, and the Russian army is augmenting by new levies. This will account for the hasty truce with Turkey, who may be compared to a dish, laid aside to be cut up at leisure, and eaten cold.

Should this really take place, it may be asked, what conduct should Britain pursue? I would reply, decidedly to do nothing on the continent. Matters have gone too far now for her interference there. If France and Russia are resolved to put Austria hors de nations, it is impossible for her to prevent it; but she can still assert and shew her superiority at sea, and, at present, she appears most imperiously called upon to do so. Luckily for her, the ministry she now possesses, have already given a convincing proof both of their abilities and their activity. It is to be hoped that they will not rest satisfied with what they have already done, and I would take the liberty of recommending, in the strongest manner, the adoption of the measure suggested by you in your last number-the declaring the continent in a state of blockade. To this an additional motive, since the publication of your last number, has occurred-the shutting of the Prussian ports against us-a measure which I conceive to be unique, a power shutting its ports against a friendly nation. The ports of France, Holland, and Prussia, ought not only to be immediately declared to be in a state of blockade, but every possible step should be taken to make them actually so. This would probably annoy the Corsican more than he is aware of, and would also probably have the effect of frightening Alexander from following the example Prussia has been forced to set him.

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I have used the freedom to send you these hasty thoughts, to be inserted, if you approve of them, in your work, because you appear to me to be, at present, almost the only writer who has got the real interest of your country at heart; or who is paying any attention to the portentous events that are daily taking place around us; of these you give us a distinct detail, accompanied, generally, with manly and sound reasoning, on their effects and consequences: whilst your cotemporary, who used to be famous for his political information, is now amusing his readers with strictures on letters, said to be written to him by Scotchnen, but which appear to me to be written by himself; and from which he takes an opportunity of indulging himself in a strain of coarse invective, against the inhabitants of that country, merely, I believe, because the Scotch reviewers were so idle as to throw away their time in exposing the manifestly numerous changes in his opinions, and to exhibit him to the world as a political weathercock. I am, Sir, Your's, &c. &c. &c.

ANECDOTES OF MR. PITT

The following interesting anecdotes of the late Mr. Pitt, are taken from Colonel Macdo nald's translation of the French Instructions for the conduct of infantry, on actual service; and are now inserted to afford greater scope for the future review of the work itself.

The translator of these sheets had the honour of commanding a battalion of volun

teers, under that distinguished ornament of human nature, and first of statesmen, the late Mr. Pitt; and in that capacity, had the inexpressible felicity of enjoying the conversation and society of that wonderful man. With that astonishing grasp of intellect, and unequalled capacity of mind, that, as it were, intuitively mastered every subject, a single perusal of the most abstruse work, not only enabled him to comprehend its contents, but to criticise it with an acumen and skill which might be supposed to be possessed only by professors of the subject. The translator felt himself rather at home, in conversing on the contents of our book of tactics; but he found it always necessary to summon up all his recollection, to avoid being caught at a fault, by Mr. Pitt, who had the work at his fingers-ends. The French tactics he had perused with attention, and, at dinner, at Walmer-Castle, where gencral Dundas, and other superior officers were present, he remarked that he thought the French tactics very similar to our own. If he had been bred a soldier, he would have been as celebrated a general, as he was an eminent statesman, for he possessed, in the highest degree, the three essential military qualities, courage, coolness, and an unbounded comprehension. In numerous, and mixed companies, he was rather reserved, and though unaffectedly polite and attentive to all, directed his conversation to a few around him. His favourite number was eight, or ten, at a table. Here he descended from the towering superiority of his nature, and with a fascinating affability, and a winning and dignified kindness, if not a simplicity of manners, entered into familiar conversation, displaying the vast endowments, the cultivated taste, and stores of polite literature, of a mind peculiarly his own. On the subject of Invasion, he spoke with a guarded caution; and his sentiments were rather elicited than volunteered. He deemed the attempt more possible, than probable, though in a public capacity, he supported other opinions, with a view of animating the nation to make the requisite preparations for meeting the contest. We have been uniformly of opinion that the attempt will be made, and were making it out at Walmer-castle, that it might be proved from the logbooks of the blockading squadrons, that near 3000 vessels of all descriptions, had entered the opposite ports. Here Mr. Pitt became animated, and said, "As colonel Macdonald desires there may be that number, we may suppose it for argument sake." He then evinced a knowledge of the doctrine of the channel-tides, that would have amazed the most experienced pilot, and concluded, by proving, satisfactorily, that the stated number of boats to contain 150.000 men, could not be got out in less than three or four tides, during which period, ample time would be afforded, effectually to meet the attempt, if made. I defended my position, as well as I could, and at last, was obliged to shift my ground to another supposition, and thought it might be possible to station these boats three or four deep, or in parallel rows along the extensive sands of Boulogne, and to cause the French to step into them, at once, when it might be attempted to row the whole over in a dead calm. Having little reason to boast of my success in the preceding argument, and wishing to divert the defence to the heroic knight of Acre, I turned to sir Sidney Smith, and asked his opinion relative to the practicability of the rowing-plan in a calm. Sir Sidney, with an elegant and easy fluency, which marks his conversation, took up the subject, and said, that as far as one experiment tended to prove the position in question, he had made it; for that he had been of a set that rowed over from Calais to Dover, in a few hours. This gave a new interest to the subject, thus varied, and it seemed generally admitted, that we ought to be fully prepared against invasion in this calm state. The transcendent genius which has been the luminous and guiding polar star of England, and of Europe, for the last twenty years, could descend from the senatorial eminence, where it splendidly shone, and illumined all around him, to enter into the familiar intercourse of the domestic circle, and the humour prevalent at the moment. I shewed him the original of a small French military work which I was translating. He glanced it over, and turning to his amiable, and intelligent niece, said, "Lady Hester, here is a recipe for beating the English." On which he read from the work, (I quote from memory, as the book remains among his papers) "il faut toujours attaquer les Anglais à jeune, et quand ils ne sont pas remplis de rosbif." The work is entitled, "The Experienced Officer," and the quotation is from the chapter on preparing for action. At our regimental mess, his urbanity and condescension inspired his officers with an attachment bordering on enthusiasm. Good singing,

