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REVIEWS

came many of our expert seamen; and it
was in such a school that Penn obtained that

education, at once scientific and practical,

which rendered him one of the most accom

vantage they had formerly gotten; for it will be in the power of the enemy to board them,

and they not to avoid it; which was the only

thing coveted by the Spaniards in our time of war, by reason of the advantage of their ships, as I have before expressed.

The instructions of the Commonwealth in 1647, previous to the war with Holland, are

Memorials of the Professional Life and Times of Sir William Penn, Knt., Admiral and General of the Fleet, during the Inter-plished mariners of the age. In his twentythird year he obtained the command of a regnum; Admiral, and Commissioner_of "The strict ordering of battles by ships, was the Admiralty and Navy, after the Re- ship of twenty-eight guns, and sailed into before the invention of the bowling; for then the Irish seas, under the flag of Captain there was no sailing but before the wind, nor no storation. (From 1644 to 1670.) By GranSwanley, where he distinguished himself by fighting but by boarding; whereas, now a ship great courage, presence of mind, and a nauti-will sail within six points of thirty-two, and cal skill, surpassing that of his companions. by the advantage of wind may rout any fleet that The Parliament first, and then Cromwell, its is placed in that form of battle." master, promoted one every way so worthy; nor was it unknown to the wily Protector, that Penn was attached to the cause of the Stuarts he made him an admiral by sea and a general by land, endowed him with some of the sequestered property of the Irish royalists, and sent him out under Blake to decide whether the English or the Dutch were to be masters of the sea. Having quelled, for a time, the spirit of the sister republic, Penn was associated with Venables in that expedition in which they captured Jamaica instead of Hispaniola, and were committed to the Tower for mismanagement

ville Penn, Esq. 2 vols. London: Duncan. THE penury of English biography was lamented by Johnson, even while he was in the act of enriching it with his unequalled Lives of the Poets: some noble works of that nature have been added since his day; still we are sensible that Biography is the most barren of all the branches of our great tree of literature. There is not one class of eminent men, of whom the history is either complete or satisfactory: this is a national disgrace; and, if a nation is ever ashamed, Britain ought to be so, when she thinks of her eminent sons particularly those who have fought for her empire and existence on the great deep. With the single exception of Southey's Life of Nelson, we have no memoir of any great admiral worthy of the name. The correspondence of Collingwood supplied many valuable materials for the biographer; and we are quite certain that the Memorials of the Professional Life of Admiral Penn,' will be equally useful; nay, more so, for they throw a strong light over a period which has hitherto lain partly in darkness: they acquaint us with the condition and equipment of our fleet-of our mode of fighting-of our movements on the waters, and with the instructions which our commanders at sea received from their rulers on shore, regarding capturing fleets and conquering islands. The author seems to have entertained no desire to enter the lists as a regular biographer: all he wished, was to arrange the letters and memoranda of his eminent ancestor, connect them with slight descriptions, personal and historical, and so form a work which should have all the interest of regular biography, and the certainty of a historical document, without the labour of brooding over the varied materials, and extracting from them a narrative clear and compact.

Of the hero of the work we must give a slight sketch. Sir William Penn was born at Bristol in April 1621; and educated for the sea by his father, a captain of some note in the mercantile service. At that period the royal and mercantile navies were united on every pressing emergency: the royal ships were not numerous: the king took into his service all such merchant ships as were well armed and appointed; and it was no uncommon thing for a dozen or two of thirty-gun vessels to unite themselves with the national navy, and proceed to war instead of traffic. From this branch of the service

or disobedience. That Penn was not to blame
is better known than that he was indebted
for his imprisonment to his attachment to
the royal cause: he was not liberated for
some time, nor employed till the Restoration,
when he sailed against his old opponents, the
Dutch, under the command of his old asso-
ciate Monk-a man scarcely inferior, in
maritime skill and courage, to Blake himself.
When the war, which was more glorious than
just, terminated, Penn reposed upon his fame
and his fortune, and died at an advanced
age, leaving sons; one of whom was the
celebrated Quaker who gave his name to the
splendid settlement of Pennsylvania, now a
part of the republic of North America.

