Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919-1943The anticommunist crusade of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and its legendary director J. Edgar Hoover during the McCarthy era and the Cold War has attracted much attention from historians during the last decades, but little has been known about the Bureau's political activities during its formative years. This work breaks new ground by tracing the roots of the FBI's political surveillance to the involvement of the Bureau's predecessor, the Bureau of Investigation (BI), in the nation's first period of communist-hunting, the "Red Scare" after World War I. The book is based on the first systematic and comprehensive use of the early BI files from 1908 to 1922, which have only survived on difficult-to-read microfilms deposited in the National Archives, as well as numerous collections of personal papers. The FBI's political surveillance was not a result of popular hysteria, such as scholars used to claim, or a rational response to communist spying and the Cold War confrontation, such as a number of historians have recently argued. Instead, it was an integrated part of the attempt by the modern federal state, rooted in the Progressive Era, to regulate and control any organized opposition to the political, economic and social order, such as organized labor, radical movements and African-American protest. The detailed reconstruction of the BI's role in the Red Scare during 1919 and 1920 shows that the federal intelligence officials played a crucial role in initiating the anticommunist hysteria in the United States. Despite its small staff, the BI was able to influence national events by exchanging information with a network of patriotic groups, assisting local authorities in drafting antiradical legislation and prosecuting radicals, and using congressional committees to spread its message. The Bureau also strove to discredit the strike wave and race riots of 1919 as the work of communists. The account also throws new light on such dramatic and controversial events as the Seattle General Strike, the Centralia Massacre, and the deportation of the famous anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. The book shows how entrenched political surveillance had become by the early 1920's and how it continued until World War II and the Cold War. Regin Schmidt, PhD, is a research fellow in the Department of History at the University of Copenhagen. Selected for the Choice Outstanding Academic Books 2002. |
Contents
FBI and the Politics of Anticommunism | 9 |
The Origins of the Red Scare | 24 |
The Bureau and the Red Scare | 83 |
Copyright | |
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According administration agitators aliens American anarchists anti-radical April arrests Assistant Attorney August authorities Bielaski Bolshevik Bolshevism bomb Bowen Bureau of Investigation Bureau officials Bureau's political Caminetti campaign Charges of Illegal Coben Committee Communist Party confidential Congress December Department of Justice Department's Edgar Hoover example FBI Records FBI's political FBI/FOIA February February 17 field office Frank Burke Herbert Hoover ibid Illegal Practices immigration January July June Justice Department Labor Department leaders Legion letter March Memorandum microfilm Miles Poindexter Mitchell Palmer movement Murray National Negro November November 28 October October 18 Overman Palmer on Charges Palmer raids Papers Poindexter political activities political surveillance president Progressive Era propaganda radical activities Radical Division Red Scare revolutionary riots role Roosevelt Russian Seattle Secretary sedition Senate September social Socialist Special Agent strike subversive Theoharis union unrest Washington William Wilson Workers York