CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes.

§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure, .

5. An Income Tax,

6. A House Tax,

CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities.

1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits, .

2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer,.

3. Peculiar effects of taxes on necessaries,

4.

how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum,

5. Effects of discriminating duties,

6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on ex-

ports and on imports,

CHAPTER V. Of some other Taxes.

§ 1. Taxes on contracts,

2. Taxes on communication,

3. Law Taxes, .

4. Modes of taxation for local purposes,

441

447

451

460

CHAPTER VI. Comparison between Direct and Indirect

Taxation.

§ 1. Arguments for and against direct taxation,

2. What forms of indirect taxation most. eligible,

3. Practical rules for indirect taxation,

CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt.

1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by

2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con-

tribution, .

3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the

redemption of debt, .

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern

ment considered as to their Economical Effects.

1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property,

2. Effects of over-taxation,

PAGE

489

.

491

493

3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in the

administration of justice, .

6. Partnerships with limited liability. Chartered Companies,. 512

7. Partnerships en commandite,.

8. Laws relating to Insolvency,

516

523

CHAPTER X. Of Interferences of Government grounded on

Erroneous Theories.

§ 1. Doctrine of Protection to Native Industry, .

2. Usury Laws,.

3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities,

4. Monopolies,

5. Laws against Combination of Workmen,

6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication,

531

CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-

faire or Non-Interference Principle.

1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authoritative
and unauthoritative,

558

2. Objections to government intervention-the compulsory

character of the intervention itself, or of the levy of

funds to support it, .

560

3.

increase of the power and influence of government,

562

4.

increase of the occupations and responsibilities of gov-

ernment, .

563

5.- superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger

6.

-

interest in the work,

importance of cultivating habits of collective action in

the people,

7. Laisser faire the general rule,

PAGE

565

566

569

but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the con-
sumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity. Edu-
cation,

9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protection
of children and young persons; of the lower animals.

Case of women not analogous,

10. Case of contracts in perpetuity,

11. Cases of delegated management, .

573

582

12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to
give effect to the wishes of the persons interested. Ex-
amples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands,

13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons

14.
15.

16.

-

-

Government intervention may be necessary in default of

private agency, in cases where private agency would be

more suitable,.

602

BOOK III.

EXCHANGE.