councillor (19 June 1701), first lord of the treasury (30 Dec. 1701-6 May 1702), and a commissioner for the union with Scotland (10 April 1706). At the death of Anne, 1 Aug. 1714, Howard was appointed one of the lords justices of Great Britain until George I should arrive from Hanover. He was reappointed lord-lieutenant of Cumberland and Westmoreland on 9 Oct. 1714, and again acted as first lord of the treasury from 23 May until 11 Oct. 1715. He was also constable of the Tower of London (16 Oct. 1715-29 Dec. 1722), lord-lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets (12 July 1717-December 1722), constable of Windsor Castle and warden of the forest (1 June 1723-May 1730), and master of the foxhounds (May 1730). He died at Bath on 1 May 1738, and was buried at Castle Howard. On 5 July 1688 he married Lady Anne Capel, daughter of Arthur, first earl of Essex, by whom he had two sons and three daughters. The second son Charles is separately noticed. The countess died on 14 Oct. 1752, aged 78, distinguished for her extensive charities, and was buried at Watford. Howard occasionally amused himself by writing poetry. A short time before his death he addressed some moral precepts in verse to his elder son Henry (see below). These are printed in Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors,' ed. Park, iv. 170173. There are two oil portraits of Howard at Naworth, and two at Castle Howard; there is also an engraved portrait.

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HENRY HOWARD, fourth EARL OF CARLISLE (1694-1758), eldest son of the above, was M.P. for Morpeth 1722, 1727, and from 1734 to 1738. He succeeded to the earldom in 1738, became K.G. 1756, died 4 Sept. 1758, and was succeeded by his only surviving son, Frederick Howard, fifth earl of Carlisle, who is separately noticed. Isabella, second wife of the fourth earl of Carlisle, daughter of William, fourth lord Byron, etched with ability, and made several copies of works by Rembrandt. She married, after the earl's death, Sir William Musgrave, and died 22 Jan. 1795.

[Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 330-1; Redgrave's Dict.; Political State of Great Britain, lv. 481482.] G. G.

HOWARD, SIR CHARLES (d. 1765), general, was second son of Charles Howard, third earl of Carlisle [q. v.] He entered the army in 1716, became captain and lieutenantcolonel Coldstream Guards in April 1719, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of Carlisle in 1725, and colonel and aide-decamp to the king in 1734. In 1738 he became colonel of the 19th foot, now the Yorkshire regiment, which he held until transferred

to the present 3rd dragoon guards in 1748. The 19th, then wearing grass-green facings, thus acquired its still familiar sobriquet of the Green Howards,' distinguishing it from the 24th foot, known as 'Howard's Greens,' and the 3rd Buffs, known as 'Howards,' those regiments being successively commanded about the same period by Thomas Howard, father of Field-marshal Sir George Howard [q. v.] Charles Howard was many years about the court, where he held the post of a groom of the bedchamber. As a major-general he commanded a brigade at Dettingen and at Fontenoy, where he received four wounds, and afterwards under Wade and Cumberland in the north. He commanded the British infantry at the battles of Val and Roucoux, was made K.B. in 1749, and was governor of Forts George and Augustus, N.B. In 1760 he was president of the court-martial on Lord George Sackville [see GERMAIN, GEORGE SACKVILLE]. He represented Carlisle in parliament from 1727 to 1761 (Off. Return of Members of Parliament, ii. 62-125). He attained the rank of general in March 1765, and died at Bath unmarried on 26 Aug. 1765.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, vol. iii. under' Carlisle, Howard, Earl of;' Cannon's Hist. Rec. 3rd Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards; Maclachlan's Order-book of William, Duke of Cumberland (London, 1876). Some letters from Howard are in Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 32690, 32692, 32725, 32897.]