where the subject was patriotic, particularly, he seemed to relish. 'It is well known that his general Toast there, was "The land we live in, and those who do not like it, may leave it." Mathematics and calculation were two of his favourite studies, which he frequently applied to military movements. When the battalion was to change front, by an echellon-march, by having the length of the battalion as the base, and the same, of course, on the new line, with the included angle of change, he would readily com pare together, the sides and angles of the triangle of change, and tell, very nearly, the ground any company had to move over. To calculate mentally is one of the rarest gifts of memory. General Don, remarked at Walmer, that in some foreign country, roads were made for a certain sum per league, mentioning the rate in the coin of the place alluded to. Mr. Pitt placed his hand for a few seconds before his eyes, and said, that a yard of road made at the same rate, would cost so much money of this country, stating the exact sum to a fraction. The question, in other hands, would have required the aid of pen and ink. I frequently attended him in his rides, and started subjects to draw out his remarks. I observed, that from the changed state of human affairs, politics and tactics had become leading studies; "And pray, sir," he replied, "what two studies can be deemed more noble, interesting, or useful?" I could narrate much of this description, and it were to be wished, that some one adequate to the task, would give life to this great man, including his familiar conversation, which was as instructive, as his public talents were splendid. Public spirit was the basis of his character, which future history will hold out as pure, exalted, and of undeviating integrity. No powers of description can do justice to an oratory and eloquence that fascinated, overpowered, and electrified his audience. To have been felt as he ought, he must have been heard. In combating the fallacies of sophistry, and in stating unprecedented perils from which his patriotic energy had rescued the nation, the clearness of his arguments, and the conclusive strength of his reasoning, aded by the indignant force of just sarcasms and irony, may have been equalle, but have not been surpassed by the celebrated orators of Greece and Rome. Former ministers could turn over the pages of history, and discover there, rules and precedents for political conduct. This had to govern the country in a new æra, and in turbulent times of unexampled difficulty and danger. Undismayed amidst the clamours and menaces of democracy, dazzled with false lights of vain philosophy, and of a destructive revolution that shook the edifice of civilization to its centre, with a determined firmness, and the salutary severity of provident counsels, he sustained the constitution, threatened with tremendous convulsions which overturned foreign states, and agitated the civi lized world. As a financier, no praise can reach his merits. The increase of the national debt, and, necessarily, of taxes, was an evil of the times, that no minister could have avoided. It became, unfortunately, necessary to sacrifice a part, to save the whole. No other choice remained. To this unavoidable accumulation of public debt, he applied a saving remedy, constituting, alone, a measure which will immortalize his name. The sinking fund will, at its current rate of operation, totally annihilate the national debt in the year 1830; and where it not for the beneficial support it now gives to public credit, the public stocks, in lieu of being above par, would be, at least, ten per cent. below that standard. The warlike system of Mr. Pitt, has exposed him to much unmerited censure. The imperious necessity of events, drove him reluctantly from his pacific measures. Let the melancholy fate of Prussia have its due weight of political estimation. She, unfortunately, temporized, and cherished peace for ten years, to be only one of the last devoured. The question might have been hitherto problematical, but the conduct of France towards Prussia, has soived it. There is no reason to think, that Mr. Pitt did not deem many of the public tenets of his great political antagonist the genuine sentiments of his mind. Men soured by disappointments, and urged on by party-feelings, will, in turbulent times, maintain doctrines foreign from the real kindness, and benevolence of their nature. The fact is unquestionable, that Mr. Pitt thought rather well of his opponent, and that his auxiliary services, at a dangerous crisis, would benefit his country.