As this work is a succession of nauti-
cal documents and memoranda, made by
Admiral Penn during his various voyages,
we shall select a few of the most interesting
of these, interspersing them with snatches of
the narrative, and such remarks of our own
as the matter may require. The following
are the directions given by Sir William Mon-
son, who died in 1643, for fighting a naval
battle. Having advised his captains to get
the weather-gage of the enemy, he says—

"The wind being thus gotten, a general need give no other directions than to every admiral of a squadron to draw together their squadrons, and every one to undertake his opposite squadron, or where he shall do it for his greatest advantage; but to be sure to take a good distance of one another, and to relieve that squadron that shall be overcharged or distressed.

"Let them give warning to their ships not to venture so far as to bring themselves to leeward of the enemy; for so shall they either dishonour themselves, to see such a ship taken in their view, or in seeking to relieve her they shall bring themselves to leeward, and lose the ad

as follows:

"If any fleet shall be discovered at sea, which may probably be conjectured to have a purpose to encounter, oppose, or affront the fleet in the parliament's service, you may in that case expect more particular instructions. But, for the present, you are to take notice, that in case of joining battle, you are to leave it to the viceadmiral to assail the enemy's admiral, and to match yourself as equally as you can; to

succour the rest of the fleet as cause shall re-
afar off, nor till you come side by side."
quire; not wasting your powder, nor shooting

It appears, however, from Pepys, that, in a conversation with Penn, the latter censured the promiscuous manner in which the naval battles of the Commonwealth were fought: "The Dutch," said he, "fighting otherwise, and we whenever we beat them." Indeed, it would appear, that Penn was the first to bring science to the aid of our naval courage; his orders were to "gain the admiral's wake and form a line with him," and he imputes the promiscuous mode of fighting, which prevailed during the first Dutch war, to the circumstance of being commanded by land officers full of courage, but unacquainted with those scientific manœuvres which have since made us the conquerors in all great naval combats. On this interesting subject, we may as well quote the words of our author, the Admiral's great-grandson :—

"It is thus manifest, that from the commencement of hostilities with Holland, in 1652, the to engage in line; and, indeed, the example of English seaman's principle of naval tactics was the Dutch, under their experienced lieutenantadmiral, Van Tromp, would alone have compelled them, in their inexperience, to do the

same.

The promiscuous fighting in the first Dutch war, therefore, is not to be ascribed to the navy of that day, but to the land-commanders, or shore-admirals, set over the fleet; who pertinaciously adhered to the old English practice of engaging ship and ship, until experience taught them the necessity of sometimes listening to those who had learned better than themselves what a fleet is, and how it might be best managed for the destruction of an enemy. Until this new occasion, the English had fought their naval battles promiscuously, as in their attack on the Spanish Armada in 1588. But, when the English fleet riding in the Downs witnessed Van Tromp with his fleet, at the back of

the Goodwins, bear down in six divisions on the Spanish Armada of 1639, and defeat and disperse that vast armament before their eyes, a new view of naval tactics was opened at once to the apprehension of the seamen, imparting to them new notions which could not fail to be well retained, and turned to good account by some. They beheld, for the first time, instead of the mere multiplied action of single ships, to which their experience had hitherto been confined, the combined action of a fleet, and the multiplied power of the combination. And when, at length, a time arrived that they were to enter the watery lists with that same skilful and exercised admiral, those who were seamen had acquired a conviction that they must relinquish the former inadequate practice, and employ their fleets in a manner corresponding to that of their great antagonist and instructor. But though the seamen had acquired that conviction, the armyadmirals had not received it; and being sud

from fooling us,' was no other than the common
maxim of the navy, from the commencement of
the civil war; and the recorded sentiment of
Blake, 'that he would as soon lose his life for
the king as for the parliament,' is an additional
evidence of his unanimity with the service he
had adopted."

