this investigation, which was then pros- | finally, in the room of a general dissent ecuted with all the traditional proloxity from the proposition that the Gospel of Roman processes. But Passaglia left teaching of mutual help does not extend the society-some of his colleagues who to an obligation to come to the rescue of were not Jesuits got other destinations, lawful princes when unjustly assailed, and the labor fell into hands that worked there was inserted the startling proposiless deliberately, but also with a rasher tion LXII., which brands with unrezeal. When the bishops met in Rome, served condemnation the proclamation and gave their opinions in behalf of the and observance of the principle called necessity for a temporal power, informa- non-intervention. The extraordinary tion reached a few persons that a start- import of this sentence is revealed by its ling catalogue had been drawn up of unparalleled wording. The Holy See propositions to be pronounced deserving has never before issued an absolute inof condemnation; but this was stead- junction about observance. To do so ily asserted to be without foundation. indirectly, contrary to its unvarying docOn the 25th October, 1862, however, trine that, however immutable must be there appeared in Passaglia's weekly abstract principles, and as such, therepaper, Il Mediatore, the Latin text of fore, never to be departed from in dogsixty-one Theses ad Apostolicam Sedem ma, the practical question of their obdelatæ, and every one of which had appended to it its specified and circumstantial sentence of condemnation. The publication made a sensation in Rome, and was indignantly branded as a piece of wicked forgery. The assertion thus so solemnly advanced is now irrevocably confuted by the deed of the very men who were loudest in making it. Unless Passaglia is indeed an imp of the Evil One, who has a supernatural gift of mischievous forescience, the documents he published must be the rough sketch of the Syllabus that has been attached to the Encyclical. Unfortunately, space forbids our analyzing the differences in the two documents, and marking the modifications that have been introduced, manifestly with the sole view of sharpening the point of denunciation against special and concrete objects. Indeed the curious document preserved in Passaglia's little-read periodical would now be well worth study. It was of this dranght that the counsellors for active demonstration then bethought themselves, as a document that had the recommendation of having already received the Pope's real, although not formal, concurrence, and containing in germ all that might be wanted in the way of condemnation. Accordingly the document was remodelled, so as to give greater prominence to points before but indicated. The numbers of propositions were swelled to eighty-the last section in the Syllabus, treating of errors relating to Modern Liberalism, was added; and servance must depend upon the circumstances that attend a case, and can not consequently be made the subject of absolute and unalterable injunction. It is impossible to explain away the extraordinary intention expressed in the adoption of a form of utterance so wholly at variance with all precedent. The Court of Rome is the most scrupulous observer of traditional form, and it is preposterous to advance the plea that the knowledge of the meaning of the terms used had dropped out of the minds of the writers of the Syllabus. The mere attempt to foist off such an assertion is a most audacious presumption on our ignorance. The men who have composed this astounding Syllabus are men who have had all the training of the Jesuit schools-are perfectly conversant with the real meaning of words, and know all the inns and outs of those intricate formalities which have been devised by the quibbling ingenuity of Curial Legists. What is written in the Syllabus has been written deliberatelywhat is novel therein has been introduced knowingly, and any explanation to give a modified sense to its original meaning must be an after-thought, which ought to have no weight, except as a possible sign of a desire to get out of what has been discovered to be a mistaken groove. The Encyclical and its Syllabus were launched in fury against the detestable innovations in politics which had been put forward by Catholic Powers as the obstacles in the way of their zeal; they were the work of the Jesuit party acting upon the Pope through the channel of the high-flown fanatic intoxicated with mysticism-and that work was pushed through sorely against the wish of Cardinal Antonelli, who then blandly accepted what he saw that he could not prevent. The contents of this fulminating effusion, which touch other matters, had been long under discussion, and might have yet remained a good while in the recesses of ecclesiastical congregations had they not been wanted to impart an appearance of comprehensive range to a fulmination which at this moment was discharged against a point of politics too technical and too concrete by itself for a Pontifical sen tence. Although beyond the strict scope of a paper that purposes to recount the nature of that which is at present in existence at the Vatican, the question as to the upshot to which must lead the strange disposition of influences we have been attempting to portray, is one of so pressing a nature that we can not close without alluding to it. Speculation is with reason inflamed on the