12 Apostles around it are worthy of minute examination as works of art of great excellence. A branched bronze candelabrum, and 2 chandeliers, as well as the iron-screen, are of ancient work. Among other remarkable monuments is that of one Bake, a canon of the cathedral, who saved the building from destruction by interceding on its behalf with Tilly, whose schoolfellow he had been; also that of the Frau von Asseburg, who returned home the night after her burial, and lived with her husband for 9 years after her first interment; a story which the sexton will not fail to tell. Tilly's helmet and gloves are shown here.

Against the walls are placed tablets bearing the names of the men of Magdeburg who fell in the War of Liberation, with this simple heading,

"Aus dieser Stadt starben für König und Vaterland." In order to see the fine view of the town and fortifications, from the top of the towers 350 ft. high, permission must be obtained from the commandant; but you can ascend as far as the roof with the Dom-Custos. The Marien or Catholic Ch. is older than the present cathedral. In St. Sebastian's Church, is the grave of Otto Guerike, the inventor of the air pump.

In the Alte Markt, opposite the Rathhaus, stands an equestrian statue of the Emperor Otho, with his two queens, one on either side, the oldest monument in Magdeburg, erected by the grateful citizens after his death (973).

The Public Gardens, called Friedrich Wilhelms Garten, outside the Sudenberger gate, and by the side of the Elbe, are tastefully laid out, command fine views, and are a great resource to the townspeople. One of the best views of the town is from the Prince's Rampart (Fürstenwall), a sort of terrace and parade-ground running along the margin of the Elbe,-named from Prince Leopold, of Dessau, not far from the Dom.

Beneath it are casemates, whose chimnies project through the ground among the trees.

Luther went to school at Magdeburg, and has recorded in his writings, that while a poor scholar here, he often sang in the streets and at rich men's doors (as is still the custom with poor choristers) to earn a scanty pittance, which helped to support him.

The French republican General Carnot is buried in the church-yard outside the Krökenthor; he received an asylum here from the Prussians after being banished from France, in consequence of the restoration of the Bourbons, and d. 1823.

There is a Theatre here. The Friedrich-Wilhelms garten beyond the glacis occupies the site of the garden of the Convent of Berg, founded 937, suppressed 1810: it commands an extensive view.

Railroads to Leipsig, Halle, Berlin, and Dresden. Routes 62a, 63a. To Hanover, Brunswick, and Halberstadt. Route 68.4

7

The Elbe spreads itself out here and forms several islands united by 3 bridges, which are crossed in going to Berlin; on one of them stands the citadel.

3 Burg.-Inns, kept by Roland and Schroeder. A busy and flourishing town of 11,000 inhabs., one seventh of whom are taken up with the manufacture of cloth, established here originally by French Protestant emigrants.

3 Genthin.-Inn, Goldene Stern. The road passes by the side of the canal which unites the Elbe to the

Havel, and reaches the banks of the Havel at Plauen.

32 Brandenburg.-Inns: H. de Brandenburg; - Goldener Engel. This town, of 13,000 inhabs., is built on the borders of the Havel, while the quarter called the Burg, on which the Cathedral stands, is on an island in the river; it is the seat of considerable commerce.

The Church of St. Katherine, built 1401, and richly decorated externally, though of brick, contains an ancient font, and several curious monuments. The Dom, still more ancient (1318), is ornamented with antique statues, and paintings in the style of Cranach, and in its vaults Markgraves are buried. In the choir is a richlycarved altar, with figures of the Virgin, St. Peter, and St. Paul (1518).

This church has been recently restored externally by Schinkel, and reconsecrated for divine worship. The crypt, in the round style, is very ancient and curious, dating from the 11th or 12th century. The Gerichtshaus is a fine Gothic monument, and several of the town gates deserve notice. In the market-place is a Roland Säule, 18 ft. high.

2 Gross Kreutz; the road passes by the side of several considerable lakes formed by the Havel. On approaching Potzdam, the gardens of Sans Souci lie on the left.

3 Potzdam. (Page 355.) Railway to 4 BERLIN. (Page 339.)

24 Münster.-Inns: Münsterischer Hof, comfortable and good table d'hôte; - König von England, in the market-place, better situated. The capital of the province of Westphalia; has 22,500 inhab., and is a place of considerable trade and commerce. It was formerly ruled by archbishops, who were princes independent of the Empire; it is now a Catholic bishop's see. After Nuremburg it is perhaps the most curious old town in Germany, though it has not the high antiquity or fine situation of those on the Rhine and Danube. Its Gothic buildings are remarkable for their good taste and picturesque beauty. The most remarkable are, the Cathedral, an ancient Gothic structure. "The parts of it most worth notice are, the S. Transept (outside), and the S. porch or Paradis, as it is called. Inside, the Roodloft and its staircases, the sacraments houses, the brass font, and stained glass."-F. S. Observe the tomb of Bishop Galen, who, notwithstanding his ecclesiastical title and profession, spent a life of perpetual warfare; maintaining an army of 42,000 foot, 18,000 horse, and 200 cannoneers. He is appropriately styled in his epitaph" Hostium terror," but he was equally dreaded by his friends; for being offended soon after his accession by the conduct of the townsfolk, he mercilessly, bombarded the town, until he was appeased by promises of submission. In order, however, to make sure of obedience, he erected the very strong Citadel. The English government considered him a person of so much importance, that they sent Sir William Temple, in 1664, to negotiate an alliance with

