tion, if the penal settlement were over-stocked, it was necessary to transfer them to another. TRANSPORT has only a physical employment. Those things only are transported which are materially movable. TRANSFER is applicable to those things which have a consistence and fixity, but only in a secondary sense. Goods, merchandise, and the like are transported when they are taken away, transferred when they are consigned to other keeping. Houses and public buildings are not commonly transported, but a court of law, a public office, a queen's drawing-room may be transferred or removed to a different building.

TREACHEROUS. TRAITOROUS.

TREASONABLE.

TREACHEROUS (Fr. tricherie, trickery) is moral, and respects private relationship between man and man.

TRAITOROUS (Lat. trādītōrem, a betrayer, from tradere, to deliver or betray) is civil, social, or political, and respects the relationship between man and any person or power to which he owes allegiance, or any cause to the support of which he is bound by fealty or honour.

That is TREASONABLE (Fr. trahison; treason, trahir, to betray) which comes under what has been authoritatively defined to be of the nature of treason. A man's conscience tells him when he is treacherous. His conscience or his understanding would tell him when he had been traitorous; but he might have done a treasonable act through ignorance, and without intent to commit treason, and so find that he had unwittingly made himself amenable to the law.

or unfavourable treatment. USAGE is not employed in a favourable sense. Ill-usage is also stronger than illtreatment. The former is always positive and demonstrative; the latter may be through contempt and neglect.

TRICK. ARTIFICE. STRATAGEM. SUBTERFUGE. MANOEUVRE.

Of these, TRICK (O. Fr. tricher, to trick) is the simplest and most generic, the rest being modifications of this fundamental and simple idea. TRICK commonly involves deception for selfinterest.

An ARTIFICE (Lat. artificium, handicraft) is an elaborate, artful, or ingenious trick. As artifice turns upon false manipulations, arrangements, or appearances, so STRATAGEM (Gr. σrpăτnynua, a piece of generalship) turns upon false judgments and movements. It is an artifice planned for the purpose of gaining a practical end. Children play tricks. Designing persons have recourse to artifice. Those who convert life into a complicated game employ stratagem.

SUBTERFUGE (Lat. subterfligere, to flee by stealth) is something under cover of which one makes an escape. It is an artifice employed to escape censure, or to elude the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or actions. TRICK expresses more directly deceptive ingenuity in the agent, which may or may not practically affect others. A trick at cards need not do so. On the other hand, an artifice touches the condition of others to their misleading. The three first involve acts; the subterfuge may be by words or acts, and commonly is made up of both. The term TRICK has other meanings, as a vulgar or unseemly habit; and such manipulation in art as is calculated to produce a telling effect by means not strictly artistic is sometimes called a trick.

"As his pre-eminence depends not upon a trick, he is free from the painful suspicions of a juggler, who lives in perpetual fear lest his trick should be discovered."-REYNOLDS.

The trick is generally something petty. The artifice is more elabo

rate and dignified. A trick is a cheat on the senses; an artifice, on the understanding; a stratagem, on the reason or judgment. A clever trick dupes us. An ingenious artifice misleads us. A deep stratagem captivates or entraps us. A subterfuge is either transparent, or, if successful, leaves us in the lurch.

"The skill of artifice, or office mean." MILTON.

"I always consider his (the Spectator) making them and their dress so frequently the subject of his lucubrations an innocent stratagem to draw their attention to his book, and thus to allure them to the noblest speculations on subjects moral and divine."-KNOX.

"By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this proposition safe by denying its authority."-BURKE.

In MANŒUVRE (Fr. manœuvre, from Mediæval Lat. mănu-õpěra, work of the hand, contr. to manopera; see BRACHET) is involved primarily the idea of complicated movements skilfully conducted, and only secondarily that of deception. The manœuvres of a fleet may be to test seamanship, aptitude for fighting, and the like. A manœuvre which deceives is a stratagem. The stratagem is the work of an individual, the manoeuvre commonly though not necessarily of a body.