subject of what may come forth from the next conclave. For that as long as Pius IX. continues on the throne, it is beyond hope that any turn should be taken towards a policy of compromise, is admitted, we suppose, even by the most sanguine. The reign of Pius IX., unto its end, whenever that may come, will be distinguished by the settling down more and more deeply of the Holy See in the trough of a Jesuit and fanatical ascendancy, only their ascendency will never assume an heroic attitude, partly from the natural feebleness of Pius IX., who will always falter in a critical moment, partly from the moderating counteraction which Cardinal Antonelli will always be able in some degree to exercise. The acts of the Court of Rome will thus bear the stamp of passionate origin, and yet they will never become really formidable, because the arm that wields the authority at the Vatican is vacillating, and incapable of genuine determination. The spirit that breathes in the Encyclical is one which, had it been forthcoming with vigor, would have laid interdicts, launched ex-commu nications against individuals by name, issued direct appeals to Catholicism, instead of sneakingly letting off incendiary squibs from time to time, and then protesting that there never had been any intention to charge them with powder. The most convincing proof of the degree to which the temporal power is rotten, is afforded by the utter want of greatness of purpose which the Pope has shown in his policy. He has been pettish and peevish, he has scolded and screamed, he has flown into womanish paroxysms of transport, and into womanish bursts of antiquated cries, but he has never once stepped forward with the self-reliance of a man who has confidence in his cause, and dares to trust to the affection which the faithful have for his temporal estate. And in this way will matters go on as long as the present reign lasts, deteriorating under the action of a noxious influence, which rules in the ascendant, only with all it has of most absurd and mischievous, without being able to break through with what it might possibly possess of startling and effective. If we are to place confidence in what is currently circulated in Rome, we might expect that measures have been taken which ought to secure in the next Papal election the instantaneous victory of a candidate who will represent the interests now in the ascendant. We ourselves hesitate to hazard any predictions. The temper of the Sacred College has at all times been most difficult to gauge, and we see no reason for assuming that there is any change in this respect. Nothing is more contrary to precedent than that the cardinals created by a pope, however deferential to him when alive, should prove attached to his memory. The history of conclaves is there to dispel such an idea with an overwhelming catalogue of facts. Moreover, the struggle in a conclave is always not to vindicate the memory of a deceased pope, but to overthrow the influence of the cardinal who was the late Pope's favorite, and has had the patronage of the State. Formerly it was the Cardinal nephew, now it is the Cardinal Secretary of State who has to stand the brunt of this opposition. It is certainly to be expected that Cardinal Antonelli has many enemies among his colleagues. | have to acquire organization in the ConThe very misfortunes which have come clave. Still it would be rash to trust in over the Holy See, in part from measures the certainty of any previous combinawhich he has really disapproved of, fur- tion being carried out, however strong nish ready charges of indictment against it may appear at present. The chances him. We should say confidently that that can materially affect the Conclave, Cardinal Antonelli can count his sincere and to which it is particularly liable, are friends only by units among the Sacred innumerable. It is very well for a facCollege. It would not therefore sur- tion now in the ascendant to have cunprise us if the jealousy and ill-feeling ningly-laid plans for carrying the election which we fancy lurks in the breasts of by surprise, as it is supposed, through many cardinals, were to prove an imme- means of an already signed Papal rediate element for anyhow preventing an script, absolving the Sacred College from instantaneous election by previous ar- the obligation of waiting the prescribed rangement. It is enough, however, to nine days after the Pope's decease before have once introduced an element of dif- proceeding to an election; yet in these ference in a conclave, to lead easily to days of telegraph and steam, unless the lengthened discussions. Everything con- Pope dies in a fit, it will be impossible to curred to prognosticate an instantaneous hurry the proceedings so as not to give election on the death of Pius VI. The time to cardinals at a distance to reach state of the world counselled impera- Rome. But leaving mere manœuvres tively concord-extraordinary arrange- out of consideration, it is evident that a ments among the cardinals had been Conclave can not avoid being affected by made to secure it—when the circumstan- the political conditions of the moment, ces of the pre-designated candidate and these in our times are liable to sudhaving failed to get at the first balloting den modifications quite beyond forethe requisite majority by one vote, sufficed to spin out the conclave three months and a half. On the other hand, it must be expected that the