H. M. C.

HOWARD, CHARLES, tenth DUKE OF NORFOLK (1720-1786), born on 1 Dec. 1720, was the second son and eventually heir of Charles Howard of Greystoke, Cumberland, by Mary, daughter and coheiress of John Aylward (DOYLE, Official Baronage, ii. 600). He was thus great-grandson of Henry Frederick, earl of Arundel (1608-1652) [q. v.] He was brought up in the Roman catholic faith. On 14 Jan. 1768 he was elected F.S.A., and on 24 March following F.R.S. On 20 Sept. 1777 he succeeded, as tenth duke of Norfolk, his second cousin, Edward Howard, ninth duke (1686-1777) [q. v.], and died on 31 Aug. 1786. He married Katherine, second daughter and coheiress of John Brockholes of Claughton, Lancashire, by whom he had a son and successor, Charles (1746-1815) [q. v.] The duchess died on 21 Nov. 1784. Howard lived chiefly in the country, and is said to have indulged in many eccentricities.

He published: 1. Considerations on the Penal Laws against Roman Catholics in England and the new-acquired Colonies in America,' 1764, 8vo. 2. Thoughts, Essays, and Maxims, chiefly Religious and Political, 8vo, 1768. 3. 'Historical Anecdotes of some of the Howard Family' (with an account of

shire' and Dallaway's 'Sussex.' He was elected president of the Society of Arts on 22 March 1794.

His portrait was painted by Gainsborough in 1783, and by Hoppner in 1800. The former was engraved by J.K. Sherwin, An etched portrait is of earlier date.

[Collins's Peerage (Brydges), i. 141-2; H. K. S. Causton's Howard Papers; Gunning's Reminiscences of Cambridge, ii. 52.] G. G.

HOWARD, SIR EDWARD (1477 P1513), lord high admiral, second son of Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, and afterwards second duke of Norfolk [q. v.], served, when about fifteen, in the squadron which, under the command of Sir Edward Poynings [q. v.], co-operated with the troops of the Archduke Maximilian in the reduction of Sluys in 1492. In 1497 he served under his father in the army in Scotland, and was then knighted. At the jousts held at the coronation of Henry VIII he was one of the 'enter prisers.' On 20 May 1509 he was appointed standard-bearer, with the yearly pay of 407. (RYMER, xiii. 251). In July 1511 he is said to have commanded, in company with his elder brother Thomas, the ships which captured the two Scotch pirates, Robert and Andrew Barton [q. v.] Of the circumstances of the action, round which much legend has grown, we have no contemporary account. It is not mentioned in the State Papers. Later chroniciers speak of Howard as commanding by virtue of his rank as lord-admiral, and relate that the king received the news of the Bartons' piracies while at Leicester, a place which it is certainly known he did not visit in the early years of his reign (information from Mr. J. Gairdner). Moreover, Howard was not lord-admiral in 1511, and it is not recorded that he had before that date any command at sea; and it seems not improbable that the names of the Howards were introduced without justification, on account of their later celebrity (HALLE (1548), Henry VIII, fol. xv, where the christian name is given as Edmond; LESLEY, Hist. of Scotland, Bannatyne Club, p. 82). The details given in the ballad of Sir Andrew Barton, which were adopted by Sir Walter Scott (Tales of a Grandfather, chap. xxiv.), are unquestionably apocryphal.

On 7 April 1512 Howard was appointed admiral of the fleet fitting out for the support of the pope and of Ferdinand, king of Aragon, and to carry on hostilities against the French (RYMER, Xiii. 326, 329). By the middle of May the fleet was collected at Portsmouth, to the number of twenty large ships, and, going over to the coast of Brittany, ravaged the western extremity with fire and