"Here I could not shake off old habits so far as to resist the temptation of getting into a post-chaise for the last stage, by which maneuvre I took the credit of having travelled like a gentleman."- Ob

server.

TRUTH. VERACITY. VERITY. TRUTH (A. S. treowdhe, treadh, trywdh) regards things.

VERACITY (Lat. vērācem, true) regards the true representation of things. We speak of the truth of history, and the veracity of the historian. The thing said is true or not. The relator is veracious or otherwise.

"Those propositions are true which express things as they are; or truth is the conformity of those words or signs by which things are expressed to the things themselves."-WOOLASTON.

"Truth or falsehood lying always in some affirmation or negation, mental or verbal, our ideas are not capable any of them of being false till the mind passes some judg

ment upon them, that is, affirms or denies something of them."-LOCKE.

"To the honour of their author (Suetonius), it must be said that he appears to have advanced nothing through flattery or resentment, nor to have suppressed anything through fear, but to have paid an undaunted regard to veracity."-KNOX.

TRY. ATTEMPT. ENDEAVOUR. TO TRY is generic (Fr. trier, to cull, pick out, Lat. tritare, to beat the corn from the chaff).

ATTEMPT (O. Fr. atempter, to undertake, Lat. attentare), and ENDEAVOUR (Fr. mettre en devoir, to put in duty) are specific. We cannot attempt without trying, though we may try without attempting. We attempt with an intention to compass a certain end. When we try, we are altogether uncertain as to the result. An endeavour is a systematic or continuous attempt. A single attempt may be fruitless, yet at last we may succeed in our endeavours. It may be remarked that all three of these

terms imply a partial failure where they are used of the past, though not of the future. I shall try, attempt, or endeavour, from the nature of the case, leaves the issue uncertain. I tried, attempted, or endeavoured, implies that success did not follow, inasmuch as if it had, it would, of course, have been stated rather than the fact of the trial.

"A natural and unconstrained behaviour has something in it so agreeable, that it is no wonder to see people endeavouring after it. But at the same time it is so very hard to hit when it is not born with us, that people often make themselves ridiculous in attempting it."-ADDISON.

Both ATTEMPT and ENDEAVOUR are weightier words than TRY,and involve more dignified or more difficult ends. One may try to do a very commonplace thing. One attempts what is worthy to be called an aim, though not necessarily a high one. Specific and definite design is not so strongly implied in TRY as in ATTEMPT. attempt to do or get something in particular which is the object of our effort. We sometimes try when we wish to ascertain a result of which we are ignorant. Crabb says that when a burglar attempts to break into a

We

house he tries the locks; but this is another application of the word TRY, to test or put to the proof.

TUMID. TURGID.

TUMID (Lat. tumidus, swelling, tumere, to swell) denotes a swelling proceeding from an alteration of the internal structure; as, tumid flesh, the tumid waves.

TURGID (Lat. turgidus, inflated, turgere, to swell) is that which wears a swollen or inflated aspect. Both are employed in a moral sense; as, a turgid style, turgid language; tumid expressions.

"The tumid hills.-MILTON.

"Turgidity of the eyes.-ARBUTHNOT. TUMULTUARY.

TUMULTUOUS.

TUMULTUOUS expresses that tumult nas taken place, and is actually going on; TUMULTUARY, no more than that there is a tendency to tumult. The former expresses confusion and violence and noise; the latter, disorderliness and sedition. A rabble is tumultuary in disposition, or favours tumultuary measures, before it breaks out into tumultuous acts.

"The workmen, accordingly, very seldom derive any advantage from the violence of those tumultuous combinations, which generally end in nothing but the punishment or ruin of the ringleaders."-SMITH, Wealth of Nations.

"Insolence and noise,

The tempest of tumultuary joys."
COWPER.