antagonisms which we have dwelt on above, between those who are creatures of the Jesuits and those who are disposed to look with an evil eye on that society-between the prelates of Italian origin and those from over the mountains-will show themselves in a conclave of any duration, and will introduce into it many cross influences, the practical action whereof can not be calculated. It is, indeed, a common opinion that the dislike against the non-Italian cardinals is so great that it will, more than any other consideration, have weight with those in Rome to accelerate an election at once on the Pope's demise, in accordance with arrangements already made. It is very probable that secret arrangements have been made, with the Pope's wish, for the purpose of raising to the Chair a man according to his heart. We are quite ready to expect that the cardinals of the Jesuit party will act together with superior discipline and compactness, were it from no other reason than that they will from the first know exactly what they want, while the others would sight. For instance, a Conclave before the Convention would have met under conditions to produce a different array of parties from what would probably be seen now. Several cardinals who before would have gone without reservation with the zealots, are likely now to demur from their policy in some degree. The truth is that in Rome the possibility of an abiding Italy has not presented itself hitherto as a livelihood. It is only since the Convention, and especially the transfer of the capital, that the idea of such an event being possible, is beginning to be entertained. Every fact, therefore, which may tend to confirm this impression will strengthen an element that hitherto has exercised no influence, but which, as its action extends, will directly operate to relax the tenacity of a nosurrender spirit. Almost exactly half the Sacred College bowed to Napoleon I., figured at his Court, accepted salaries at his hand under the belief that he was permanent lord of the ascendant, and the same thing will happen towards Victor Emmanuel the day he can get himself to be considered as a king that really has a probability of continuing in power. The present position of affairs is of a nature where every day an occurrence made the bishops of the Church declare the Temporal Power little less than a divine institution. It is in such insensible changes that the pitiless might of time marks itself even upon the stubborn constitution of Rome. may happen greatly to modify its aspect and materially to disintegrate the solidarity of the elements that have been defiantly rejecting all appeals towards a spirit of compromise. At the very moment we are writing an incident is happening which may have great conse- We have supplied the reader, to the quence. We mean the attitude which best of our power, with an account of Cardinal Andrea has publicly taken up. parties in the Court of Rome, and must It can not be apprehended for an instant leave him now to draw his own concluthat he has any prospect of becoming sions as to the precise shape into which Pope; but he has the prospect before coming events will there fall. His boldhim, provided he does not lose himself ness may venture upon casting a horoby indiscreet conduct, such as Passaglia scope, the particularities of which we are was guilty of when he had himself elect- too short-sighted to be able to decipher ed deputy, to become the influential at this distance. All that we can dismouthpiece of opinion in the Sacred tinguish are certain marked currents of College, which when once expressed influence which seem destined to come many of his colleagues will be likely to into collision, but are liable to be mateassent to, who would not have had the rially affected for better or for worse by courage to speak them first. It is evi- numerous incidents that can be said to dent from the authorized report given in be in the air of the times, but can not the French press of a conversation with be prognosticated with certainty. Unthe Cardinal that he is prepared to take doubtedly the next Conclave will be a publicly the responsibility of his views. capital event; but the impression at this These amount simply to a recognition moment is that its importance will rather of what has been fulfilled, and a desire be in affording a field on which opinions for the Holy See to come to an under- in favor of modification will show themstanding on this base which will secure selves and acquire influence for a future to it a fixed establishment for the future. moment than in actual and immediate No cardinal has yet uttered anything result. The feeling of those who might even remotely approaching these opin- form a judgment seems to be, that the ions in distinctness; but not a few we next Conclave will be marked with conapprehend have been affected with them clusive evidence of the progress made dimly, and inwardly recognize therein, by the sense for a necessity to strike out more or less, the expression of their of the groove in which matters have own instincts. Hence the position taken been allowed to run, but that yet the up by Cardinal Andrea is a very grave election is likely to rest with the retroincident, and we can not help anticipating grade party, which, however, will itself that if he were to appear in a conclave, have to make concessions to its oppoas certainly he means to do, without nent before carrying a candidate. The