How battles were fought, and how admi-
rals described them, may be gathered from
the letter which Blake wrote to the Council

of the Commonwealth, concerning his first
encounter with De Ruyter and De Witt; it
is from a MS. copy of the despatch among
Penn's papers:—

Right Honourable,-My last to your ho

nours was the 28th of the last, in the morning.
About noon that day, we got sight of the Dutch
fleet standing close by a wind to the westward :
the wind then at S.W. Between three and four in

the afternoon they got their fleet together, being

denly sent to the fleet for the purpose of fight-sixty sail; and, hauling their foresails upon their
ing, they thought of fighting only, and treated
masts, made ready to fight. There was then by
with impatience the ab hoste doceri-the sug-
me, the vice-admiral and some other; but a great
gestion of departing from the practice of naval
part of the fleet was astern, by reason of their
warfare of their brave forefathers, and of learn-
late weighing in the Downs, which I suppose was
occasioned by the late storm we had there. As
soon as a considerable part was come up to us,
the Dutch then tacking, we bore in right with
them;
their admiral in the head. I commanded
no guns to be fired till we came very near them,
so that there passed many broadsides between
us and them; and, by means of their tacking,
the greatest part of our fleet came suddenly to
be engaged, and the dispute was very hot for a
short time, continuing till it was dark night.
That night we lay in sight of each other, refit-
ting our ships, which were much torn. The
next morning, being little wind and variable,
we bore with them as fast as we could; they
seeming awhile to stay for us, till afternoon, when
the wind coming northerly, they made all the sail
they could, and stood away to the eastward, to-

ing from an enemy the method by which they must beat him. Nevertheless, it is certain, that as our army are fain to acknowledge that they are indebted to foreign countries for the improvement of the art of war on land; so must our navy submit to acknowledge that they owe to the Dutch, in the person of Van Tromp, the improvement of the art of war on sea, in an engagement of fleets; and must be contented with producing Trafalgar and Waterloo as the several tests of the scholarship of the two services, That navy was now called to the arduous task of both learning from their great exemplar, and vanquishing him, at one and the same time; and that, under land-commanders, who had never contemplated the points which had so deeply engaged their consideration. It is highly probable, that Penn's early alliance by marriage with a Dutch lady of Rotterdam, previous to his station in the Irish fleet, and whilst Van Tromp was at the height of his renown, had drawn his mind to reflect particularly on the proceedings of that great admiral."

The few words which the author has bestowed on the characters of Blake and Monk, are much to the purpose; it was the practice in those days to give the command of the fleet to land-bred rather than sea-bred officers; an experiment which has not been repeated in our days; it would not, perhaps, be easy to find two such men as the great admirals of the Commonwealth were:

wards their own coast.

We followed them as much as possibly we could, they then having the wind of us. Many shots passed between some of our headmost ships and their stern fleet, but nothing could engage them. Then, it beginning to grow dark, we tacked to get our fleet together; and, if we might, get to the weather-gage. And being then half Channel over, it was advised by the captain, master and mates, the pilot and others, to lie close upon that tack till ten of the clock, that so we might have length enough to spend that night, presuming likewise that they would tack before the morning, which would again have brought us together if the wind had stood; but it pleased God that it proved but little wind that night, which was westerly. The next morning the wind came at S.W.; and "Blake loved the navy, though sent by from the topmast-head we discovered their fleet, Cromwell to control it; because he was averse and stood away after them; many of our frigates to the proceedings on shore, and rejoiced, at the ahead of us, some so far that they saw West age of fifty, to have found in the seamen a race Gable. Then, perceiving that they fled from us congenial with his own nature. It was not a as fast as they could, and bent their course for case of infusion, but of the mutual attraction of Goree, it growing less wind, I sent for the vice homogeneousness of mind and temper; a cor- and rear-admiral; and also a great part of the respondence, which existed not, in the same captains being then come aboard, for a supply entireness, between any other of the shore- of some necessaries. We advised together what admirals and the navy. If there was infusion was fittest to be done; and, it appearing that on either side, it was the seamen that infused a the merchant-ships were almuch, the most part naval taste into the gallant colonel, who so altogether, out of victuals, and ours not able to speedily became their admired and beloved ad-supply them, it was resolved that we should remiral; and who knew, that they were 'resolved' for anything, and needed not infusion, but direction and co-operation. With Monk it was different: he valiantly used the navy when it was placed under his authority, as he did his army, but his mind was with the land-service, to which he gladly returned; Blake, on the contrary, never returned to service on land, after he had once tasted of command at sea. The celebrated maxim professed by Blake, and by Granger assigned to Lawson-Tis not for us to mind state affairs, but to keep foreigners

turn to our coast.