sword. On Trinity Sunday he landed in Bertheaume Bay, drove the French out of their bulwarks, defeated them in several skirmishes, and marched seven miles inland. On Monday, 23 May, he landed at Conquet, burnt the town and the house of the Sieur de Portzmoguer. On 1 June he landed again, apparently in Crozon Bay. The neighbouring gentry sent a challenge, daring him to stay till they could collect their men. He replied that 'all that day they should find him in that place, tarrying their coming.' He had with him about 2,500 men, but these he posted so strongly that when the French levies, to the number of 10,000, came against him, they did not venture to attack, and resolved to wait till Howard was compelled to move out of his entrenchments, and so take him at a disadvantage on the way to his boats. But while waiting, a panic seized the Breton militia; they fled; and Howard was left free to re-embark at his leisure. He declined 'to surcease his cruel kind of war in burning of towns and villages,' at the request of the lords of Brittany, or to grant them a truce of six days; and having done as much harm as he could, he went along the coast of Brittany and Normandy, and returned to the Isle of Wight.

In the beginning of August he sailed again for Brest with twenty-five great ships. The French had meantime prepared a fleet of thirty ships. It is impossible to form any correct estimate of the relative strength. Several of the French ships were large, espe cially the Marie la Cordelière, which is said to have had a crew of a thousand men. The largest of the English ships, the Regent and the Sovereign, seem to have had crews of seven hundred. Howard's own ship, the Mary Rose, was somewhat smaller. On 10 Aug. the French put to sea, under the command of IIervé, Sieur de Portzmoguer, known to French chroniclers as Primauguet, and to the English as Sir Piers Morgan. They had just got clear of the Goulet when the English fleet arrived, and at once attacked them. The fight was fiercely contested, especially among the larger ships; the Cordelière, commanded by Portzmoguer in person, in avoiding the onslaught of the Sovereign, fell on board the Regent, which was commanded by Howard's brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Knyvet [q.v.] The two grappled each other, and while the fight was still raging caught fire, and burnt together. Of the seventeen hundred men on board very few escaped. The disaster struck a panic into the French, who fled confusedly into the harbour. The English pursued; anchored in Bertheaume Bay; ravaged the coasts of Brittany, Normandy, and Picardy, and, taking and burning many French ships, returned to

Portsmouth. On 26 Aug. Wolsey, writing to Foxe, bishop of Winchester, gave the account of the action as the news of the day, adding: 'Sir Edward hath made his vow to God that he will never see the king in the face till he hath revenged the death of the noble and valiant knight, Sir Thomas Knyvet' (FIDDES, Life of Wolsey, Collections, p. 10). On 15 Aug. 1512 Howard, before the news of the victory reached home, received the reversion of the office of admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, held at the time by John, earl of Oxford. The patent confirming him in the office of admiral of England is dated 19 March 1513 (Patent Roll, 4 Hen. VIII, pt.ii.) By Easter of 1513 (27 March) the fleet was again collected at Portsmouth (ELLIS, Original Letters, 2nd ser. i. 213), and, crossing over to Brest, anchored in Bertheaume Bay, in sight of the French, who lay in the roadstead within. Howard resolved to attack them there, but one of his ships, commanded by Arthur Plantagenet, in endeavouring to pass the Goulet, struck on a sunken rock and was totally lost. On this the fleet returned to its former anchorage, and contented itself with closely blockading the port; while the French, on their side, anticipating a renewal of the attempt, moved their ships close in under the guns of the castle, mounted other batteries on the flanks, and placed a row of fireships in front. It is said that Howard took this occasion of writing to the king, suggesting that he might win great glory by coming over and taking the command himself, in the destruction of the French navy; that the king referred it to his council, who considered the undertaking too dangerous, and wrote to Howard sharply reprimanding him for his dilatory conduct, and ordering him to lose no more time (HOLINSHED, p. 575). No such correspondence is now extant, and the story appears improbable. It seems, too, incompatible with the fact that he was at this time nominated a knight of the Garter, though he did not live to receive the honour.

