Population Biology

alleles amino acid approximately assortative mating assumed average Bb bb Bb x Bb binomial calculated chromosome competition constant curve cycles d(In differential dispersal distribution diversity dominance Drosophila Ecology effects environment environmental epistatic equal equation equilibrium estimate evolutionary example expected exponential expressed F₁ factors females Figure fitness fraction function gametes gene frequency genetic genetic drift genotype frequencies genotypic value graph growth rate habitat Hence heterozygotes heterozygous homozygotes homozygous illustrated inbreeding coefficient increase individuals interactions k₁ k₂ limiting linear loci locus mean measure mutation N₁ N₂ niche observed obtained occur offspring oscillations P₁ parent pattern phenotypic plants plot Poisson distribution population density predator predicted prey probability proportion protein random mating ratio relationship reproductive resource result sample selection shown solution speciation species stable substitution survival survivorship temperature tend trait V₁ variable variance variation W₁ x₁ yield zero