sold himself to the Dutch. The Ober

wasser Kirche, and Lutgeri Kirche (the oldest in the town?) are fine specimens of Gothic art, which seems to have flourished in its best state in Westphalia, during the xiv. and xv. centuries.

From the tower of St. Lambert's Church, an edifice also in the best Gothic style, still hang the iron cages in which the bodies of John of Leyden, the Tailor King, Knipperdolling, and Kretching, his two ministers and colleagues, the leaders of the Anabaptists, were suspended, after they had been cruelly tortured, for the space of an hour, with red-hot pincers, previous to their execution in the Great Square. These fanatics, after

expelling from the town, in 1534, all the respectable and rational inhabitants, and filling it with ignorant peasants and enthusiasts, who flocked hither from Holland, Friesland, and Westphalia, proclaimed Münster to be the New Jerusalem mentioned in the prophecies. They appointed themselves its sovereigns, and maintained possession of it for the space of many months, establishing a community of goods and of women, attacking all constituted authorities, as the only means of rooting out evil from the earth (!), committing the most horrid atrocities, substituting polygamy for marriage, and the like.

The house of John of Leyden, ornamented with curious carvings, still exists in the market-place.

The Rathhaus is a singular and beautiful specimen of Gothic. Under a colonnade running round the lower story, are exposed the tongs and pincers with which the Anabaptists were tortured previous to their execution. In the Frieden Saal, which is well preserved and well worth seeing, the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years war, was signed in 1648. It contains paintings of the ambassadors and sovereigns who took part in the Congress; the cushions they sat upon still cover their seats. Here also are shown John of Leyden's

hand cut off before his execution, shrivelled and dried, his carved bedstead, and his wife's shoes.

The Schloss, formerly Palace of the Bishop, now the residence of the commandant, is handsome, and has a fine staircase, but is fast falling to decay. The fortifications, now levelled and planted, form agreeable walks round the town.

The Catholic University, which formerly flourished here, is supplanted by that of Bonn, and reduced to a College of the theological and philosophical faculties. The building, originally a convent, contains a small collection of natural history.

The Provincial Museum and Kunst Verein possess curious ancient paintings of the Westphalian school.

There is a considerable trade in Westphalia hams here.

Münster is connected with the river Ems by a navigable Canal.

A Schnellpost goes daily to Bre

men.

There are two roads to Osnabruck, one by Lengerich, 6 Prussian miles, or about 30 English, is shorter but not so good as the following, by

1 Telgte, on the Ems; a neat town of 2000 inhabs. Ostbeyern is the last place in Prussia. The road now improves. Fine view from the hill above Iberg; the vale of Osnabruck very pretty.

2 Glandorf, in Hanover. At Iberg is an old castle of the Dukes of Brunswick, in which George II. was born. George I. died in his carriage on the road to Osnabruck, 1727. It is said that on landing in Germany from England, a letter had been put into his hands from his deceased wife Sophia Dorothea, whom he had kept in confinement many years, written shortly before her death, maintaining her innocence, and summoning him to appear before the Divine tribunal within a year and a day. On reading this mysterious summons, he is reported to have fallen into convul

sions, which carried him off before he could reach Osnabrück.

3 Osnabrück. Inns Römischer Kaiser; Der Etna. Capital of a Hanoverian province (or Landrostei) of the same name, has 11,000 inhab., half catholics, half protestants. The governor, nominated by the king of Hanover, bears the title of Bishop, without sharing the ecclesiastical dignity. Thus the late duke of York was made bishop of Osnabrück while an infant. The Cathedral, very old, in the style of Cologne; square E. end, and chapel, with triple windows; side screens to choir; sacristy, 1150-1200, Cloisters. Johann Kirche, evidently copied from the Dom, but a century later, square E. end; old altar now at the end of N. aisle; fine old silver crosses in the sacristy. The Rathhaus, a castellated building, in which the negotiations for the peace of Westphalia were partly carried on, contains a curious collection of old plate; some of fine models. Fine freestone for building is obtained here. In the Domfreiheit stands Justus Möser's monument.

The road to Bremen is good, but passes through a dreary country of heath, sand, and bog. Some fine oaks near the villages.

