Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure

achieved Adapted agricultural analysis approach areas atmosphere base Biodiversity biological carbon cascading cause century challenge circulation clear climate climate change complex component concentration consequences continue core critical cycle decade Demand drivers dynamics Earth System functioning Earth System science ecosystem effects energy environment evidence example Figure forcings fossil fuel functioning future global change global environmental change global scale human activities human-driven IGBP IHDP impacts important increasing individual industrial influence integrated interacting International knowledge land land-use change lead major multiple natural natural variability needed observations occurred Ocean operating past patterns planet planetary population present processes production programmes Project questions range rates recent record reefs regional response result role scale scientific shows significant simulation single sink societies soil Source species strategies stresses studies suggest surface sustainability temperature terrestrial thresholds transport trigger understanding variability WCRP