TURGID. BOMBASTIC. As applied to persons and their style, TURGIDITY (see TUMID) denotes an inflated diction; BOMBASTIC (Low Lat. bombax, cotton, Gr. Bóußu, a silkworm) that particular turgidity which is connected with personal pomposity and self-importance, and exaggerates not only style, but facts. A style is bombastic which is inflated and nonsensical. It is turgid when its expressions are pompously inflated, though it may be not otherwise than sound in

sense.

"The turgidness of a young scribbler."WARBURTON.

"A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology of heroic virtue."-BURKE.

TWIRL. TWIST. TWINE. WHIRL.

TWIRL (A. S. thwiril, anything that is twirled, as a churn-staff or flail) involves the exercise of force so as to be circulatory, and commonly comes from the hand or fingers.

TWIST (A. S. twi, two) is to turn sharply from a given line, without of necessity completing a circle, as to twist a stick is to destroy its straightness. To twirl is to turn it rapidly round in the air. The former does not lend itself to secondary meanings. On the other hand, we are said to twist words when we bend them violently to our own meaning. WHIRL is rapidly to twist circularly, having so far the meaning of TWIRL, but more equably, with more violence, and in a larger circle. TWINE is continuous and steady, while twist is a single and perhaps violent act; and has reference to a conversion of condition, by which two or more things flexible and weaker may become one thing comparatively inflexible and strong.

TYPE. FORM.

The TYPE (Gr. rúños, a blow, form, or impression, TUTTE, to beat) is a characteristic FORM (Lat. forma); that is, it is the aggregate of characteristic qualities, either an ideal representation or an actual specimen, combining all the particulars of the class which it is employed to illustrate.

"Great Father of the gods, when for our crimes

Thou send'st some heavy judgment on the times,

Some tyrant king, the terror of his age, The type and true vice-gerent of thy rage, Thus punish him." DRYDEN, Persius.

"But supposing the self-subsistence of matter from eternity, could the world, full of innumerable forms, spring by an im petus from a dead formless principle? -BATES.

the church or a religious community. According to their origins are the uses of the terms. A tyro is fresh and unskilled, a novice is new and unfamiliarized. One who is by no means a tyro at learning may be a novice at college.

U.

UGLINESS. DEFORMITY. DIS

FIGUREMENT.

These terms agree in expressing that character which is the opposite of beauty. UGLINESS (A. S. óga, dread, adj. oga-lic) is the generic term of which the others express species.

As applied to persons, DEFORMITY (deformitatem) belongs to the figure, ugliness to the countenance. Ugliness is superficial as of colour, deformity is of disproportion of parts.

DISFIGUREMENT (Lat. dis-, and figura, form) conveys the idea of partial deformity by some specific feature regarded by itself or superimposed. See DEFACE.

UNCERTAINTY.

DOUBT.

SUSPENSE.

DOUBT (Lat. dubitare, to doubt) indicates the absence of sufficient study and inquiry; UNCERTAINTY (see CERTAIN), the absence of judgment formed; SUSPENSE (Lat. suspensus, hovering, hesitating), the absence of determination. He is doubtful who hesitates from ignorance. He is uncertain who hesitates from irresolution. He is in suspense who cannot decide. It has to be remarked, however, that of late the term SUSPENSE has come to mean that anxiety of mind which comes from ignorance of the intentions of another, where interests hang on those intentions. Formerly the king would be said to be in suspense who had not made up his mind whether or not to pardon the offender. Now the offender is said to be in suspense until his fate is made known to him. It may be observed that DOUBT is a term of more restricted application than UNCERTAINTY. Doubt

our

is subjective only, uncertainty is both subjective and objective. Doubt exists only in the human mind, but uncertainty both in the mind and the object contemplated. A man is uncertain of the duration of his life because life itself is uncertain.

"All which together seldom or never fail to produce that various and doubtful signification in the names of substances which causes such uncertainty, disputes, or mistakes when we come to a philosophical use of them."-LOCKE.

In the following passage we have the union of the old sense of SUSPENSE and the new.

"While a great event is in suspense, the action warms, and the very suspense, made up of hope and fear, maintains no unpleasing agitation in the mind."-Bo

LINGBROKE.