otherwise, many of our great ships might have perished without a stroke from the enemy; for both this ship and the James touched once or twice, and the great ship (Sovereign) had three or four rubs upon the Kentish Knock. What loss the enemy hath sustained, we know not. Three of their ships were wholly disabled at the first brunt, having lost all their masts; and another, as he was towing off the rear-admiral, was taken by Capt. Mildmay: and, the second day they were many less in number than the first. The rear-admiral, and two other captains, are prisoners; who say, that they conceive, by the striking of De Witt's antient, and the putting forth another of a blue colour, that he is

slain.

"This is a true and faithful narrative of the Lord's dealing with us, and of our deportment in the last engagement. Yesterday, was brought Elvin, bound for Bourdeaux, the master whereof into our company a vessel called the State of (upon examination) says, that, about fourteen days since, three leagues off the Scawe (north point of Jutland), he met eighteen sail of our men-of-war, being about twenty-three leagues from Elsinore; and that there were in that port, upon his coming out, but eight Holland men-ofwar."

Of the romantic way in which victories were described that were never achieved, an example is given, and a curious one, from a newspaper of the period; we have, however, found something more curious still-namely, a snatch of rude verse and rougher prose, contained in the Laughing Mercury of 1652, and headed, "For the right understanding of all the mad merry people of England."

in

"Now Neptune binds his curled brow,
His rolling billows tumble;
The Dutch do sink, the Lord knows how:
Tarpaulins curse and grumble,

Our navy brave, stout men-of-war.
That in the Channel ride,
Will make those sons of pitch and tar
Full dearly rue their pride.
The devil sure intends a feast,

For to invite all rich men,
Having provided at the least
A shoal of pickled Dutchmen.
Avant, ye sponges, sowes in ruffes,
Amboyna we'll revenge!
When we have made the sea your tomb,

We'll squeeze out your Orenge. doublets; what price bear herrings in Hol "How now, my Dutch Mullipuffs, my fat boars land now? Have ye not fished fair, and caught a frog? Ye high and mighty Dotterels, ye most illustrious pilcher-catchers; ye ingrateful Schel lums; ye larded cowards, that quarrel with those that have formerly been your strength, your defence, your bulwark, your hands, your aiders, and protectors, your harbingers, your friends, in all your distresses, to furnish you with men, ships, gold, silver, ordnance, &c.! How many honourable and renowned English have sacrificed their dearest blood in your redemp tion from the ambition and tyranny of proud Spain, who usurped over your lives, consciences, and estates, by their cruel inquisition! Have we not been your schoolmasters, that have taught you both wit and valour? Did not K. Jemmy give you back Flushing, Brill, Ramekins? Could Spain's red and white earth (though it ruined poor Germany) once so much as take hold on the skirts of any of your provinces, so long as you were backed by the English? And do ye thus reward us for all these kindnesses? Nay, then, expect the reward of ingratitude, and to render a strict account of your Amboyna tortures, that will never be forgotten by any true Englishman; and justice, that a long time hath slept, hath now begun to take vengeance on your perfidiousness."

"What harm we have received by loss of men, or otherwise, I cannot yet give your honours a just account. In our ship, we have only three that we know slain, whereof our lieutenant, Capt. Purvis, is one; about twenty hurt; which is a great mercy of God, considering the multitudes of shot flying among us, and our nearness each to other in the fight. We are also bound, with much thankfulness, to acknowledge God's goodness towards us, in affording us such fair In 1654, Penn sailed in conjunction with weather and smooth water at our engagement; | Venables for the West Indies; not with or