Relative to Mr. Pitt, it may be presumption to say, that we shall never " look upon his like again;" but with truth we may assert, that no minister ever loved his conntry with a more sincere and ardent zeal; that no heart was more firmly British; that no principles, and public conduct, were more pure and disinterested than his; and that

no minister ever laboured more faithfully, fervently, and unremittingly, to render the nation prosperous, formidable and glorious, than Mr. Pitt; to whose name, a person, deprived of his best friend and patron, pays a feeble tribute of lasting admiration, and unfeigned regret.

STATE PAPERS.

PROCLAMATION OF THE TURKS, ON THE LATE REVOLUTION AT CONSTANTINOPLE. It is some time since several ministers and counsellors of state, persons belonging to the court, but occupied solely in promoting their private interests, having established certain new regulations, under the name of Nizam Gedidd, had not only alienated the minds of the illustrious body of Ulemas, of the other servants of the empire, and of all the companies of the Janissaries; but exercising from the same motive, every species of tyranny and vexation towards the inhabitants of the mighty empire, were become the objects of general hatred. Mahmoud, Ex-Reis Effendi, created inspector of the fortifications and castles on the sea-coast, in order to gratify his perverse intentions, began by treating the garrison with violence and injustice, obliging them to wear a different dress, and adopt the practice of different military movements, in order, in co-operation with Halil Agar, commander of Cavae, to spread among them misunderstandings and dissensions. The garrison, irritated to the utmost, rose in great fury, and on the 17th of the Moon, Babiulevel, massacred both. The fire of rage burning in the heart of the troops, not being yet extinguished, on the 20th of the same Moon, they came in a mass to Tophana, and thence before the palace of the Aga of the Janissaries, and to El Meidan, whence they detailed all the unworthy actions committed by the said ministers and counsellors, and demanded their punishment. These demands were silently listened to, for the public in general partook of the same sentiment of discontent; and on the day after, in conformity with their desires, Mehemise Effendi, Kichaja Bey, Bostanchi Bachi, were decapitated, and their heads sent to El Meidan. The Ex-Kichaja Bey, Ibrahim Nenin Effendi, having concealed himself in the house of an infidel, near Jeni-Rapon, he was discovered, and dragged immediately to El Meidan, where he was cut to pieces. On Friday the above-mentioned troops repaired to the sublime porte, where, in the presence of the chief of the Ulemas, and the most eminent men of the empire, after having received the garment of honour, and pledged to each other their mutual faith, they proceeded together towards the imperial palace. They met at Souk-Cochme, Almet Effendi, Mabeiaga, who had been taken and brought to the gate, they cut to pieces in an instant, and continued on their way to the imperial palace. They immediately proclaimed as sultan, and placed upon the illustrious throne of the Ottomans, the most powerful and most magnificent sultan, Mustapha, son of the sultan Abdorlhamidlhan, whose empire may God prolong to the consummation of ages. Hagi Ibrahim Effendi, festerdar of the arsenal, and Ahmed Effendi, his secretary, were taken and decapitated. The intendant of the provisions has been exiled to Prousse. Raghib Pacha, to whom the province of Caramania had been given, with the title of vizir, was, on account of his inexperience in business, and for having made suspicious proposals, deposed, and sent into banishment at Kuitahia. The troops of the Nizam Gedidd, and the superintendance over the new revenues, which were contrary to ancient constitution, were utterly suppressed, and this ey was mack own and pubished in the firmans distributed through the empire. The superintendance of the arsenal was, according to the ancient customs, conferred upon Mustapher Eeschid Effendi, and he was invested with the garment of honour. Excepting the individuals named above, who were punished, no one has suffered the least injury in his person or fortune, or been looked pon with an evil eye. All the authorities became pledges for each other; and the troops of the garrison engaged, on their part, that in future they would be entirely submissive to their commanders, and that they would offer up their heads and souls in the service of the empire. The grand seignior has deigned to promise them, that they shall never be prosecuted or troubled on account of any thing that has taken place; and Munib Effendi, of the body of Ulemas, with Seid Haleth, Reis Effendi, announced to them this promise from the palace of the aga of the Janissaries; assuring them, at the same time, that the constitutions of the Ottoman empire shall be re-established,

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