A work projected is the idea common to both these terms; but an UNDERTAKING denotes something which involves reflexion and perseverance with other mental and moral qualities.

ENTERPRISE (Fr. entreprise, entreprendre, to undertake) involves the personal qualities of activity, courage, endurance, and the like. Undertakings are usually the works of individuals. Enterprises may be made conjointly by bodies of men. An undertaking lies more in the path of ordinary duty. We go out of our way to make enterprises. Undertakings may be from a sense of obligation; enterprises are more speculative, and turn on some prospect of personal gain. The undertaking may be arduous; the enterprise, hazardous. Yet the verb un

dertake has so broad a meaning that it is a common phrase, "to undertake an enterprise."

"These critics, by their very imperfect knowledge of the Hebrew language, which in their time had been a dead language among the Jews themselves for many ages, and by their prejudices against our Saviour, were but ill qualified for their arduous undertaking."-BISHOP HORSLEY.

And yet the undertakers, nay, performers Of such a brave and glorious enterprise Are yet unknown."

BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER.

The EXPEDITION (Lat. expedire, expeditus, to despatch) involves as essential that which in UNDERTAKING and ENTERPRISE is only accidental, the idea of distance in the matter undertaken. An expedition is an excursion for some object of consequence, as the procuring of something of value, conquest, search, or scientific discovery. It is understood, if nothing be expressed to the contrary, to be undertaken by a body of persons.

"The expedition miserably failed.”— PRESCOTT.

UNINTELLIGIBLE. INCOM

PREHENSIBLE. INCONCEIVABLE.

These three terms denote equally that which is beyond the reach of the human understanding, but they have their shades of difference.

UNINTELLIGIBLE (Lat. intelligere, to understand) relates to the expression; INCOMPREHENSIBLE (Lat. incomprehensibilis) to the nature of the human mind;

INCONCEIVABLE (Lat. in-, not, conclpere, to conceive) to the force of the imagination. That which is unintelligible wants distinctness and expression. It is confused, obscure, answers to nothing and states nothing. Indistinct articulation, the combination in the same statement of words bearing incongruous or contradictory forces, is unintelligible. The unintelligible is to be disregarded and avoided. It is often far otherwise with the incomprehensible and the inconceivable. The incomprehensible is above or beyond the grasp of the understanding, while the unintelligible is no object for its exercise. The inconceivable is that for the understand

ing of which no grounds can be furnished or supposed.

UNION. JUNCTION.

UNION (Lat. unionem) relates to two or more things which are found to resemble, agree with, or suit one an

other.

JUNCTION (Lat. junctionem) is of two or more things which are brought to a close proximity to one another. UNION denotes the being one, JUNCTION the being joined, hence a conformity belongs to union, collocation to junction. A junction which is so close as to pass into identity, or the production of a third thing, is a union; the union of blue and yellow makes green. The junction of rivers, the junction of armies results in their union. The idea of junction is more material than union, which is more metaphysical; for that is union which has not division, while that is junction which has not separation. Union is force in individuals, in associations, and in communities. Vast areas of common intercourse have been opened by the junction of two lines of railway.

UNIVERSAL. GENERAL.

What is UNIVERSAL (Lat. universus, all taken collectively) includes every particular.

What is GENERAL. includes the majority of particulars. A general rule (Lat. genus, generis, kind) admits of exceptions. What is universal has no exceptions. Universal is opposed to individual; general, to particular. "The foresight of government is directed to the general welfare." "The Providence of God contemplates the universal good." "The faculty of speech is general, not universal, among men.' The general is totality in the gross, the universal is totality in detail.

"For Catholic in Greek signifies universal; and the Christian Church was so called, as consisting of all nations to whom the Gospel was to be preached, in contradistinction to the Jewish Church, which consisted for the most part of Jews only."—MILTON.

Although universalitydoes not, strictly speaking, admit of degrees, yet it is sometimes loosely so employed. In