Meanwhile he learned that a squadron of galleys had come round from the Mediterranean, under the command of the Chevalier Prégent de Bidoux, a knight of St. John, and had anchored in Whitsand Bay (les Blancs Sablons), waiting, presumably, for an opportunity to pass into Brest. A council of war determined that they might be attacked, and as it was found that the galleys were drawn up close to the shore, in very shoal water, Howard resolved to cut them out with his boats and some small row-barges attached to the fleet (25 April 1513). He himself in person took the command of one of these,

and, rowing in through a storm of shot, grappled Prégent's own galley, and, sword in hand, sprang on board, followed by about seventeen men. By some mishap the grappling was cut adrift, the boat was swept away by the tide, and Howard and his companions, left unsupported, were thrust overboard at the pike's point. The other boats, unable to get in through the enemy's fire, had retired, ignorant of the loss they had sustained. It was some little time before they understood that the admiral was missing. When they sent a flag of truce to inquire as to what had become of him, they were answered by Prégent that he had only one prisoner, who had told him that one of those driven overboard was the admiral of England. The English drew back in dismay to their own ports, and Prégent, called by English chroniclers 'Prior John,' crossed over from Brest, and ravaged the coast of Sussex.

Howard's death was felt as a national disaster. In a letter to the king of England, James IV of Scotland wrote: 'Surely, dearest brother, we think more loss is to you of your late admiral, who deceased to his great honour and laud, than the advantage might have been of the winning of all the French galleys and their equipage' (ELLIS, Orig. Letters, 1st ser. i. 77). It is stated by Paulus Jovius (Historia sui Temporis, 1553, i. 99) that Howard's body was thrown upon the beach, and was recognised by the small golden horn (corniculum) which he wore suspended from his neck as the mark of his rank and office. No English writer mentions the recovery of the body; the ensign of his office was a whistle or 'pipe,' not a horn; and it is recorded that before he was forced overboard he took off the whistle and hurled it into the sea, to prevent its falling into the enemy's hands (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, i. No. 4005).

Howard married Alice, daughter of William Lovel, lord Morley, widow of Sir William Parker, and mother, by her first marriage, of Henry, lord Morley, but had no issue. He was succeeded in his office by his elder brother, Sir Thomas, afterwards earl of Surrey, and third duke of Norfolk [q. v.]

[Collins's Peerage (1768), i. 77; Campbell's of the British Admirals, ii. 169-83; Howard's Lives of the Admirals, i. 279; Southey's Lives Memorials of the Howard Family; Lord Herbert's Life and Reign of Henry VIII in Kennett's Hist. of England, vol. ii.; Holinshed's Chronicles (edit. 1808), iii. 565-75; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII (Rolls Ser.), vol. i.; Jal, in Annales Maritimes et Coloniales (1844), lxxxvi. 993, and (1845), xc. 717; Troude's Batailles Navales de la France, i. 66.] J. K. L.

HOWARD, EDWARD (A. 1669), dramatist, baptised at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 2 Nov. 1624, was fifth son of Thomas Howard, first earl of Berkshire, and brother of Sir Robert Howard (1626 ?-1698) [q. v.] He published in 1668 The Usurper; a Tragedy. As it was acted at the Theatre Royal by his Majesties Servants,' 4to. It was followed by 'The Brittish Princes: an Heroick Poem,' 8vo, dedicated to Henry, lord Howard, second brother to the Duke of Norfolk. Prefixed to this worthless poem, which was ridiculed by Rochester, are commendatory verses by Lord Orrery and Sir John Denham, with a prose epistle by Thomas Hobbes. 'Six Days' Adventure; or the New Utopia,' a poor comedy, acted without success at the Duke of York's Theatre, was published in 1671, 4to. Mrs. Behn, Edward Ravenscroft, and others prefixed commendatory verses. "The Women's Conquest,' 1671, 4to, a tragi-comedy, acted by the Duke of York's servants, has some amusing scenes, and supplied hints (as Genest remarks) for Mrs. Inchbald's 'Every One has his Fault.' "The Man of Newmarket,' 1678, 4to, was acted at the Theatre Royal. Howard also wrote three unpublished plays, 'The Change of Crowns,' The London Gentleman' (entered in the Stationers' Register, 7 Aug. 1667), and 'The United Kingdom.' Pepys saw the 'Change of Crowns' acted before a crowded house at the Theatre Royal on 12 April 1667. He describes it as the best that I ever saw at that house, being a great play and serious.' Some passages in the play gave offence, and the actor Lacy was 'committed to the porter's lodge.' Lacy indignantly told Howard that 'he was more a fool than a poet.' The 'United Kingdom' was satirised in the 'Rehearsal.'