The old town lies on the rt. bank of the Weser, and the new town on the 1. Its entire territory is about 3 German square miles in extent, consisting chiefly of drained marsh-land, intersected by ditches and canals, affording good pasturage to cattle; the total population does not exceed 60,000 souls; it is surrounded by the territory of Hanover and Oldenburg. It is governed by a senate, which enjoys the dignified title of Die Wittheit (The Wisdom). It has some manufactures, but its prosperity depends chiefly on its shipping and trade with France, Great Britain, N. America, the Baltic, and Spain. A greater quantity of tobacco is imported here than in all the other ports of Germany put together, averaging more than 24 million lbs. annually. The proposed improvements in the navigation of the Weser and its confluents will extend the relations of Bremen into the heart of Germany, as far as the Zollverein will permit.

In the Dom (Lutheran), a fine building, resembling in parts the E. English style, observe the square E. end, the brass font, and the open gallery in the N. E. aisle. Under it is a vault (Bleikeller) which has the property of preserving free from de

2 Lehmförde.

24 Diepholz.-Inn, Post; very comfortable. A village of 1900 inhab. 2 Barnstorf. At

3 Bassum - (Inn, Stadt Bremen ; very good) is a chapter of noble chanoinesses; old brick Ch., in the round style, square Norman tower.

4 BREMEN.-Inns: Stadt Frankfurt; -Lindenhof; both very good. Stadt London. Bremen is a beautiful flourishing town, as clean as those of Holland, surrounded by gardens and new white houses, and containing many curious buildings within. It was anciently a free city of the empire, and is still one of the three Hanse towns; it has 50,000 inhab.

turies, several bodies interred in it. The sexton who shows them to the curious stranger recounts their names and histories, as though he were describing a gallery of pictures.

The ancient and beautiful Elizabethan Rathhaus, in the market-place, ornamented on the S. side with statues of the 7 electors and an emperor, has been recently restored. In a particular compartment of the cellars beneath it, shown only by permission of the burgomaster, are casks called the Rose, and the 12 Apostles, filled with fine hock, some of it a century and a half old. It is sold in glasses or bottles. This nectar was at one time valued at a ducat a glass.

In the market-place, opposite the

Rathhaus, is a curious Statue of Roland, 18 feet high, a symbol of the rights and privileges of the town. The drawn sword and the head and hand at his feet refer to the power of life and death in criminal causes enjoyed by the magistrates.

The Museum is a club where newspapers are taken in, and to which a' good collection of natural history is attached. Here is a skeleton of a German Thug or murderess, who killed 40 persons, including her 3 husbands.

The merchants of Bremen meet to transact business at the Schütting (an old Scandinavian word signifying place of assemblage).

Olbers, the astronomer, who discovered in his observatory here the Planets Vesta and Pallas, was a native of this place, as well as Heeren the historian. Pleasant Walks, on the site of the rampart or Stadt Wall round the town, conduce to the health and enjoyment of its inhabitants. A Railroad is laid down from Bremen to Hanover with a branch to Minden.

Steamers ascend the Weser from Bremen to Münden, near Cassel.

The depth of water in the Weser at Bremen is only sufficient to admit small vessels drawing 7 ft. Ships of burthen were compelled to unload their cargoes at the port of Brake in Oldenburg, down to 1827, when the government of Hanover ceded to Bremen a small piece of ground near the mouth of the Weser, 30 miles below Bremen, on which a harbour has been constructed, named Bremerhafen. It was opened in 1830. It is rising rapidly into importance: 1802 inhabitants. Steamers ply every week in summer to the island Nordernei, one of the chain of broken Dunes, or sand hills, which skirt the coast of Germany from Holland to Denmark. It is frequented as a watering-place by the Germans. Inns: Logirhaus ; Krüse's and Schutte. At low water the island may be reached on foot or

MÜNSTER TO DETMOLD.

164 Germ. miles 76 Eng. miles.

3 Warendorf. "At Telgte (see p. 380.), the road branches off from that leading to Osnabruck. A large and venerable lime-tree stands by the roadside at the entrance of the town, out of which, says the legend, grew formerly an image of the Virgin. This tree is still the object of great adoration in the little town, and receives every year the homage of the different images of the same saint, which are brought there from Münster for that purpose.

"Near Warendorf, there is a Royal Stud-house. Linen is bleached in this town by a peculiar chemical process, considered remarkably good.

66 2 Herzebrock. The road hence as far as Gutersloh is very bad, through deep sand, but the distance is not great. The best Westphalian hams are to be had at Gutersloh, by applying to M. Rüter the innkeeper: they cost about 4 groschen a pound." ~4. Bielefeld.

2. Herford.

p. 369.

23 Lemgo, a curious old town, containing singular specimens of old Gothic architecture, among them a picturesque Rathhaus.

On the Grotenberg (Teut), the highest summit of the Teutoberger Wald, 1200 ft. above the sea level, a monument to the old German hero Herrman, or Arminius, who defeated the Roman legions under Varus (p. 372.), has been raised, after a lapse of 19 centuries since that event, by subscription among the princes of Germany. It is a colossal statue of hammered copper, 45 ft. high, and 80