having lost credit by any act unbecom- victory would in this case be a modified ing his peculiar station, and with the one, and the Pope be more or less neukind of authority that could not fail to tral, a character in accordance with a appertain to a confidential representative reign of tacitly-admitted transition beof his character, able to communicate in tween an obsolete constitution to be althe intimacy of the conclave, the terms lowed to drop out of sight, and new which the King of Italy was ready to forms which have to be manufactured. offer the cardinals for the security of But a reign once penetrated with a contheir dignities-that the impression pro-sciousness, however suppressed, of tranduced would be great and lead to much discussion and serious consideration. But how different is a temper not indisposed to take note of propositions of this kind from the frantic humor which sition, can hardly fail to be more than a reign of accelerated decomposition in which the elements of disintegration must perforce ripen fearfully fast. Cornhill Magazine. THE PRESENT POSITION OF LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN ENGLAND. Ir would be difficult to say much more than has been said by Mr. Ruskin on the modern tendency to Landscape Painting. Any one who touches on this theme must re-arrange, collect, and criticize what he has scattered up and down his works. In comparing our arts with those of the Greeks and Romans, and indeed with those of the medieval and Renaissance periods, we can not but perceive how much of our attention is directed to inanimate nature. The ancients were occupied with affairs of civil life almost exclusively. The passions, sentiments, and thoughts of men seemed to them the only fitting subjects of art. Nor did they regard the outer world, except as conducing to the luxuries and comforts of daily life. The beauty of mountain, sea, and sunlight they no doubt appreciated, but they did not care to represent it as it stood before them. Every fact of nature became humanized before the Greeks admitted it within the pale of art. It was not the river, or the tree, or the cloud they sought to reproduce; but the god of streams, the Dryad, and the master of the clouds. With these personages the Greeks could sympathize. A divine being, not very different in kind from himself, was always present to a Greek. The notion of personality in God, in nature, and in man so filled his intellect that it left room for none beside. Very little of this sentiment remains to us. Our monotheistic religion, and the dogma of the creation, have entirely destroyed the belief in deities of woods, and waves, and mountains. Spiritual conceptions have supplanted the concrete forms of Greek mythology, and art has sought to represent subjects of a more reflective and less external character. We have little power over sculpture, but music, poetry, and landscape painting flourish. Again, the beauty of man was always prominent to the Greeks in their gymnastic grounds, in the dances and processions of their religious ritual, and on the plains of Elis, where all Hellas met to watch the contests of her athletes. To the development of the body they paid an almost exclusive attention. Gymnastics constituted the whole education of a Spartan youth, and the music which Plato added to this training consisted for the most part in a cultivation of harmonious sentiments, and of an æsthetical enjoyment of the beautiful. Modern society in this respect is placed upon quite a different footing. Instead of seeing the human form constantly bare before us, and of rejoicing by experience and by sympathy in the loveliness and strength of well-trained limbs, to uncover the person is considered a disgrace, and mediæval Christianity has taught us an almost mor bid contempt for the flesh. Our clumsy clothing, and the awkwardness of our movements, distract attention from the beauty of man, and leave it free to occupy itself with other kinds of natural grace. Again, it must be remembered that every man of Greece and Rome had political and military interests, which absorbed his activity, and prevented him from becoming self-engrossed in meditation, or in merely private matters. Each individual citizen was of vast importance to the state when wars were frequent and the families from which the soldier and the statesman came were few. In modern days the size of nations relieves each individual from those responsibilities which weighed upon a citizen of Greece or Rome. The business of public life is not sufficient to exercise the faculties of all the cultivated classes. There remains a large body of men who have to seek within themselves the object of their interest, and to whom politics presents no attractions. Hence solitude of soul, and introspection, and the melancholy which loves to be alone with nature, have a place in modern psychology. A morbid sense of isolation results, which has been admirably depicted by Goethe in his Faust. This character, to classic thinkers, would have seemed unreal and monstrous in the last degree. They would have shrunk from its unhealthy self-analysis and constant brooding over private pains. But in modern society it has a deep and far-spread truth. It represents a condition of human life which is almost universal, and which constitutes the special gravity of modern, as distinct from ancient modes of thought. The vast importance of the individual in the face of |