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Howard's other works are Poems and Essays, with a Paraphrase of Cicero's Lælius, or of Friendship,'1673, 8vo, and 'Caroloiades, or the Rebellion of Forty One. In Ten Books. A Heroick Poem,' 1689, 8vo, reissued in 1695 with a fresh title-page (Caroloiades Redivivus') and a dedicatory epistle to the Princess of Denmark. He prefixed commendatory verses to Mrs. Behn's Poems,' 1685, and Dryden's Virgil,' 1697. There is a derisive notice of 'Ned' Howard in 'Session of the Poets,' among 'Poems on Affairs of State' (ed. 1703, i. 206).

[Langbaine's Dram. Poets; Baker's Biog. Dram., ed. Jones; Pepys's Diary; Genest's English Stage; Gent. Mag. 1850, pt. ii. p. 369.]

A. H. B.

HOWARD, EDWARD, first BARON HOWARD OF ESCRICK (d. 1675), was the seventh son of Thomas, first earl of Suffolk (15611626) [q. v.], by his second wife, Catherine, widow of Richard, eldest son of Robert, lord

Rich, and eldest daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Knevet of Charlton, Wiltshire. At the creation of Charles, prince of Wales, 3 Nov. 1616, he was made K.B. (METCALFE, Book of Knights, p. 168), and was raised to the peerage as Baron Howard of Escrick in Yorkshire on 29 April 1628. With the Earl of Berkshire he enjoyed the sinecure office of farmer of his majesty's greenwax (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638-9, p. 624). On 8 Feb. 1639 he expressed his readiness to attend Charles on his journey to York with such equipage as he could command (ib. Dom. 1638-9, p. 439); but when it was moved in the House of Lords on 24 April 1640 that supply should have precedence over other questions he voted against the king (ib. 1640, p. 66). He was one of the twelve peers who signed on 28 Aug. 1640 a petition to the king, which set forth the popular grievances and the dangers attendant on the expedition against the Scots. With Lord Mandeville he presented it to Charles at York, and besought him to summon a parliament and settle matters without bloodshed (ib. Dom. 1640-1, p. 15). In May 1642 he was again despatched to the king at York to deliver the declaration of both houses of parliament respecting the messages sent to them by Charles concerning Sir John Hotham's refusal to admit him into Hull. He refused to obey the king's order to carry back his answer to parliament, on the ground that his instructions were to remain at York, and use his best endeavours in averting war. Charles, after warning him not to make any party or hinder his service in the country,' bade him attend the meeting of county gentlemen on 12 May (ib. Dom. 1641-3, p. 317). The commons ordered reparation to be made to him for his losses in the war in 1644 (Commons' Journals, iii. 659), and on 2 June 1645 resolved that he should have the benefit of the two next assessments of the twentieth part discovered by his agents (ib. iv. 159). After the abolition of the House of Lords in 1649 Howard consented to become a member of the commons, where he represented Carlisle (ib. vi. 201). He was also appointed a member of the council of state 20 Feb. 1650, and served on various committees (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650, pp. 5, 17). On Colonel Rich's death he was given the command of his regiment (ib. Dom. 1655, p. 377). In July 1650 Howard was accused by Major-general Harrison of taking bribes from wealthy delinquents. A year later he was convicted, discharged from being a member of the house, and from bearing any office of trust, and sentenced to be imprisoned in the Tower, and to pay a fine of 10,000l. He, however, es

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